大容量电站锅炉过热器再热器温度偏差原因及防止对策

本文分析了电站锅炉过热器、再热器发生超温爆管的各种原因,并提出了防止汽温偏差过大的对策。文中总结了多年来在解决电站锅炉过、再热器超温方面的科研成果,并列举了若干国产及进口大容量电站锅炉过、再热器超温爆管问题的实例及解决办法。     

350MW超临界墙式切圆锅炉汽温偏差试验研究及分析

近年来,350MW超临界墙式切圆锅炉得到逐步推广,该炉型普遍存在汽温偏差较大的问题,部分锅炉汽温偏差过大,影响其安全、经济运行。基于某厂350MW超临界墙式切圆锅炉汽温偏差分析及调整解决措施,提出解决该问题的主要应对思路,可供同类问题参考。     

大型电站锅炉烟温偏差与汽温偏差研究

大型电站锅炉的烟温偏差与汽温偏差是影响机组运行可靠性的主要因素之一。在分析了大型电站锅炉发展过程中过热器与再热器系统存在主要问题的基础上 ,系统总结了有关单位和科研人员对其进行的长期研究所取得的一系列成果 ,并提出了减小大型电站锅炉的烟温偏差与汽温偏差的措施     

超临界锅炉增容提效升参数改造综合分析

介绍了某厂超临界机组存在主汽温设计值偏低,机组热效率偏低的问题及机组改造情况及效果。阐述了机组提高主汽温改造,调整炉内受热面的同时改造宽负荷脱硝。改造后机组锅炉侧主汽温从543℃提高至571℃,汽轮机组的热耗降低58kJ/kWh,锅炉受热面无超温现象,并在30%BRL左右即可满足脱硝系统投运条件。     

1025t/h锅炉高温过热器超温分析及改造

通过应用热偏差理论对国产1025t／h电站锅炉高温过热器超温问题进行分析研究发现；超温的根本原因是沿炉宽烟气侧热负荷分布与蒸汽流量分布不匹配。针对该炉型的特点提出改造方案，不仅降低了高温过热器外圈管出口汽温，同时减少了减温水量，提高了过热蒸汽出口温度。改造后测得的汽温值与计算值吻合得较好。图9参4     

循环流化床锅炉主汽温自抗扰控制系统

针对循环流化床锅炉主汽温具有大惯性、非线性和动态特性随工况变化而难以精确建模的特点,基于自抗扰控制理论,提出了一种循环流化床锅炉主汽温自抗扰控制方案.通过设计扩张状态观测器对循环流化床锅炉主汽温对象的动态不确定性和外扰进行实时估计,利用该估计量对状态误差反馈控制器的输出量进行补偿,实现循环流化床锅炉主汽温的精确控制.结果表明:该控制方案能很好地解决循环流化床锅炉主汽温对象动态特性随锅炉负荷变化的难题,可以有效克服主汽温对象的大惯性和非线性;相比于常规的比例积分微分(PID)控制方案,所提控制方案显著改善了主汽温对象的调节品质.     

大容量电站锅炉汽温问题及过热器与再热器超温爆管原因的分析

本文在作者对国内主要大型火电厂现场调研的基础上，系统地分析了导致大容量电站锅炉一、二次汽温偏离设计值以及过热器和再热器受热面超温爆管的原因，并提出了相应的改进措施。     

电站锅炉汽温问题的现状及应采取的对策

本文综述了电站锅炉目前存在的有关汽温方面的若干问题,以及国内在汽温方面的研究情况,提出了今后汽温方面试验研究工作的主要方向。     

锅炉启动中的汽温控制

文章分析了汽包锅炉启动过程中的低负荷阶段汽温上升快、汽压上升慢的原因，提出了通过弱化过热器、再热器管外对流换热；强化过热器、再热器管内对流冷却，实现对汽温的综合控制等有效控制汽沮的具体技术措施，解决了启动过程中过热器、再热器受热面的超温问题。     

CO在线监测在锅炉燃烧优化与调整中的应用

为解决电站锅炉在汽温偏差燃烧调整中兼顾经济性和环保性的问题,在锅炉尾部烟道增加基于先进多点取样装置的CO及NO_x在线监测设备,并以此探索锅炉燃烧过程中多目标协同优化的效果。调整结果表明：多点取样装置能精确显示烟气中CO和NO_x浓度分布,实现了减小汽温偏差的同时为锅炉安全、经济运行提供可靠依据,为以后锅炉节能减排和安全运行提供新的思路。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

生物质催化热裂解技术的研究进展

生物质催化裂解是生物质热化学转化的一种重要途径。综述了生物质催化热裂解技术使用的反应器、催化剂类型,以及催化热裂解过程中热裂解温度、吹扫气、升温速率、生物质原料等条件的影响,展望了生物质催化热裂解技术的发展趋势。     

燃烧流化床气泡能量分布模型

应用瞬态谱分析方法对燃烧流化床声波信号进行了频谱分析,发现气泡能量分布呈Ｇａｍｍａ分布形式,在Ａｒｇｙｒｉｏｕｓ和Ｙｏｓｈｉｄａ等人提出的模型的基础上,发展了燃烧流化床气泡能量分布模型,并通过优化迭代对模型参数进行求解,在实验和理论的基础上得出了更加切合实际的燃烧流化床气泡能量分布模型     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

促进城镇生活污水处理装置产业化

城镇生活污水处理装置是由农村户用沼气地发展演变而来，是一种小型、分散化处理污水的装置 ，是环境建设的需要。文章着重从我国环保政策及目标、生活污水造成的污染状况、急需整治的公共设施、生活污水净化装置的演变以及社会经济效益和环境效益等方面，阐述了其产业化的重要性。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

Investigation of effect of variation of cycle parameters on thermodynamic performance of gas-steam combined cycle

The paper deals with second law thermodynamic analysis of a basic gas turbine based gas-steam combined cycle. The article investigates the effect of variation of cycle parameters on rational efficiency and component-wise non-dimensionalised exergy destruction of the plant. Component-wise inefficiencies of the combined cycle have been quantified with the objective to pin-point the major sources of exergy destruction. The parameter that affects cycle performance most is the TIT (turbine inlet temperature). TIT should be kept on the higher side, because at lower values, the exergy destruction is higher. The summation of total exergy destruction of all components in percentage terms is lower (44.88%) at TIT of 1800 K & r_p,c = 23, as compared to that at TIT = 1700 K. The sum total of rational efficiency of gas turbine and steam turbine is found to be higher (54.91%) at TIT = 1800 K & r_p,c = 23, as compared to that at TIT = 1700 K. Compressor pressure ratio also affects the exergy performance. The sum total of exergy destruction of all components of the combined cycle plant is lower (44.17%) at higher value of compressor pressure ratio (23)& TIT = 1700 K, as compared to that at compressor pressure ratio (16). Also exergy destruction is minimized with the adoption of multi-pressure-reheat steam generator configuration.