丙烯氯醇化反应过程的模型化

将单塔自然液相循环的丙烯氯醇化反应器视为两个串联的鼓泡塔 ,在两塔分别进行溶氯和氯醇化反应 .在对反应机理和宏观动力学进行探讨的基础上 ,建立了反应器的一维定态模型 .通过流程模拟 ,研究了操作参数对反应结果的影响 .结果表明 ,所建立的一维定态模型能正确描述重要操作参数的影响规律     

“非衡态”高浓度SO2转化技术的开发与应用

主要介绍了铜陵有色金属集团控股有限公司金冠铜业分公司冶炼烟气制酸装置采用的“非衡态”高浓度SO2转化技术的开发与应用.“非衡态”高浓度SO2转化工艺选择进口转化烟气φ(SO2)为13％～ 15％,二吸塔出口混合烟气的φ(SO2)保持在0.014％以内;目前已成功摸索出进转化烟气φ(SO2)达17％的生产参数、对应的二吸塔出口φ(SO2)约0.030％.装置已投入运行2年,运行成本低,电耗已实现夏天73 kWh/t和冬天62 kWh/t的指标.     

费托合成浆态床速度分布和浓度分布的模拟及其影响规律

提出了浆态床速度分布的一维流体力学模型和合成气液相浓度分布的二维扩散模型,用于描述浆态床液相返混对费托合成反应的影响。模型计算结果与示范工厂数据符合良好。计算表明,液相返混状态对合成气转化率有显著影响。利用模型考察了空塔气速对合成气转化率和空时产率的影响规律,随气速增加,合成气转化率单调下降,空时产率先增大后缓慢降低;塔径放大后,中心液速和液相循环流率都增大,浆料返混加剧,费托合成反应转化率降低。     

穿流筛板塔

穿流筛板塔是一种高效、高生产能力的板式塔,在我厂已有十多年的历史。经验指出,穿流筛板塔的生产能力为泡罩塔的三倍,比浮阀塔和有降液管的筛板塔也要高些,且效率与泡罩塔相似,造价是最低廉的。因此值得加以总结推广。本文列举了φ450毫米,φ600毫米,φ1200毫米塔的一些运转数据,并且与泡罩塔进行比较。最后就穿流筛板塔的操作特性,设计放大时要考虑的问题作一些探讨。     

φ1400氨合成系统改造调查

将φ1000氨合成塔更新为φ1400塔后，高压圈系统未作大的调整，φ1400氨塔未达到预计效果，对系统存在的问题经过分析之后，提出了以φ1400氨塔为中心的改造设想。     

旋流板式塔在煤气冷却中的应用总结

该文介绍了旋流板式塔首次在焦化广煤气冷却中的应用实例。投运的φ3600旋流板式塔取代φ4500隔板式语，节省了治塔。文章还对其设计工艺数据及旋流板塔参数；生产调试以及应用效果与经济效益等予以了叙述。     

铜液再生器局部放大使用情况

我厂铜洗工段现用高压系统是两套年产3000吨型的设备,共用一套铜液再生系统。随着我厂生产能力的扩大,对铜液再生器也作了相应地改造和扩大。1973年进行技术改造时,将原再生塔拆去,更换上自己修改加大制作的铜液再生塔,此再生塔总高与原再生塔基本保持不变,其中将回流塔改为φ800×3700毫米,再生器仍为折流板式φ1700×2000毫米,还原器为φ700毫米,上、下加热器为φ700×1500毫     

湍动塔的吸氟效果

我厂是年产5万吨的普钙厂,原采用有3块旋流板(钢制)φ800旋流板湍动塔。由于HF的腐蚀,所以不到一个月就更换3块旋流板、半个月换一次抽风机叶轮,维修费用大。根据上述情况,我们对塔进行了改造:将钢制旋流板改为大孔径筛板。为了减少H_2SiF_6对风机叶轮的腐蚀,塔顶增加了捕沫层。一、泡沫层湍动塔的制作及安装 1.主要工艺数据塔径φ800毫米,壁厚10毫米,塔高5871毫米。第一段高为1730毫米,填料为250毫米(聚氯乙烯球φ35、φ38);第二段高为1450毫米,填料为250毫米(聚氮乙烯球φ35、φ38);第三段高     

MSMPR连续结晶器的多定态

对混合悬浮混合排料(MSMPR)连续结晶器的定态方程组进行了剖析,应用非线性方程组的延拓求解法,求得了定态方程组的分岔图,即MSMPR连续结晶器状态参数与操作参数的依赖关系.利用分岔理论对MSMPR连续结晶过程的定态数目及相应的参数范围进行了预测,导出了连续结晶过程存在多定态或唯一定态的判据。该判据仅与过程的动力学参数和操作参数有关,而与过程的状态参数无关。最后应用Routh-Hurwitz准则,确定了连续结晶过程各定态的稳定性。     

造气工段旋流板洗气塔的应用及制造

我厂造气工段有8台φ1600液压传动煤气炉,每两炉配用一台φ1000毫米空塔喷淋式洗气塔,但效果差,尤其在炎夏,不仅用水耗量大,而且出口煤气温度也高,严重影响生产。在厂党总支的领导和浙江化工学院、浙江大学的帮助下,自制了一台φ1200毫米旋流板洗气塔。1977年9月25日投产使用。经一年的实践证明:旋流板塔用于造气工段洗气塔是成功的,不仅冷却效果较好,节约用水、用电,而且塔设备能力大,制造方便,深受我厂生产工人欢迎。(?)     

Bifurcation analysis for MTBE synthesis in a suspension catalytic distillation column

A rigorous bifurcation study is presented of methyl tert-butyl ether synthesis by suspension catalytic distillation (SCD). SCD is a new development of catalytic distillation (CD) in which fine catalyst particles are suspended in liquid, not only inherits advantages of CD but overcomes transfer limitations in catalyst bed. A complete equilibrium stage model is developed. Analysis results show that this system is sensitive to the operating parameters: the reflux ratio, the bottom flowrate, the methanol feed, the n-butane feed and the operation pressure, and the characteristic parameter for SCD: the solid/liquid separator ratio. The bifurcation diagram displays very intricate and highly nonlinear steady-state behavior, which can results in as many as seven steady-state solutions for identical column specifications. Especially, the results reveal that the superior column performance can be reached under practical operating conditions because the upper bound of the multiplicity range for the solid/liquid separation ratio is very small.     

Desorption of cadmium from algal biosorbent

Desorption of metal-laden new biosorbent material was studied using batch and column equilibrium elution processes. Equilibrium screening tests of cadmium desorption established a solution of HC1 as the most appropriate eluant at approximately pH 1.0. The desorption of Cd by protons was indicated to be a reversible exchange with a stoichiometric coefficient of 1.24. The solid to liquid ratio (biosorbent mass to elutant volume) is described as a key parameter in determination of elution efficiency, affecting simultaneously the pH at desorption equilibrium, the concentration of cadmium released, and the concentration ratio of the overall metal recovery process. When the pH is maintained constant, the solid to liquid ratio has little influence on metal recovery but still controls the concentration ratio. Recycling a small amount of eluant through a desorption column with metal-laden biosorbent material resulted in very high solid-to-liquid ratios (up to 130 g/L) leading to high value of 70 for the metal concentration ratio of the sorption/desorption process. No loss of cadmium biosorbent properties was observed in three consecutive metal uptake/desorption cycles.     

Experimental analysis and development of correlations for gas holdup in high pressure slurry co-current bubble columns

The effect of liquid and gas velocities, solid concentrations, and operating pressure has been studied experimentally in a 15 cm diameter air-water-glass beads bubble column. The superficial gas and liquid velocities varied from 1.0 to 40.00 cm/s and 0 to 16.04 cm/s, respectively, while the solid loading varied from 1 to 9%. The gas holdup in the column was reduced sharply as we switched from batch to co-current mode of operation. At low gas velocity, the effect of liquid velocity was insignificant; while at high gas velocity, increasing liquid velocity decreased the gas holdup. Drift flux approach was applied to quantify the combined effect of liquid and gas velocities over gas holdup. For co-current three phase flows, the gas holdup decreased with increase in solid loading for all pressures. But for batch operations, when solid loading was 5% or more, settling started leading to higher gas holdup. Increasing pressure from atmospheric conditions increased the gas holdup significantly, flattening asymptotically.     

高温高压浆态鼓泡床反应器中的气-液传质

The gas-liquid mass transfer of H2 and CO in a high temperature and high-pressure three-phase slurry bubble column reactor is studied. The gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa are obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H2 and CO. The influences of the main operation conditions, such as temperature, pressure,superficial gas velocity and solid concentration, are studied systematically. Two empirical correlations are proposed to predict kLa values for H2 and CO in liquid paraffln/solid particles slurry bubble column reactors.     

The influence of apex diameter on the pattern of solid/liquid ratio distribution within a hydrocyclone

Knowledge of the pattern of solid/liquid ratio distribution within a hydrocyclone is very important for reliable design and efficient operation. This pattern was examined using a 100mm hydrocyclone for a wide range of apex diameters at high solid contents of the feed pulp. The measurements were taken along orbit radii at several horizontal level positions along the cyclone length. The results give a complete pattern of pulp-solid content distribution for the studied parameters. An empirical equation relating the pulp solid/liquid ratio with all the studied variables was established. The predicted data show good agreement with the experimental results.     

鼓泡床中电石渣加速碳酸化分析与响应面优化

搭建了鼓泡床碳酸化反应器,研究常温常压下电石渣直接液相碳酸化矿化封存CO₂的能力,揭示了重要操作参数表观气速、液固比和CO₂浓度对电石渣矿化封存CO₂能力和碳酸化效率的影响规律。同时构建响应面模型,分析各参数对电石渣碳酸化效率的影响强度,优化获得最大碳酸化效率及相应操作工况。结果表明,增加气速有利于钙离子溶解和CO₂吸收,但反应器中过高气速易导致气相通道效应,不利于气液充分接触。当液固比降低,溶液中钙离子浓度提高,更有利于碳酸化反应,但液固比过低会影响固液间传质。适当增加CO₂浓度有利于提高碳酸化效率,但CO₂浓度增至到一定值后,对碳酸化效率影响降低。响应面建模分析发现,各因素对碳酸化效率影响顺序为：液固比>CO₂浓度>表观气速。优化结果发现碳酸化效率最高为93.58%,工况为表观气速0.07m/s,液固比为8.26mL/g和CO₂体积分数为20.91%。研究可知,鼓泡床中常温常压下电石渣直接液相加速碳酸化反应,具有较大的CO₂固定量和高的碳酸化效率,实验结果为电石渣加速矿化封存CO₂技术的发展提供了基础数据。     

Wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds

Wall to bed heat transfer has been studied in three-phase fluidized beds with a cocurrent up-flow of water and air. Six sizes of glass beads, two sizes of activated carbon beads and one size of alumina beads, varying in average diameter from 0.61 to 6.9 mm and in density from 1330 to 3550 kg/m³, were fluidized in a 95.6 mm diameter brass column heated by a steam jacket. Complementary heat transfer experiments have been performed also for a gas–liquid cocurrent column and liquid–solid fluidized beds. The wall-to-bed coefficient for heat transfer in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed is evaluated on the basis of the axial dispersion model concept. The ratio of the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed to that in the liquid–solid fluidized bed operated at the same liquid flow rate is correlated in terms of the ratio of the velocity of gas to that of liquid and the properties of solid particles. A correlation equation for estimating the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the liquid–solid fluidized bed is also developed.     

Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactors for the alkylation of benzene with propylene

This work deals with the mathematic models and improvement of four kinds of gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactors for producing cumene by catalytic reaction, i.e., fixed-bed reactor, fixed-bed catalytic distillation (FCD) column, suspension catalytic distillation (SCD) column and ionic-liquid catalytic distillation (ICD) column. The fixed-bed reactor was improved by changing the particle diameter of catalyst and no extra equipment was needed. The FCD and SCD columns were, respectively, improved by carrying out alkylation and transalkylation simultaneously in a column, which also may hold for the ICD column, in which, however, the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to take into account the influence of ionic liquid on vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE).     

固相萃取-超高效液相串联质谱同时测定食品中苏丹橙G、二甲基黄、苏丹黑B

建立了食品中苏丹橙G、二甲基黄、苏丹黑B非法色素的固相萃取超高效液相串联质谱测定方法。以10%乙醇的丙酮溶液作为提取溶剂,利用MAX强阴离子交换固相萃取柱对样品进行净化。检出限苏丹橙G、二甲基黄为1.0μg/kg,苏丹黑B为10μg/kg。线性范围苏丹橙G、二甲基黄为2.5-2500μg/kg,苏丹黑B为25-25000μg/kg,加标回收为78%～105%。本方法灵敏、准确高效,可对非法油溶色素进行测定及确证。     

快速分离柱高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中多菌灵和噻菌灵的研究

研究并建立了用固相微萃取-快速分离柱高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中的多菌灵和噻菌灵的方法。样品中的多菌灵和噻菌灵用W aters Sep-pak C18反相固相萃取小柱预分离和富集,然后以ZORBAX Stab leBound(4.6 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)C18快速分离柱为固定相,甲醇-水(V(甲醇)/V(水)=1∶1)为流动相进行分离,流速为2.0 mL/m in;用二极管矩阵检测器检测,检测波长为286 nm,样品中的多菌灵和噻菌灵在2.0 m in内可达到基线分离。方法标准回收率为93%~104%,RSD为2.1%~3.2%。用新方法测定了环境水样中的多菌灵和噻菌灵,结果令人满意。