熔盐法制备Bi1.5ZnNb1.5O7陶瓷粉体

以Bi2O3,ZnO和Nb2O5为原料,KCl为熔盐,用熔盐法合成了单相Bi1.5ZnNb1.5O7陶瓷粉体.XRD和SEM分析表明,在950～1000 ℃,合成了单相Bi1.5ZnNb1.5O7粉体,粉体呈颗粒状,尺寸约2～5 μm.研究了合成温度、熔盐含量和保温时间对粉体颗粒形貌和尺寸的影响.结果表明,合成温度对Bi1.5ZnNb1.5O7粉体形貌和尺寸影响较大,熔盐含量和保温时间对其形貌和尺寸的影响相对较小.     

熔盐法合成片状SrBi2Nb2O9粉体

以分析纯的Bi2O3,Nb2O5和SrCO3为原料,以NaCl和KCl为熔盐,采用熔盐法在800～1150℃合成了单相生长的各向异性的片状SrBi2Nb2O9陶瓷粉体.X射线衍射分析表明:熔盐法合成的陶瓷粉体为单相SrBi2Nb2O9,没有其它杂相生成.扫描电镜分析显示:所得粉体呈明显的片状,无团聚现象.研究了合成温度、熔盐含量对粉体颗粒形貌和尺寸的影响.结果表明:在熔盐与原料的质量比≤1的情况下,随着合成温度的升高和熔盐含量的增加,片状粉体尺寸增大.探讨了熔盐法合成SrBi2Nb2O9陶瓷粉体的机理.     

熔盐法合成钨酸锌纳米晶及花朵状氧化锌

采用熔盐法成功制备出了钨酸锌(ZnWO4)纳米晶.用XRD、SEM分别对产物的相组成、粒度、显微结构等进行了表征.结果表明:以Na2WO4·2H2O、Zn(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,NaNO3-LiNO3为熔盐,分别在200～400℃保温12h均能合成纯相的ZnWO4粉体;当温度达到500℃时生成花朵状的ZnO片状粉体;ZnWO4颗粒的形貌与煅烧温度和保温时间有密切关系,随温度升高,颗粒形貌的演变过程为:当温度为200℃时生成纳米颗粒;升高温度至300℃时,生成棒状纳米晶体;继续升高温度到400℃时,形成了块状的微米晶体.随着保温时间的延长,颗粒形貌的演变过程为:由纳米颗粒转变为棒状纳米晶体.     

Sr取代Ba(Sn0.12Ti0.88)O3粉体的熔盐法制备及性能研究

采用熔盐法制备了Sr取代Ba(Sn0.12Ti0.88)O3粉体,探讨了在熔盐的催化作用下,合成温度对(Ba1-xSrx)(Sn0.12Ti0.88)O3粉体形态的影响。结果表明,在熔盐的催化作用下,当反应温度为700℃时便开始大量形成具有四方相特征外形的立方钙钛矿Ba(Sn0.12Ti0.88)O3晶粒,熔盐法有效地抑制了陶瓷晶粒的异常长大,制备得到了纳米陶瓷。     

熔盐法合成Bi_3NbTiO_9陶瓷粉体

利用氯化钾作熔盐,采用熔盐方法利用高温煅烧制备了Bi3NbTiO9陶瓷粉体,研究了煅烧温度,保温时间和粉体合成之间的关系。结果表明:氧化钾能够有效降低Bi3NbTiO9粉体的合成温度和提高粉体的合成速率。熔盐方法获得纯Bi3NbTiO9相的温度要比固相方法降低约150℃。和保温温度相比较,保温时间对晶粒尺寸的影响有限。     

熔盐法合成CaBi_2Nb_2O_9粉体

以金属氧化物和CaCO3为原料,以NaCl-KCl为助熔剂,采用熔盐法在800～1000℃合成CaBi2Nb2O9粉体。使用X射线衍射仪分析了产物的相结构,采用扫描电子显微镜观察了粉体颗粒形貌。研究了合成温度、熔盐含量对粉体颗粒相结构和形貌的影响,探讨了熔盐法合成CaBi2Nb2O9粉体的机理,并与固相反应法进行了比较。结果表明:当盐与原料质量比为1:1,900℃煅烧2h后得到尺寸分布均匀且取向明显的薄片状纯CaBi2Nb2O9粉体。     

熔盐法合成钛酸锶铋

用熔盐法合成片状结构明显的SrBi4Ti4O15粉体可以分为2个阶段:成核阶段和生长阶段.850℃时合成主要受成核阶段控制,随温度升高后进入晶核生长阶段,此时SrBi4Ti4O15晶粒片状越趋明显.熔盐法和传统固相法合成粉体的粒径都出现双峰分布,其中熔盐法合成的粉体中大尺寸粒径明显大于传统固相法合成的.对合成温度、熔盐的添加量对粉体微观形貌影响进行了研究.结果表明:盐的添加量过多反而不利于片状晶粒的形成.     

熔盐法制备单一相Bi12SiO20粉体

本文报道了一种较低温度下合成单一相Bi12SiO20粉体的新方法.以Bi2O3和SiO2为原料,KCl-K2CO3为熔剂,采用熔盐法于635℃合成了Bi12SiO20粉体.XRD分析表明该粉体为单一相Bi12SiO20,SEM分析显示冷却速率对合成Bi12SiO20粉体的尺寸及形貌有重要影响;此外,合成粉体的尺寸随着盐含量的增加而增大,且粉体团聚现象明显减弱.     

双重熔盐法制备片状BaTiO_3粉体

用双重熔盐法制备片状Bi4Ti3O12粉体,以Bi4Ti3O12为中间产物通过离子交换制备了BaTi03片状粉体,并对其工艺过程进行了优化.利用X射线衍射分析合成粉体的相结构,用扫描电子显微镜观察其显微形貌.初步探讨了BaTiO3片状粉体的生长机理.结果表明:反应温度和化学组成对中间产物Bi4Ti3O12的微观形貌具有显著影响,在1 000℃以下时,随着反应温度升高,片状尺寸增大;当相对增加Bi2O3的量时,Bi4Ti3O12片状的尺寸增大.通过离子交换制备BaTiO3时,除了模板Bi4Ti3O12的形貌对BaTiO3的晶粒生长具有影响外,反应温度和化学组成同样对BaTiO3的晶粒生长具有显著影响.合成片状Bi4Ti3O12粉体的最佳的条件为:BaTiO3与Bi4Ti3O12的摩尔比为10:1,1 000℃合成2h.     

纯相BiFeO_3微晶的水热合成及表征

以Bi(NO3)3.5H2O和Fe(NO3)3.9H2O为原料,KOH为矿化剂,聚乙二醇6000为分散剂,水热合成BiFeO3粉体,XRD和Raman光谱对粉体的表征说明在200℃反应6 h可以得到纯净的单相BiFeO3粉体,热分析结果得到BiFeO3粉体的磁相变温度——尼尔温度(TN)和铁电相变温度——居里温度(Tc)。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。