食品中副溶血性弧菌toxR和tdh基因双色荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立对副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）特异性检测toxR（跨膜转录激活蛋白）基因和tdh（热稳定性直接溶血素）毒力基因的Taqman探针双色荧光PCR检测方法。方法 根据副溶血性弧菌toxR基因和tdh基因,分别设计引物和探针,建立Taqman探针双色荧光PCR扩增体系,进行特异性、灵敏度试验;对副溶血性弧菌分离菌株实施检测,了解其tdh基因和tdh基因分布情况。结果 结果表明,副溶血性弧菌标准菌株和3株从食物中毒患者中分离获得的分离株均出现toxR基因和tdh扩增曲线,而溶藻弧菌、单增李斯特菌等31株弧菌属其他菌株和肠杆菌科的菌株未见扩增曲线。从食品中分离的37株副溶血性弧菌分离株均未携带tdh毒力基因。副溶血性弧菌检测灵敏度可达到3.6×102 cfu/mL。结论 该方法可用于同时检测食品中副溶血性弧菌的特异性和毒力基因。     

副溶血性弧菌与弧菌科易混淆菌的鉴别方法

目的 快速鉴别副溶血性弧菌检测工作中常见的几种易混淆菌。方法 首先筛选出7株在副溶血性弧菌检测工作中的易混淆菌株, 分别通过选择性平板、初步生化筛选和干制生化鉴定试剂盒的方法, 对包括副溶血性弧菌标准菌株在内的8株菌进行鉴别分析。结果 各菌株培养24 h后, 只有创伤弧菌能在改良纤维二糖多粘菌素B多粘菌素E琼脂平板上生长; 硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基对弧菌科菌株鉴别性较强; 结合硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基以及弧显平板上的菌落大小和颜色特征, 可对以上8株菌进行鉴别, 利用各菌株在副溶血性弧菌的典型生化反应上的不同点, 可进一步进行验证。结论 掌握各检测阶段菌株的不同特征, 通过常规检测方法实现快速鉴别, 节省检测时间, 提高检测效率, 及时发现其它可疑致病菌。     

海产品中副溶血弧菌的分离和PCR检测

为了建立一种快速、特异的PCR方法检测副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vp),根据Genebank库中收录的Vp的tlh基因序列进行引物设计,应用PCR技术扩增tlh基因。利用TCBS和TSI2种选择性培养基从海产品总分离出68株疑似副溶血弧菌,经生化鉴定68株均为副溶血弧菌。用Chelex100法提取基因组DNA,进行tlh基因的PCR检测,tlh基因在不同副溶血弧菌中都广泛存在,而大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌等其他食源性致病菌均为阴性。tlh基因具有种属特异性,因此可以用来检测副溶血弧菌。     

漳州市夏秋季主要贝类中副溶血性弧菌分布情况分析

调查漳州市售主要贝类中副溶血性弧菌的带菌状况,为消费者提供食品安全风险参考。从漳州市区的8大市场无菌采集花蛤、文蛤和蛏的新鲜样品;用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基(Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar culture medium,TCBS)分离纯化疑似菌落,聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)扩增不耐热溶血素基因(thermolabile hemolysin,tlh)的特异片段;并对分子检测阳性的菌株进行生化鉴定。结果表明,采集到53份花蛤、50份文蛤和42份蛏的样品,经过TCBS筛选分别得到37株、45株和36株疑似菌落,分离率分别为69.8%、90.0%和85.7%;PCR确定副溶血性弧菌阳性率分别为35.8%(19/53)、30.0%(15/50)和54.8%(23/42);革兰氏染色和主要生化实验确定疑似菌均为副溶血性弧菌,符合率达100%。漳州市所售水产品受副溶血性弧菌污染较为严重,市民食用需严格无害化处理,避免不同种类水产品间的交叉污染。     

北部湾茅尾海副溶血性弧菌的分离鉴定与致病性分析

为解析北部湾海域及水产品中副溶血性弧菌的多样性特征与安全风险,本研究采集了北部湾茅尾海养殖区域海水和水产经济动物样品,利用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基(TCBS)对所采样品进行海洋弧菌的分离和纯化,共分离获得109株疑似弧菌菌株。通过16S rDNA和特异功能基因toxR的PCR扩增并测序鉴定,共检出副溶血性弧菌20株,检出率为18.3%。此外,通过系统发育分析还发现副溶血性弧菌的toxR和tdh基因序列都存在水平基因转移现象,呈现出较大的多样性。对20个副溶血性弧菌菌株的毒力基因tdh进行分析,结果表明有4株携带了tdh毒力基因,检出率为20%,易引起食物中毒,对公共卫生造成的威胁较大。因此,本研究建议采用PCR技术开展副溶血性弧菌特异种属基因和毒力基因检测,准确评估北部湾区域海水及其水产品的卫生安全性,降低爆发水产养殖业病害和食源性疾病的风险。     

PCR-焦磷酸测序检测副溶血性弧菌研究

目的：建立用DNA碱基序列检测副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus,VP )的方法。方法：根据副溶血性弧菌toxR基因设计扩增引物和测序引物,先用PCR特异性地扩增目的片段,再制备单链模版在测序引物引导下用焦磷酸测序法检测DNA碱基序列,检测的序列为CCAA GGATTCACAGCAGAAGCCACAGGTGCTTTT,则判断为副溶血性弧菌。结果：扩增引物和测序引物表现出良好的特异性,PCR扩增结果,20株VP均扩增出大小137bp的DNA片段,而创伤弧菌等对照菌株未扩增出DNA条带。焦磷酸测序结果,20株副溶血性弧菌均测出与预期相符的DNA碱基序列,而其他对照菌株未测出DNA 碱基序列或检测结果与测序引物后的序列不匹配。VP标准菌株ATCC 17802试验菌株发生A-T突变,密码子CCU变成CCA,而两个密码子都是脯氨酸的密码子。结论：建立的方法特异性高, 整个试验可在21h-27h完成,是快速检测VP有效手段。     

上海市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的分布状况

海产品中副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒已成为我国沿海地区细菌性食物中毒的首要病原。本研究中针对上海市闵行区某农贸市场的海产品开展为期1年的调查分析,共采集257份样品。按照国家标准(GB/T4789.7-2008),以硫代硫酸钠柠檬酸胆盐蔗糖培养基(TCBS)和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基(CV)两种选择性培养基辅助分离副溶血性弧菌疑似菌株,结合生化试验和PCR方法对疑似菌株进行鉴定,从84份阳性样本中获得107株副溶血性弧菌分离株。其结果表明:该农贸市场市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染率为32.7%,其中牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌污染率最高(达54.4%),蛤蜊和海瓜子次之(分别为33.9%,25.6%)。牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌的污染水平与季节性变化直接相关。对107株分离株的主要毒力基因tdh和trh进行PCR筛查,tdh阳性菌株为10株,trh阳性菌株为1株,并且此株菌为tdh、trh双阳性菌株,tdh和trh的携带率分别为9.4%和1.0%,tdh、trh双基因的携带率为1.0%。结论:市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染状况较为严重。这为政府相关职能部门开展食品安全防控提供了参考依据。     

不同致病性副溶血性弧菌在南美白对虾中的生长动力学参数比较研究

为了探讨不同致病性副溶血性弧菌(pathogenic Vibrioparahaemolyticus,pVp)在南美白对虾及其他生长基质(培养基和三文鱼)中生长动力学参数的差异.测定了12℃和35℃下,三株pVp(含有tdh基因):ATCC33847、F13、临床分离株(Clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain,CV)在南美白对虾中的生长曲线,采用不同一级模型拟合得出生长动力学参数并与同类研究进行比较.结果显示,Baranyi模型对三株致病性副溶血性弧菌生长曲线的拟合效果最好.通过将本研究结果与同类研究相比可知,血清型为O3:K6的致病性副溶血性弧菌CV在12℃和35℃下在南美白对虾中的μmax均大于同类研究中的pVp在培养基和三文鱼中的μmax.不同的pVp菌株在12℃、不同生长基质中的生长动力学参数存在较大差异.由此可见,在构建副溶血性弧菌的生长预测模型及进行风险评估时,应充分考虑不同菌株之间以及不同生长基质之间的差异对微生物生长动力学参数的影响.     

两种弧菌显色培养基在疑似副溶血性弧菌鉴定中的效果比较

为了比较环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基对食品中可疑菌株的初步鉴定作用,本文按国标(GB/T4789.7-2008)程序,以环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基初步鉴定硫代硫酸盐-柠檬酸盐-胆盐-蔗糖琼脂(TCBS)的副溶血性弧菌可疑菌株,最后用API和MID鉴定证实。在97份食品样品的定性与定量检测中,TCBS疑似菌株有109株,对应样品有31份。环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基对109株TCBS可疑菌株初步鉴定的结果相同,均检出64株显紫色的可疑菌株,对应样品22份。经API和MID确认,阳性菌株60株,阳性样品为22份,阳性率为22.68%。两种培养基初步鉴定TCBS可疑菌株的敏感性、特异性和符合性均分别为100.00%、91.84%和96.33%。环凯和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基对TCBS的可疑菌株具有较好的初步鉴定效果。     

副溶血性弧菌单克隆抗体的制备及特性鉴定

为制备特异性强的副溶血性弧菌的单克隆抗体,解决单克隆抗体对免疫学检测产品研发的制约,以副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)ATCC 17802标准菌株免疫Balb/c小鼠,经细胞融合、间接酶联免疫吸附测定法筛选,获得稳定分泌抗副溶血性弧菌(ATCC 17802)菌株的单克隆杂交瘤细胞株3F7D7E8C4,通过体内诱生腹水大量制备抗体,用亚类试剂盒测定抗体亚类为Ig G1;采用辛酸硫酸铵沉淀法以及亲和层析柱对腹水进行纯化,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳实验鉴定单克隆抗体的纯度。制备得到腹水抗体效价为1∶16 000,纯化后抗体效价为1∶8 000,抗体敏感性IC_(50)达到10~6 CFU/m L。纯化后的抗体与12株副溶血性弧菌均能特异性结合,与其他9种非副溶血性弧菌的食源性致病菌均无交叉反应。     

Comparison of a Chromogenic Medium with Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose Agar for Detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus

ABSTRACT: The widely used most probable number (MPN) method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of V. parahaemolyticus from Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio mimicus on the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS). Presumptive positive colonies grown onTCBS need to be confirmed with lengthy biochemical tests. This study compared a chromogenic medium, Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium (BCVM), with TCBS for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in seawater, sediment, and oysters using a 3-tube MPN method. Among the 296 samples tested, 136 and 92 samples produced presumptive positive results on TCBS and BCVM, respectively. Biochemical tests and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay confirmed 74 of 83 samples that were presumptive positive on both TCBS and BVCM as V. parahaemolyticus . Although false-positive results were reported when either medium was used, there were 62 reported for TCBS whereas only 15 were reported for BCVM. The specificities of TCBS and BCVM for V. parahaemolyticus detection were determined to be 77% and 94%, respectively. The accuracies of detecting V. parahaemolyticus were 54% for TCBS and 84% for BCVM. The Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium can be used in the MPN method to reduce the number of biochemical tests needed for V. parahaemolyticus confirmation.     

Selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticust

The thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of V. parahaemolyticus from Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio mimicus. This study examined the selectivity and specificity of Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium (BCVM), a chromogenic medium that detects V. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. A panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 179 Vibrio spp. and 42 non-Vibrio spp., were examined for their ability to grow and produce colored colonies on BCVM. Growth of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas was inhibited by both BCVM and TCBS. All 148 strains of V. parahaemolyticus grew on BCVM, and 145 of them produced purple colonies. The remaining 31 Vibrio spp., except one strain of Vibrio fluvialis, were either unable to grow or produced blue-green or white colonies on BCVM. Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium was capable of differentiating V. parahaemolyticus from other species, including V. vulnificus and V. mimicus. Further studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of BCVM for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in foods.     

漳州水产养殖环境中副溶血弧菌的流行状况分析

为探究漳州市养殖环境中副溶血弧菌流行状况和基因多态性,无菌采集2019年1～7月份本地区7个养殖场中罗非鱼、石斑鱼和虾的新鲜样品。用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基（thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar culture medium, TCBS）对样品的疑似副溶血弧菌进行分离纯化,用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增tlh基因和16S rDNA基因片段并测序,鉴定疑似菌株。用随机扩增多态性法（random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD）对分离株进行分型。实验共采集228份样品,微生物学初筛得到111株疑似菌株,PCR检测并测序鉴定69株为副溶血弧菌,阳性率为30.26%。RAPD技术对分离株分型,得到了较清晰的电泳条带,分析指纹图谱发现69株副溶血弧菌可分为9个主要类型,遗传相似性在83%～100%范围内。养殖场中的水产品一定程度上受到副溶血弧菌的污染,且不同水产品、不同养殖场、不同时间副溶血弧菌的污染程度都不同。     

Design and validation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for Vibrio pathogen detection

Three species--Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus--account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. Rapid and accurate identification of Vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species. Additionally, biochemical identification and confirmation require 2 or more days to complete. Rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio pathogens would be useful for the surveillance and management of outbreaks. To facilitate the identification of human-pathogenic species, we designed and validated a highly sensitive, specific, and robust multiplex real-time PCR assay to identify V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus using a four-dye configuration in a convenient lyophilized format. Multiple Vibrio strains were sequenced to verify candidate target TaqMan sites. Several individual assays within the multiplex contain multiple primers or probes to ensure detection of polymorphic variants. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were detected either individually or in mixtures at ≤30 genomic copies. V. cholerae was specifically detected in the presence or absence of Vibrio mimicus. The Vibrio multiplex assay showed 100% specificity to all targets analyzed and no detection of nearest neighbor strains. Each assay exhibited 100% ± 10% efficiency. Multiplex real-time PCR can simplify pathogen detection and reduce costs per test since three species can be analyzed in a single reaction tube. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish or seawater samples will improve the microbiological safety of seafood for consumers.     

冷藏卵形鲳优势腐败菌的分离鉴定及致腐能力分析

为研究卵形鲳鲹冷藏末期的优势腐败菌及其致腐能力,采用传统选择性培养结合16S rDNA序列分析法,对卵形鲳鲹4℃贮藏期间腐败菌分别进行分离纯化、菌相分析及菌属确定,并以腐败物质的产量因子Y_TVB-N/CFU为评价标准,定量分析了贮藏末期优势菌的致腐能力。结果得出,卵形鲳鲹4℃贮藏过程中共分离纯化出16株细菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌10株,革兰氏阳性菌6株,其分属6个菌属。贮藏初期（0 d）时菌相丰富,希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella sp.）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus sp.）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus sp.）与肠杆菌属（Enterobacter sp.）等均有出现;中期（3 d）菌群种类有所减少,以希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella sp.）与假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）所占比例较高,后期（6 d）种类进一步减少,只有3株菌占较高,分别是2号腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens 48%）、5号奥奈达希瓦氏菌（Shewanella oneidensis 26.6%）与16号霍氏肠杆菌（Enterobacter hormaechei 19.4%）;致腐能力由高至低依次为腐败希瓦氏菌 > 奥奈达希瓦氏菌 > 霍氏肠杆菌,其中腐败希瓦式菌致腐能力显著强于另两株菌;综合贮藏末期所占比例及致腐能力结果,最终确定腐败希瓦氏菌为4℃贮藏下卵形鲳鲹的优势腐败菌。     

病原性海洋弧菌致病机理及其快速检测方法研究进展

病原性海洋弧菌是引起我国特别是沿海地区细菌性食物中毒危害的首要食源性致病菌。本文重点综述了病原性海洋弧菌中能引发人类重要疾病的副溶血弧菌、霍乱弧菌和创伤弧菌的致病机理以及目前国内外关于其的各种检测方法、原理、应用及研究进展。     

成都市海产品中副溶血性弧菌耐药特征及多位点序列分型

目的了解成都市不同种类的海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染程度、耐药情况、毒力基因分布、基因分型情况,为成都市食源性副溶血性弧菌流行及其风险评估提供基础数据。方法参照GB 4789. 7—2013《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》,从不同种类的海产品中分离副溶血性弧菌疑似菌株,通过生化试验及16S r DNA测序进行准确鉴定;采用纸片扩散法对分离株进行药敏试验,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测与其致病性相关的2个毒力基因,对分离株进行多位点序列分型分析。结果从采集的380份海产品中共104份样品检出副溶血性弧菌,总检出率为27. 4%。药敏试验表明,97. 1%(101/104)的分离株具有耐药性,其中对氨苄西林的耐药率最高(95. 2%,99/104)。分离株trh基因携带率为12. 5%(13/104),tdh基因携带率为1. 0%(1/104); 104株分离株共分为38个ST型,其中ST1801、ST392、ST413型分离率较高,分离株未出现流行克隆群。结论流通过程中不同种类海产品副溶血性弧菌污染率、耐药情况、毒力基因分布存在差异,可能与养殖环境、运输条件等有关。     

The international standard ISO/TS 21872-1 to study the occurence of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in seafood: ITS improvement by use of a chromogenic medium and PCR

During two surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009, the culture method described in the international standard ISO/TS 21872-1 was applied to the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in 112 living bivalve mollusc samples, with a chromogenic medium used in addition to the TCBS agar, as second selective isolation medium and for enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae by surface inoculation. A PCR method for detection of these 2 Vibrio species and the hemolysin genes tdh and trh, was applied in parallel. In 2009, the survey was extended to finfish fillets and crustaceans. PCR was also used for species confirmation of characteristic colonies. The identity of the PCR products, specifically targeting V. parahaemolyticus, was checked by sequencing. Occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolates in living bivalve molluscs ranged from 30.4% to 32.6% and from 1.4% to 4.7% respectively. In frozen crustaceans (2009 survey) V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolates were respectively found in 45% and 10% of the samples. No V. parahaemolyticus or V. cholerae was detected in frozen fish fillets, neither by the ISO method nor by PCR. In 2009, enteropathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (trh+) was isolated from 4 out of 43 oyster samples while the trh gene was present in V. alginolyticus strains and in samples where V. parahaemolyticus was not detected (9 over 112 samples). The ISO method failed to isolate V. parahaemolyticus in 44% to 53% of the living bivalve molluscs where PCR detected the toxR gene specific of V. parahaemolyticus (Vp-toxR). Our results highlighted the need for a revision of the ISO/TS 21872-1 standard, at least, for analysis of living bivalve molluscs, and confirmed the increasing concern of enteropathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in French bivalve molluscs. Enrichment at 41.5°C was questioned and some reliable solutions for the improvement of the ISO/TS 21872-1 method, such as the PCR method for screening of positive samples and confirmation of colonies, were pointed out.