MAP法处理高氮高磷制药废水的研究

对MAP法处理高氮高磷制药废水进行实验研究,探讨了反应物浓度、pH值、n(Mg):n(N)、n(N):n(P)和镁盐种类对MAP法脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明:当废水反应物浓度(以N计)1500mg/L,p H=9.0~9.5,n(Mg):n(N)=1.1~1.2,n(N):n(P)=0.95~1.0,反应沉淀剂为MgCl_2·6H_2O,反应温度20℃,反应时间1h时,废水中氨氮、磷酸盐去除率可分别达96.7%、99.6%。     

磷酸铵镁法处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

研究采用磷酸铵镁沉淀法,以MgO和Na2HPO4·12H2O为沉淀剂对4 028 mg/L的模拟高浓度氨氮废水进行处理,考察了pH和药剂配比对磷酸铵镁法沉淀效率的影响,获得磷酸铵镁法对高浓度氨氮废水的最佳处理条件为pH=9.5、MgO与Na2HPO4·12H2O药剂以及废水中氨氮物质的量比(n(Mg)∶n(P)∶n(N)]为2.4∶0.95∶1.在最佳条件下,利用磷酸铵镁法对模拟高浓度氨氮废水中的氨氮去除率为93.6%,对实际工业废水中的氨氮去除率为90%.     

磷酸铵镁法回收养猪沼液中氮磷的影响因素研究

以模拟养猪沼液为研究对象，MgCl₂·6H₂O和K₂HPO₄·3H₂O分别为镁源和磷源沉淀剂，采用磷酸铵镁法(MAP)回收养猪沼液中的氮磷。考察了反应温度、搅拌速率、 pH值、 n(Mg)∶n(N)和n(P)∶n(N)对氮磷回收率的影响。结果表明，磷酸铵镁法回收养猪沼液中氮磷的最佳工艺条件为：pH值为9.5、反应温度为30℃、搅拌速率为200 r/min、 n(Mg)∶n(N)为1.2、 n(P)∶n(N)为0.6，此时模拟养猪沼液磷酸盐和氨氮的回收率分别为81.13%和55.97%，剩余磷酸盐和氨氮的质量浓度分别为9.47 mg/L和286.55 mg/L，可实现养猪沼液中氮磷的资源化利用。     

磷酸氨镁法脱氮除磷最佳镁源的探究

磷酸氨镁法应用于污水处理的限制因素主要是投加镁源而增加的处理费用。为了找出经济、高效的镁源,文章研究了p H、搅拌时间、n(Mg)∶n(N)和n(P)∶n(N)对氯化镁等四种不同镁源脱氮除磷的影响,同时得出了不同镁源的最佳控制条件。结果表明:Mg Cl2·6H2O和Mg SO4的最佳搅拌时间都为30分钟,最佳p H分别为10.5和10;Mg O和(Mg CO3)4·Mg(OH)2·5H2O的最佳搅拌时间分别为60分钟和90分钟,最佳p H分别为7和8;Mg Cl2·6H2O、Mg SO4、Mg O和(Mg CO3)4·Mg(OH)2·5H2O在其最佳的控制条件下对氨氮和正磷酸盐的去除率分别为,82%和92%、74%和75%、74%和79%、80%和84%。只考虑氮磷的去除率,Mg Cl2·6H2O是最好的镁源,Mg Cl2·6H2O和Mg SO4所需的搅拌时间短但p H较高,Mg O和(Mg CO3)4·Mg(OH)2·5H2O需要的p H较低但搅拌时间较长,对于不同水质、水量的污水,还需要进一步实验研究确定最佳镁源。     

磷酸铵镁结晶法处理含磷废水试验研究

用模拟废水进行了磷酸铵镁法除磷试验,研究了反应物摩尔比、溶液p H值、搅拌速度、搅拌时间和沉淀时间等对处理效果的影响。结果表明,n(N)∶n(Mg)∶n(P)=5. 5∶2∶1,溶液初始p H值9. 5,搅拌速度150 r/min,搅拌时间10 min,沉淀时间15 min的条件下,磷的初始浓度为100 mg/L时,磷的去除率可达99. 476%,处理出水达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596—2001)总磷排放标准(8 mg/L)。SEM表明,p H为8. 5,9. 0,9. 5的条件下得到的沉淀产物均具有明显的晶体结构,其中p H为9. 5的条件下得到的产物主要是斜方晶体,与磷酸铵镁的理论形态最为一致。     

MAP法去除联碱生产清洗水中氨氮的研究

以联碱生产清洗废水为研究对象,探索了p H值、化学药剂投放配比、反应时间、不同镁源材料对MAP法去除氨氮的影响。结果表明,在反应温度为室温(25±1)℃,p H值为10.5,物质的量比n(Mg2+)∶n(PO43-)∶n(NH4+)为1.2∶1∶1时,氨氮去除效果最佳,去除率达到98.4%;可溶性镁源优于Mg O,其中Mg Cl2·6H2O的效果更好;碱业生产废水的氨氮去除率和残留浓度随氨氮初始浓度而变化,中等浓度时,氨氮去除率较高、氨氮残留浓度和磷残留浓度较低,氨氮初始浓度为1000~3000 mg/L,氨氮残留浓度皆在50 mg/L以下,MAP法可有效降低后续深度处理负荷,同时获得缓释肥。     

磷酸铵镁法综合处理磷酸盐工业废水和垃圾渗滤液研究

探讨了磷酸铵镁法综合处理磷酸盐工业废水和垃圾渗滤液的可行性.探讨了pH、物质摩尔配比、搅拌速度、反应时间、陈化时间等因素对氨氮和磷酸盐去除效果的影响.实验得出只加MgSO4·7H2O)处理氨氮质量浓度为2 677.34 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液和磷酸盐质量浓度为l 804.48 mg/L的磷酸盐工业废水时的较佳实验条件为:搅拌速度200 r/min左右,反应时间20 rain,pH=9.5,n(Mg):n(P):n(N)=1.5:1.187:1.0.在陈化时间为30 min以及上述实验条件下,磷酸盐的去除率为99.53%,处理液中的残磷质量浓度为6.79 mg/L,氨氮的去除率为87.56%,残氮质量浓度为76.12 mg/L.并对所得磷酸铵镁沉淀进行了X-衍射光谱和扫描电镜分析.     

膜化学反应器去除煤化工气化废水氨氮研究

采用膜化学反应器,使废水中的氨氮与磷酸根离子、镁离子产生鸟粪石沉淀,降低煤化工气化废水中的氨氮。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度192.88 mg/L,投料比n(Mg)∶n(N)∶n(P)=1∶1∶1时,氨氮去除率超过90%,出水浊度降低了85%以上,且反应稳定,随时间基本无变化;曝气可以有效改善膜通量,沉淀经膜过滤、烘干回收,回收率达94.29%。     

膜化学反应器去除煤化工气化废水氨氮研究

采用膜化学反应器,使废水中的氨氮与磷酸根离子、镁离子产生鸟粪石沉淀,降低煤化工气化废水中的氨氮。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度192.88 mg/L,投料比n(Mg)∶n(N)∶n(P)=1∶1∶1时,氨氮去除率超过90%,出水浊度降低了85%以上,且反应稳定,随时间基本无变化;曝气可以有效改善膜通量,沉淀经膜过滤、烘干回收,回收率达94.29%。     

鸟粪石沉淀法回收高浓度含磷废水中磷的研究

采用鸟粪石沉淀法回收高浓度含磷废水中的磷,以MgCl2·6H2O和NH4Cl作为沉淀剂,考察了pH值、搅拌速率、反应时间、沉淀时间、镁磷物质的量之比、氮磷物质的量之比对磷的去除效果及氨氮残留量的影响.结果表明,最优反应条件为:pH=9.5,n(Mg)∶n(N)∶n(P)=1.25∶1.05∶1,搅拌速率为200 r/m...     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.