一种可同时测量发射率及温度的被动式测温系统

介绍了一种实用化实时测温系统.该系统采用了PIN硅光电二极管作光接收器件,由光学接收系统、信号放大与处理系统及显示系统三部分组成.从系统的相对测温灵敏度及探测器的温度分辨率与波长间的关系出发,结合大气对红外辐射的透射特性,确定了系统的工作波长;从系统的抗反射辐射能力出发,并结合探测器的最小可探测光功率要求,确定了系统的波长带宽.从辐射能P1、P2的测量不确定度出发,讨论了待测目标的发射率及温度的测量精度.结果表明,当λ=0.80 μm、△λ=20 nm时,在测温范围600～2 500℃内,系统的测温不确定度优于0.3%,满足设计要求.     

一种采用热电器件的实用化双波长高精度光纤测温仪

介绍了一种利用钽酸锂热释电探测器的光纤比色测温仪。该仪器由光学接收系统、信号放大与处理系、统及显示系统三部分组成。从单个探测器的温度分辨率与波长的关系、仪器的测温灵敏度、相对测温灵敏度与波长和被测温度的关系以及大气对红外辐射的光谱透射特性等出发,优化设计了系统的工作波长;从光学器件的制作、温度的测量过程、温度的测量方法和电路的噪声分析等出发,分析了影响仪器测温精度的多种因素。     

真空热实验中热电偶测温系统不确定度的评定

热电偶测温系统是真空热试验中最常用的温度测量系统。该测温系统使用热电偶数量多,同时受内置参考点温度场变化的影响,不适合对其系统进行校准。文章依据热电偶测温系统的工作原理和计算公式,对该测温系统的不确定度进行了分析和评定,对某一批次热电偶的不确定度进行了计算。通过试验与铂电阻测温的比对,对热电偶测温系统的不确定评价进行了验证。     

半导体基片表面微小高温区域的红外测温系统

利用红外辐射测温原理，设计成半导体基片上激光焦斑温度不接触测量系统。该系统由透镜成像系统、探测器、精密电动平台及相关电路和软件组成，其测温范围大，温度分辨力可达0．2K，还可得到温度-时间关系曲线；可自动测量热斑的温度分布及寻找热斑的最高温度区域；测量区域的最小直径为18μm。     

内调制多色比色测温系统

发射率表征待测体与黑体的辐射强度之比,它与材料的性质、表面状态密切相关,随时间变化而变,并显著影响测温精度。为此提出了一种新的多色比色测温方法,该方法可以对待测体的发射率进行实时修正,具有自适应的特点,使测温仪可以快速、准确地测量温度。采用这种测温方法研制出新型的内调制多色比色测温系统,测温仪用内调制光电探测器作为探测单元,探测器能将恒定的光信号转变为交流电信号输出,便于信号放大和消噪,有效地提高了系统的信噪比。在1050～1650℃范围,测温最大误差为6．2‰。     

热电阻测温的计算机校正方法

本文提出了一种基于IPC610工控机的铂热电阻自动测温校正系统,根据被测温度的解析解,将温度信号的A/D转换值直接代入求得被测温度,从而克服铂热电阻的非线性,该系统具有现场校正的功能,可消除电源电压,扩大电路及引线电阻等对测量精度的影响,可以扩大测量范围。     

连续测温技术在邯钢薄板坯连铸机上的应用和改进

中间包连续测温系统是近年来发展的一项新技术，可以取代传统的热电偶点测方式，不仅提高了测温系统的精度，减轻了工人的劳动强度，更重要的是实现了中间包钢水温度的实时监控，避免了测温过程带来的钢水氧化和耐材侵蚀等不利影响，连续测温系统的实现及优化更为后续的二冷配水优化及工艺过程控制提供了可能。为提高系统可靠性及使用寿命和测温精度．对安装设备进行了改进。通过对比，连续测温的优点进一步显现，经济效益也得以提高。     

钢水连续测温系统的静、动态不确定度评定

提出了钢水连续测温系统在实验室条件下的静态检定和静态不确定度分析方法以及在实际工业现场的动态校准和动态不确定度评定方法.通过实验得到钢水连续测温系统的静态扩展不确定度为3.22℃(k=1.96,p=0.95),幅值误差在±10%和±5%时的动态不确定度为0.212%和0.167%.实验结果表明,该方法不仅能较好地反映钢水连续测温系统的静、动态特性,而且也为减小各种因素对测量结果的影响提供了量化指标和依据.     

液氮汽蚀实验中低温热电偶的标定及误差分析

提出并验证了一种方便、快捷的获得77—90 K之间稳定温度点的方法,并基于该方法对应用于液氮汽蚀实验中温度测量的热电偶进行了标定。对标定后热电偶的测温结果进行了详细的不确定度分析,该分析方法旨在结合标定与使用时的各种条件对测量结果的影响,得出应用该热电偶进行每一次测温时所得结果的综合不确定度。分析结果表明,该方法标定所得的热电偶具有良好的测温精度,满足液氮汽蚀实验的测温需求;Keithley2700在测量热电势时的量程误差分量是对标定热电偶测温精度影响最大的部分。     

红外测温中环境辐射影响的分析

对物体进行辐射测温时,若被测物体温度接近环境温度,则环境因素对测量结果影响较大.为了提高测量精度,依据普朗克定律通过数值计算得出红外测温中环境温度影响比率在不同物体温度、环境温度和辐射波长的值以及它们之间的关系,并在此基础上分析了若使环境辐射的影响可忽略则被测物体所满足的最低温度.最后讨论了环境辐射对比色测温的影响.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.