Effect of relative location of laser beam and TIG arc in different hybrid welding modes

Abstract

The laser leading hybrid welding mode [laser tungsten inert gas (laser-TIG)] and TIG leading hybrid welding mode (TIG-laser) were utilised in the magnesium alloy welding process. The effects of TIG arc current and the distance between laser beam and TIG electrode (Dla) on penetration depth and melting efficiency in different hybrid welding modes were investigated. Results reveal that there is a decided difference in variation trend of penetration depth with Dla in different welding modes. The penetration depth increases first and then decreases with the Dla increasing from 1 to 7 mm in TIG-laser hybrid welding mode while the penetration depth decreases monotonously with Dla in laser-TIG hybrid welding mode. The increase percentage of melting efficiency remains at ～20% in laser-TIG hybrid welding mode while the increase percentage fluctuates acutely and achieves the maximal value (～53·14%) at the arc current of 120 A in TIG-laser hybrid welding mode.     

Effect of laser parameters on arc behavior of laser-TIG double-side welding for aluminum alloy

The influence of laser parameters on arc behavior of laser-TIG double-side welding was investigated by utilizing CCD sensor and image processing methods. It was found that arc images had an obvious transformation from laser preheating to laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom, resulting in the phenomena of arc column convergence and arc root constriction. The attraction phenomenon of the laser and the arc is also found in laser-TIG double-side welding. More noteworthy is that the behavior of arc attraction or constriction became much obvious at a lower current or laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom. The decrease in arc voltage had a certain relation with the improvement of arc stability.     

Synergetic effects of hybrid laser/arc welding

Abstract

The present study reports the results of a study examining the synergetic effects of hybrid laser/arc welding. Experiments were carried out with a 500 W Nd:YAG laser in combination with standard gas tungsten arc welding equipment and attention was focused on two aspects: the heat transfer efficiency and the melting efficiency. The heat transfer efficiency was determined by calorimetric measurements, whereas the melting efficiency was obtained from the transverse cross-sections of welds produced under various conditions. In addition, analytic calculations of the melting efficiency were performed on the basis of a modified form of the Rosenthal equation. The results show that the interaction of the laser and the arc does not lead to a noticeable change in the heat transfer efficiency, but results in a significant increase in the melting efficiency. The observed synergic melting effect is caused by addition of the two heat sources (laser and arc) and the contraction of the arc by the laser beam.     

铝合金双光束/单光束激光-TIG复合焊

针对4mm厚5A06铝合金,分析了双光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝成形特点、气孔率、匙孔动态特征及接头力学性能,并与单光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊对比。结果表明,在获得相同焊缝背面熔宽条件下,与单光束激光-TIG复合焊相比,双光束激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝背面成型连续性、均匀性更优且熔宽波动较小,焊缝气孔率降低50%以上,激光匙孔开口面积平均值更大,波动变异系数更小;双光束激光-TIG复合焊接头抗拉强度、断后伸长率、显微硬度、组织与单光束激光-TIG复合焊结果差别不大。     

Welding characteristics in different laser-TIG hybrid manners

An experiment for determining the laser-TIG hybrid welding characteristics was carried oat in three kinds of hybrid methods: CO2 laser-TIG coaxial hybrid, CO2 laser-TIG paraxial hybrid and Nd: YAG laser-TIG paraxial hybrid. The experimental results indicate that hybrid welding has two welding mechanisms in CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding: deep penetration welding and heat conduction welding. As the effect of the laser-induced keyhole, the arc root is condensed, the current density and penetration depth increase significantly, the welding characteristic is apt to deep penetration welding.When current increases to some degree, the keyhole induced by laser disappears, which produces a shallow penetration and wide bead. The weld exhibits heat conduction welding characteristics. Furthermore, the arc images and weld bead crosssections of three kinds of hybrid manners were also compared and analyzed at different welding currents, which established the foundation for understanding the welding characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding comprehensively.     

CO2 laser-micro plasma arc hybrid welding for galvanized steel sheets

A laser lap welding process for zinc-coated steel has a well-known unsolved problem-porosity formation. The boiling temperature of coated zinc is lower than the melting temperature of the base metal, which is steel. In the autogenous laser welding, the zinc vapor generates from the lapped surfaces expels the molten pool and the expulsion causes numerous weld defects, such as spatters and blow holes on the weld surface and porosity inside the welds. The laser-arc hybrid welding was suggested as an alternative method for the laser lap welding because the arc can preheat or post-heat the weldment according to the arrangement of the laser beam and the arc. CO₂ laser-micro plasma hybrid welding was applied to the lap welding of zinc-coated steel with zero-gap. The relationships among the weld quality and process parameters of the laser-arc arrangement, and the laser-arc interspacing distance and arc current were investigated using a full-factorial experimental design. The effect of laser-arc arrangement is dominant because the leading plasma arc partially melts the upper steel sheets and vaporizes or oxidizes the coated zinc on the lapped surfaces. Compared with the result from the laser-TIG hybrid welding, the heat input from arc can be reduced by 40%.     

Arc characteristics of laser-TIG double-side welding

Abstract

Based on the experiments of laser-TIG double-side welding (LTDSW) for aluminium alloys, the influence of laser radiation on the arc behaviours of the opposite side was investigated. Generally, with the variation of laser power, there are three typical arc shapes: arc column convergence, arc root constriction and arc expansion. An important point to notice is that the laser keyhole preheating will induce the arc column convergence in the LTDSW. The arc voltage in the LTDSW is lower than that in TIG welding over the entire range of the experimental currents. Moreover, with increasing welding current, the difference in arc voltage between TIG welding and LTDSW is diminished because of the self-stabilisation of the arc burning at high currents. The complex transformation of arc behaviours has a great effect on the arc current density and its stability. The laser generated hot spot or laser induced plasma will have a higher temperature and greater electron density than neighbouring regions, and will offer the line of least resistance or the lowest potential drop. Hence, it is very reasonable that the arc voltage should descend under the influence of laser radiation, and the arc electrons should compress and root to the hot spot or plasma zone.     

Novel hybrid method： pulse CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding by coordinated control

0IntroductionRecently,laser-arc hybrid welding,as a rising spe-cial manufacture technology,has attracted more and moreinterest and attentions of some researchers and weldingcompanies.But,concerning laser-TIG hybrid welding,most of the research in this area mainly focused on contin-uous wave laser-TIG arc hybrid welding[1-3].In previousworks,because of the absorption and defocusing of laserenergy by hybrid arc plasma,the energy loss of laser wasvery serious when laser traversed arc in continu…     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B welded by laser-TIG hybrid

The laser-TIG hybrid welding was mainly used to weld the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B. The tech-nical characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding process was investigated and the interactional mechanism between laser and arc was discussed, at the same time the microstructure and mechanical properties of the wrought magnesi-um alloy AZ31B using laser-TIG hybrid welding were analyzed by optical microscope, EPMA, SEM, tensile ma-chine, hardness machine. The experimental results show that the presence of laser beam boosts up the stability of the arc during high speed welding and augments the penetration of weld； the crystal grains of magnesium alloy weld are fine without porosity and cracks in the best welding criterion and the microstructure of HAZ does not become coarse obviously. The elements profile analysis reveals that Mg content in the weld is lower than that of the base metal, but Al content is higher slightly. Under this experimental condition, the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B joint can be achieved using laser-TIG hybrid process and the tensile strength of the joint is equivalent to that of the base metal.     

Effects of welding parameters on melting energy of CO2 laser–GMA hybrid welding

Abstract

A series of CO₂ laser–gas metal arc (GMA) hybrid welding experiments were carried out on the mild steel workpiece to investigate the effects of the welding parameters, such as laser power, arc current and the distance between laser and arc D _LA, on the melting energy. A dimensionless parameter psi was introduced to indicate the change in the melting energy of hybrid welding. The results showed that with different welding parameters, the melting energy of hybrid welding was changed by the two heat sources (laser and arc) interaction. With an optimal combination welding parameters, psi can be increased up to 23%. Finally, the role of the two different mechanisms in the heat sources interaction was quantitatively discussed in terms of psi. It can be concluded that when D _LA<4 mm, the interaction between the laser induced plasma and the arc plasma dominates the heat sources interaction, therefore the changes of melting energy, whereas the heat sources interaction is only dominated by the preheating mechanism when D _LA≥4 mm.     

低功率YAG激光-TIG电弧复合焊接镁合金薄板工艺

以2 mm厚AZ31B变形镁合金薄板为研究对象开展低功率脉冲YAG激光-TIG电弧复合热源焊工艺研究,分析了激光与电弧的能量匹配对焊缝成形的影响规律.结果表明,镁合金薄板低功率YAG激光-TIG电弧复合热源焊接过程中,激光能量与电弧能量之间的相互匹配将直接影响焊缝的表面成形,获得理想焊接接头的工艺参数区间相对较狭小.为使焊缝成形均匀连续,焊接过程中需要对焊缝背面采用氩气进行保护,当保护气体流量为5～10 L/min时获得了具有最佳性能的焊接接头,其拉伸载荷达到镁合金母材的95%以上.     

CO_2激光与TIG复合焊接铝合金

以铝合金2A12为主要研究对象,研究CO2激光与TIG复合热源焊接铝合金的工艺特点,设计制造了双焦点激光-电弧复合焊接头,讨论了影响复合焊接的各工艺参数。结果表明:影响复合焊接过程的主要工艺参数有激光功率、焊接速度、焊接电流、激光焦点位置以及两热源之间的距离等,并且在比较宽的参数范围内CO2激光与TIG复合焊接铝合金焊缝成形美观、无气孔等缺陷,焊速显著提高,是一种理想的焊接工艺。     

铝合金激光-电弧双面焊接头特征分析

采用激光-电弧双面焊工艺进行铝合金焊接试验，发现该工艺不仅可以获得稳定可靠的焊接过程与美观的焊缝成形，还可以有效地增加接头熔深和降低焊接成本。主要研究了焊接参数对双面焊接头特征的影响。结果表明，激光功率增加时，双面焊两侧的熔宽都以同样的趋势增大；焊接电流增大时，电弧侧熔宽的增加趋势明显大于激光侧；增加激光功率或提高焊接电流都会引起焊缝最小熔宽的增大，且焊缝最小熔宽的深度也发生一定的变化。随焊接速度的提高，激光侧的深宽比增加，而电弧侧的深宽比减小。     

超高功率激光-电弧复合焊接特性分析

为了对超高功率激光-电弧复合焊接过程特性有深入的理解. 借助高速摄像,以焊接过程中羽辉和飞溅为主要研究对象,对比分析了激光功率从5 kW增加到30 kW时,激光热源与不同电弧热源复合,以及是否填丝对焊接特性的影响规律. 结果表明,激光功率增加,羽辉和飞溅面积的均值都呈增加趋势,两者的波动程度也呈上升趋势;冷丝的添加在降低焊缝熔深的同时使激光-MAG复合焊接过程中的稳定性变差;激光-TIG复合填丝焊接过程的稳定性明显优于另外两种焊接形式;高功率激光复合焊接时,高温羽辉对激光的散射和吸收作用会使熔深增加趋势放缓.     

激光与电弧相互作用时的电弧形态及焊缝特征

激光与电弧的复合热源在焊接过程中，由于激光的压缩与引导作用，可以在焊接速度增加时，电弧仍然较稳定。在去掉激光同轴保护气流而只采用TIG的保护气体进行保护时，由于激光同轴气体的冲击、压缩和冷却作用的消失，等离子气体将会随着电流、激光功率的增加而增大，因而引起焊缝横截面的变化。通过调整激光与电弧的规范参数，并用CCD摄取各参数下的电弧图像以分析等离子体的长大情况，然后将得到的焊缝沿横截面剖开。通过对各种参数下等离子体图像和焊缝横截面之间的相互的关系进行分析，得到与常规情况下相比熔宽较宽而熔深较浅的焊缝的焊接参数。这种产生涂敷型焊缝的参数可用于高速表层涂覆。     

Numerical simulation of dynamic thermal process during double-sided asymmetrical TIG backing welding of large thick plates

The dynamic thermal process during double-sided asymmetrical TIG backing welding of large thick plates (1000mm × 700 mm × 50 mm)is numerically simulated using MSC.MARC.The effect of arc distance on the thermal cycle in weld zone during double-sided asymmetrical TIG backing welding is investigated.The results show that the workpiece experiencesdouble-peak thermal cycle in double-sided asymmetrical TIG backing welding.On the one hand,the fore arc has the preheating effect on the rear pass,and the pre-heating temperature depends on the distance between the double arcs,the heat input of fore arc,and the initial temperature of workpiece.On the other hand,the rear arc has the post-heating effect on the fore pass.The mutual effects of two heat sources decrease with the increase of arc distance.     

镁合金激光-氩弧复合焊再制造熔覆成形工艺优化

目的针对镁合金零部件表面损伤和体积损伤的修复问题,采用激光-氩弧复合焊修复技术,通过对工艺参数的优化,制备出组织性能良好、缺陷少的熔覆层,形成相适应的优化修复方案,为镁合金高效修复提供技术支撑。方法采用激光-氩弧复合焊技术在ZM5合金上制备熔覆层,调整送丝速度、焊接电流、焊接速度、激光功率四种工艺参数,研究工艺参数对熔覆层成形性和尺寸的影响。结果送丝速度越小,熔覆层越光滑,呈现为扁平状,且熔宽、熔深较大。当焊接电流大于105A时,激光-氩弧复合焊的强度和焊接效果最好。焊接速度对熔覆层尺寸的影响很大,随焊接速度的增加,熔覆层向细、窄、小发展。当激光功率增加到400 W时,复合焊热输入提高,熔覆层铺展性增强。结论综合熔深、熔宽、余高的离差量,为得到成形性良好、尺寸较大的熔覆层,焊接速度应为5 mm/s,送丝速度应为23 mm/s,激光功率应在400~500 W之间,焊接电流应为120~140 A。     

激光-等离子弧复合焊温度场的数值模拟

利用峰值热流随深度衰减的高斯体热源与高斯面热源相结合的方法,建立了激光等离子弧复合焊三维运动热源模型,重点考虑了由热源间距引起的激光束与等离子弧之间相互作用对热源模型的影响.基于所建立的热源模型对2 mm厚1420铝锂合金板的激光等离子弧复合焊接温度场进行了有限元分析,得到了不同热源间距条件下焊接区域的温度场分布.结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果相符合,证明了该热源模型是反映了客观实际的.此工作对于激光电弧复合焊接传热及工艺研究具有指导意义.     

镁铝异种金属激光-TIG复合热源焊焊接性分析

采用激光-TIG复合热源和TIG焊接异种金属镁和铝，利用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜和扫描电镜研究镁和铝焊接接头的微观组织、元素分布。结果表明，TIG焊接镁和铝形成连续的金属间化合物层，导致镁和铝接触的界面开裂，不能实现有效的连接。激光-TIG复合热源由于其焊接速度高和对熔池的快速搅拌作用，使镁和铝形成的金属间化合物由连续的层状变成弥散的状态，改善了异种金属镁和铝的焊接性。镁和铝激光-TIG复合热源焊接的焊缝成形均匀，美观。     

激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号表征

采用脉冲YAG激光焊、微束等离子弧焊和激光-微束等离子弧复合焊对304不锈钢进行焊接试验,实时采集焊接过程中的结构负载声发射信号,研究声发射信号对焊接过程的表征. 结果表明,激光离焦量为-2 mm的激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接,热源复合效果更好,焊缝表现出更显著的复合热源焊接特征. 焊缝获得了更好的表面成形和熔深、熔宽. 热源复合效果更好的焊接过程,其声发射信号波形表现出更大振幅,且更为均匀,并与激光热源的周期性相符,呈现出明显的复合热源焊接周期性. 因此可以利用焊接过程检测到的结构负载声发射信号表征激光和微束等离子弧两种热源复合效果特征.