Effect of SiC Nanoparticles on Bond Strength of Cold Roll Bonded IF Steel

In this study, cold roll bonding process characteristics of IF steel strips, such as bond strength, threshold deformation, undulation of peeling force, and peeled surface, in the presence of SiC nanoparticles were examined and compared to those of an IF steel strip without nanoparticles. The bond strength was evaluated by the peeling test and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that when the thickness reduction was increased, the peeling force of IF steel strips improved. The results also indicated that the presence of silicon carbide nanoparticles decreased the bond strength of IF steel strips when compared to the strips without nanoparticles for the same thickness reduction. When the thickness reduction was increased, the undulation of average peeling force values increased at a constant nanoparticle content. Also, the strips without nanoparticles had a lower undulation value as compared to the strips with SiC nanoparticles. In addition, in the presence of silicon carbide, when the nanoparticles’ content was increased, the undulation of average peeling force values decreased at a constant thickness reduction. Finally, it was found that the bond strength of IF steel strips was less than that of aluminum and copper strips. This was attributed to their crystal structure.     

The Role of Surface Preparation Parameters on Cold Roll Bonding of Aluminum Strips

It is the objective of this article to investigate the influence of surface preparation on the cold roll bonding (CRB) process. In this context, the effects of surface preparation parameters consisting of surface preparation method, surface roughness, scratch-brushing parameters, and the delay time between surface preparation and rolling are investigated on the bond strength of aluminum strips. The bond strength of two adjacent aluminum strips produced by the CRB process is evaluated by the peeling test. Furthermore, the interface region is investigated by metallographic observations. Our findings indicate that higher surface roughness values and shorter delay times improve the bond strength. It is also found that degreasing followed by scratch-brushing yield the best bonding properties.     

Bonding strength of Invar/Cu clad strips fabricated by twin-roll casting process

Based on traditional twin-roll casting process, Invar/Cu clad strips were successfully fabricated by using solid Invar alloy strip and molten Cu under conditions of high temperature, high pressure and plastic deformation. A series of tests including tensile test, bending test, T-type peeling test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) measurements were carried out to analyze the mechanical properties of Invar/Cu clad strips and the micro-morphology of tensile fracture surfaces and bonding interfaces. The results indicate that no delamination phenomenon occurs during the compatible deformation of Invar/Cu in bending test and only one stress platform exists in the tensile stress?strain curve when the bonding strength is large. On the contrary, different mechanical properties of Invar and Cu lead to delamination phenomenon during the uniaxial tensile test, which determines that two stress platforms occur on the stress?strain curve of Invar/Cu clad strips when two elements experience necking. The average peeling strength can be increased from 13.85 to 42.31 N/mm after heat treatment at 800 °C for 1 h, and the observation of the Cu side at peeling interface shows that more Fe is adhered on the Cu side after the heat treatment. All above illustrate that heat treatment can improve the strength of the bonding interface of Invar/Cu clad strips.     

铜铝异步轧制复合工艺及组织性能

采用异步轧制工艺进行了铜铝薄带的复合,并对复合带进行了退火处理,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机进行了复合带组织的观察和性能的测定.结果表明,异步轧制相比同步轧制的界面波浪状形貌明显减少,界面更加平整;在相同的压下率下,异步轧制的轧制力要小于同步轧制的轧制力,使轧制的稳定性和精度得到了提高,有益于提高界面剥离强度;异步速比与复合带界面的剥离强度呈抛物线关系,异速比为1.25界面的剥离强度最大;异步速比增加,铜/铝复合带Cu/Al厚度比增加.所得结果在铜铝薄带轧制复合领域的研究有重要意义.     

Investigation on Temperature Change of Cold Magnesium Alloy Strips Rolling Process with Heated Roll

Magnesium alloy strips are widely used in aerospace, automotive industry, etc., which are difficult to produce through cold forming process due to their poor deformation ability. In this article, we studied whether the rolling process with heated roll could be used to roll cold magnesium alloy strips. Thermal-mechanical finite element simulation of the rolling process, using heated roll and cold strips to produce the magnesium alloy strips, was carried out. Influences of roll temperature, rolling velocity, rolling reduction ratio, and initial strip thickness on the thermal field and the mean temperature of magnesium alloy strips were analyzed. Both the heated area in strips in rolling deformation zone and the mean temperature of strips at exit of rolling deformation zone increase with increasing the roll temperature and/or rolling reduction ratio, and/or with decreasing the rolling velocity and/or initial strip thickness. Finally, a formula was developed to predict the mean temperature of strips under different rolling conditions, which also could be used to calculate the critical value of parameters in rolling process.     

Microstructure evolution,mechanical properties and tailoring of coefficient of thermal expansion for Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets fabricated by hot rolling

The law of microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of hot roll bonded Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets were systematically investigated and the theoretical prediction model of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets was established successfully. The results show that the deformation of Cu and Mo layers was gradually coherent with an increase in rolling reduction and temperature and excellent interface bonding was achieved under the condition of a large rolling reduction. The development of the microstructure and texture through the thickness of Cu and Mo layers was inhomogeneous. This phenomenon can be attributed to the friction between the roller and sheet surface and the uncoordinated deformation between Cu and Mo. The tensile strength of the clad sheets increased with increasing rolling reduction and the elongation was gradually decreased. The CTE of Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets was related to the volume fraction of Mo. The finite element method can simulate the deformation and stress distribution during the thermal expansion process. The simulation result indicates that the terminal face of the clad sheets was sunken inward.     

Analysis of Bonding Behavior and Critical Reduction of Two-Layer Strips in Clad Cold Rolling Process

In recent years, two-layer metallic sheets have been increasingly used in various industries to create combined functions. Among cladding methods, the cold rolling is most widely used in producing bimetallic sheets. In this research, to thoroughly provide guidelines for cold rolling of bimetal strip, an attempt has been made to develop an analytical model based on upper bound method. Also, the bonding strength and critical reduction were calculated using upper bound theorem and the finite element simulation was used for Al/St bimetallic strip. Finally, an experimental study was run for our model to be verified analytically and numerically. Results show that the bonding strength of strips increases with increasing the total thickness reduction of bimetal strips and because of subsequent occurrence of strips bonding in roll gap, increasing the yield strength of base layer gives rise to critical reduction. Through the study, it becomes clear that the proposed analytical model is applicable for simulating the cold rolling process of the two-layer strips and is capable to broaden our knowledge in manufacturing and production of bimetal strips and sheets.     

The Influence of Carbon Nanotube and Roll Bonding Parameters on the Bond Strength of Al Sheets

This study investigates the bond strength of aluminum sheets subjected to the roll bonding process in the presence of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The effects of MWCNTs dispersion, thickness reduction, weight fraction of MWCNTs at the interface, and rolling temperature on the bond strength of the commercial pure aluminum sheets are studied. The peeling test is used to evaluate the bond strength of aluminum sheets. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are also used to evaluate the surface conditions of the peeled surfaces. Results indicate that, compared to the spread method, using the solution dispersion method to disperse MWCNTs reduces aluminum sheet’s bond strength. Also, the presence of MWCNTs reduces the sheet’s bond strength compared to aluminum sheets at a constant thickness reduction. However, bond strength is increased with higher thickness reductions in the presence or absence of MWCNTs. It is also shown that increasing the entry temperature improves bond strength, but that bond strength enhancement is lower in aluminum-MWCNTs sheets than in aluminum-aluminum sheets.     

Evolution of bonding interface in solid–liquid cast-rolling bonding of Cu/Al clad strip

Cu/Al clad strips are prepared using solid–liquid cast-rolling bonding (SLCRB) technique with a d160 mm × 150 mm twin-roll experimental caster. The extent of interfacial reactions, composition of the reaction products, and their micro-morphology evolution in the SLCRB process are investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the casting pool, initial aluminized coating is first generated on the copper strip surface, with the diffusion layer mainly consisting of α(Al)+CuAl₂ and growing at high temperatures, with the maximum thickness of 10 μm. After sequent rolling below the kiss point, the diffusion layer is broken by severe elongation, which leads to an additional crack bond process with a fresh interface of virgin base metal. The average thickness is reduced from 10 to 5 μm. The reaction products, CuAl₂, CuAl, and Cu₉Al₄, are dispersed along the rolling direction. Peeling and bending test results indicate that the fracture occurs in the aluminum substrate, and the morphology is a dimple pattern. No crack or separation is found at the bonding interface after 90°–180° bending. The presented method provides an economical way to fabricate Cu/Al clad strip directly.     

冷轧制备AlSn20Cu/钢多层板的微观组织和力学性能（英文）

通过室温冷轧制备出了1060Al/AlSn20Cu/1060Al/钢多层复合板材,并探索了轧制压下量对复合板微观组织和力学性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）对复合板微观组织进行表征,通过拉伸试验测量了复合板力学性能。复合板的初始轧制压下量为17%,最小稳定压下量为40%。结果表明,随着轧制压下量的增加,铝合金层中锡相和钢中组织沿轧制方向被拉长,但是纯铝层呈现出等轴晶。随着轧制压下量的增大,复合板抗拉伸强度和界面结合强度增加,而延伸率下降。AlSn20Cu合金层的断裂主要跟其中的锡相有关。     

The bonding properties and interfacial morphologies of clad plate prepared by multiple passes hot rolling in a protective atmosphere

SUS304 stainless steel and plain carbon steel were first bonded by hot rolling in an argon atmosphere and were subsequently hot-rolled by multiple passes in air. Shearing and peeling tests were performed according to appropriate standards to evaluate the bonding results. The interfacial microstructures, composition diffusion and peeling fractographies of the clad plate samples were used to examine the bond quality. The effects of bond parameters on the bond properties of clad plate were studied. The experimental results indicate that the shear strength reaches 266 MPa, and the peel strength is up to 322 N/mm at 1323 K in the first pass, representing a reduction of 24.3%. Both the shear strength and the peel strength increase with increases in bonding temperature and total reduction ratio. The maximum shear strength reaches 361 MPa, and the peel strength is up to 510 N/mm at 1323 K after six passes with a total reduction ratio of 74.8%. Both the dimension and number of interfacial pores decrease rapidly with increasing rolling passes. Multipass hot rolling generates a number of local embedments at the interface and improves the interfacial bonding strength.     

纯铜与不锈钢扩散焊接头性能及原子扩散动态解析

采用微观组织观察、硬度测试、拉伸试验、EPMA(电子探针)等手段研究了焊接工艺条件对纯铜与铁素体410L以及奥氏体304不锈钢扩散焊接接头性能的影响,结合理论计算对两种接头的原子扩散机理进行了解析.结果表明,在焊接压力、时间一定的条件下,接头的抗拉强度随焊接温度的升高而增大.Cu原子与41OL最适宜的焊接温度比Cu原子与304的大约小50 K,这是由于Cu原子向体心立方晶体(bcc)铁素体系中的扩散速度比在面心立方晶体(fcc)奥氏体系中快的缘故.Cu原子向不锈钢一侧扩散的实测值比理论值小是由于理论的初期条件是假定试样100%完全密接,而实际的接合界面却是粗糙不平,要达到接合初期的完全密接是需要时间的.     

铜铝复合带退火工艺的研究

研究了铜铝复合带退火工艺对同轴电缆用铜铝复合带组织和性能的影响。结果表明,铜铝复合带合理的退火工艺为310℃×1h,此时复合带的抗拉强度为78MPa,伸长率为23.17%,杯突值为8.56mm。     

Key factors for warm rolled bond of 6111-aluminium strip

Based on rolling tests and simulation, the bond behavior and its mechanism of 6111-aluminum alloy commonly used in auto industry were studied. As main factors, the effects of different heating stratagem, rolling speed and reduction on bond were tested. The effect of rolling speed on bond was produced by the synthetical result of contact time and temperature of rolling zone. Higher speed creates higher temperature of rolling zone but decreases contact time of interfaces, and bond strength decreases accordingly. The bond strength increases along with the increase of entry temperature before a turning Point, after the turning point bond strength changes gently. Cold rolling is hard to get a satisfying bond result although the rolling parameters are adjusted, while warm bond reaches a higher strength that is comparable to the parent material. The analysis of surfaces separated by shear test shows that for warm bonding the rolling texture disappears on the bond area but the scratch track remain on the bond area for cold bond. There is no gap at the position of interface for well-bond sample. The results of this study are helpful to create well-bond materials for auto industry.     

Atomistic investigation of the effects of temperature and surface roughness on diffusion bonding between Cu and Al

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to analyze the diffusion bonding at Cu/Al interfaces. The results indicate that the thickness of the interfacial layer is temperature-dependent, with higher temperatures yielding larger thicknesses. At temperatures below 750 K, the interface thickness is found to increase in a stepwise manner as a function of time. At temperatures above 750 K, the thickness increases rapidly and smoothly. When surface roughness is present, the bonding process consists of three stages. In the first stage, surfaces deform under stress, resulting in increased contact areas. The second stage involves significant plastic deformation at the interface as temperature increases, resulting in the disappearance of interstices and full contact of the surface pair. The last stage entails the diffusion of atoms under constant temperature. The bonded specimens show tensile strengths reaching 88% of the ideal Cu/Al contact strength.     

电子封装用Cu/Mo/Cu复合材料的工艺研究

研究了浸涂助复剂（铝基合金）和室温轧制工艺对Cu／Mo／Cu复合界面结合强度的影响，简述了Cu／Mo／Cu复合板室温轧制成形工艺过程，详细分析了表面和界面清理、初道次轧制临界变形率及热处理工艺等因素对复合板结合强度的影响。实验结果得出，钼板浸涂Al—Mn—Zn—Sn合金助复剂后的热处理温度为800～850℃；初道次轧制变形率为45％最佳；复合轧制后合适的退火工艺为450℃，保温60min。     

Nb、Cu金属层厚度对Si3N4/Nb/Cu/Ni/Incone l600接头组织和性能的影响

采用Nb／Cu／Ni作中间层，在连接温度为1403K、连接时间为50min、连接压力为7．5MPa的条件下，采用不同尺寸的中间层进行了Si3N4陶瓷与Inconel 600高温合金的部分液相扩散连接。通过改变Nb层、Cu层厚度，研究了Cu层、Nb层厚度变化对Si3N4／Nb／Cu／Ni／Inconel 600接头的组织和性能的影响。研究发现，当Cu层厚度小于0．05mm时，随着Cu层厚度的增加，接头中的Cu—Ni合金层厚度增加，接头强度快速增加；当Cu层厚度超过0．05mm时，接头中的Cu—Ni合金层厚度由于压力的作用不明显增加，接头强度增加缓慢。随着Nb层厚度的增加，反应层厚度增加，接头的强度先增大后减小。     

An Analytical Modified Model of Clad Sheet Bonding by Cold Rolling Using Upper Bond Theorem

In this paper, clad sheet bonding by cold rolling was investigated using the upper bond theorem. Plastic deformation behavior of the strip at the roll gap was investigated, unlike previous methods; distinctive angular velocities are used for different zones in roll gap in present model and absolute minimum of rolling power function is achieved. Rolling power, rolling force, and thickness ratio of the rolled product affected by various rolling condition such as flow stress of sheets, initial thickness ratio, roller radius, total thickness reduction, coefficient of friction between rollers and metals and between components layer, roll speed, etc., are discussed. It was found that the theoretical prediction of the thickness ratio of the rolled product, rolling force, and rolling power are in good agreement with the experimental measurement.     

热轧SPHC带钢酸洗行为及其高效酸洗工艺研究

冷轧带钢产品的表面质量主要取决于热轧原料的酸洗质量。针对常规热轧(HR)工艺、CSP工艺及ESP工艺生产的热轧SPHC带钢,对其表面氧化铁皮结构及其酸洗历程进行了对比分析研究;在上述基础上,指出缩短孕育期,使带钢快速进入氧化铁皮大面积剥离阶段是提高酸洗效率的关键,提出了热轧SPHC带钢预升温酸洗工艺,并进行了带钢升温、未升温酸洗试验以验证酸洗效果。结果表明:HR带钢、CSP带钢、ESP带钢表面氧化铁皮均由外层的Fe₃O₄和内层为的FeO组成,前两者氧化铁皮厚度约为6~8 μm,ESP带钢表面氧化铁皮两层之间有较为明显的间隙,总平均厚度约为18 μm。3种热轧带钢的酸洗曲线呈现相同的变化趋势,酸洗效率随着酸液温度及紊流度的提高而提高,且在低温和低雷诺系数下增幅明显。HR带钢与ESP带钢的酸洗曲线接近,相对于前两者,CSP带钢的酸洗效率更高、更易酸洗。热轧SPHC带钢氧化铁皮去除符合S型曲线,经历孕育期,加速期和平稳期的时长的占比分别为40%、40%及20%。板带预升温酸洗工艺实施简单,可使表层难酸洗氧化铁皮快速剥离,缩短酸洗时间约50%,显著提高了酸洗效率。     

Cast-rolling force model in solid−liquid cast-rolling bonding (SLCRB) process for fabricating bimetal clad strips

Based on twin-roll casting, a cast-rolling force model was proposed to predict the rolling force in the bimetal solid?liquid cast-rolling bonding (SLCRB) process. The solid?liquid bonding zone was assumed to be below the kiss point (KP). The deformation resistance of the liquid zone was ignored. Then, the calculation model was derived. A 2D thermal?flow coupled simulation was established to provide a basis for the parameters in the model, and then the rolling forces of the Cu/Al clad strip at different rolling speeds were calculated. Meanwhile, through measurement experiments, the accuracy of the model was verified. The influence of the rolling speed, the substrate strip thickness, and the material on the rolling force was obtained. The results indicate that the rolling force decreases with the increase of the rolling speed and increases with the increase of the thickness and thermal conductivity of the substrate strip. The rolling force is closely related to the KP height. Therefore, the formulation of reasonable process parameters to control the KP height is of great significance to the stability of cast-rolling forming.