钇补强颗粒弥散陶瓷复合材料增韧机制的微观结构表征

在Al2O3/（W,Ti）C陶瓷复合材料中适量添加稀土元素钇能显著提高其断裂韧性。本文运用SEM与TEM技术,从微观结构的角度探讨了其增韧机制。表明,由于稀土钇的添加,使材料内部形成不同程度的强弱界面,它们与扩展中的裂纹相互作用,使得裂纹桥联、裂纹分支、裂纹偏转以及微裂纹增韧机制得到明显增加和加强,从而以多种增韧机制及其协同作用共同提高稀土补强Al2O3/（W,Ti）C陶瓷复合材料的断裂韧性。     

自蔓延高温合成技术焊接制备(TiB_2 Fe)/Fe结构材料

SHS焊接陶瓷与金属是一种新的陶瓷 /金属连接工艺 ,本文采用SHS工艺制备了 (TiB2 Fe) /Fe结构材料 ;通过SEM测试及显微结构分析表明TiB2 Fe陶瓷金属层结构致密 ,Ti从TiB2 Fe侧向Fe基片侧进行扩散 ,以及TiB2 Fe层与Fe基片结合良好。接头断裂时 ,断裂位置发生在TiB2 Fe金属陶瓷层 ,而不是沿着TiB2 Fe层与Fe基片的界面断裂。     

自蔓延高温合成技术焊接制备（TiB2＋Fe）／Fe结构材料

SHS焊接陶瓷与金属是一种新的陶瓷／金属连接工艺，本文采用SHS工艺制备了(TiB2 Fe)／Fe结构材料；通过SEM测试及显微结构分析表明TiB2 Fe陶瓷金属层结构致密，Ti从TiB2 Fe侧向Fe基片侧进行扩散，以及TiB2 Fe层与Fe基片结合良好。接头断裂时，断裂位置发生在TiB2 Fe金属陶瓷层，而不是沿着TiB2 Fe层与Fe基片的界面断裂。     

金属基聚合物复合材料短纤维桥接界面强化机理

针对金属基聚合物复合材料易诱发界面剥离损伤失效的共性问题,研究了通过多层复合组装注射成型,在聚合物复合层与粘接层界面形成短纤维桥接,实现复合界面强化。基于内聚力剥离损伤模型,构建了短纤维桥接强化界面剥离裂纹扩展断裂失效过程的模拟仿真技术,模拟建立了界面剥离裂纹快速失稳扩展断裂损伤失效临界载荷—桥接纤维特性—界面剥离断裂韧性（损伤启裂应力T₀和临界应变能释放率G_c）的协同关联理论,诠释了短纤维桥接界面强化机理,提出了预防短纤维桥接强化界面诱发剥离裂纹快速失稳扩展失效的设计准则。结果表明,当桥接纤维密度为20根/mm²,可使其临界载荷增加55.9 %,临界载荷受控于桥接纤维密度、初始预裂纹面积、损伤启裂应力和临界应变能释放率,且与桥接纤维密度、损伤启裂应力和临界应变能释放率呈正关联关系,而与初始预裂纹面积呈负关联关系。     

SiC晶须及原位增强Si3N4基复合材料的断裂过程

探讨了ＳｉＣ晶须增强和β－ｓｉａｌｏｎ细长晶粒原位增强Ｓｉ３Ｎ４基复合材料的断裂过程。２种材料的试验结果都显示出明显的二级增韧行为：一级增韧过程,断裂阻抗ＫＲ随微小的裂纹扩展而急剧增大,大裂纹扩展到大约０．２５ｍｍ时达到饱和;二级增韧过程,ＫＲ缓慢增长,一直持续到裂纹扩展达到１ｍｍ（原位增强）和１．８ｍｍ（晶须增强）,观察和分析表明：二级增韧行为的发生,本质上起因于裂纹尖端后方桥接晶须和细长晶粒与     

SiC基层状复合材料界面层的选择

利用凝胶注模成型SiC基体层 ,以喷涂法、流延法、金属箔法、浸涂法分别加涂W ,W -2 % (质量分数 ,下同 )Co ,Ta,BN界面层 ,通过热压烧结制备了SiC/W ,SiC/W -2 %Co ,SiC/Ta ,SiC/BN层状复合材料 .在复合材料高温制备过程中 ,金属W ,W -2 %Co ,Ta与SiC反应生成了碳化物和硅化物 ,失去了金属塑性 ,未能实现裂纹尾流区桥接、残余应力增韧等金属界面层层状复合材料赖以大幅度提高其强韧性的增韧机制 ,其增韧效果仅与BN陶瓷界面层的增韧效果相当 .此外 ,研究表明 ,提高基体层力学性能可以显著提高层状复合材料的强韧性 .制备的SiC/BN层状复合材料的室温三点弯曲强度为 72 9.86± 114 .0 2MPa、室温断裂韧性为 2 0 .5 8± 2 .77MPa·m1 /2 ,其主要增韧机制包括裂纹分叉钝化、裂纹偏转、裂纹并行扩展以及裂纹尾流区片层拔出等     

可加工陶瓷的弱界面结构特征及其研究进展

评述了具有弱界面结构的可加工陶瓷的研究进展.弱界面通过层状结构相或两相间的弱结合引入材料中,在材料加工过程赋予材料一定的“塑性”,或使裂纹产生偏转、分支和桥联,改变陶瓷的断裂行为和加工去除形式.分析了陶瓷可加工性与弱界面结构设计的关系,指出了显微结构优化设计与制备高性能可加工陶瓷的途径.     

新型陶瓷刀具的界面裂纹分析

对梯度功能陶瓷刀具材料界面裂纹进行了较为详细的研究，提出梯度功能陶瓷刀具材料界面处的裂纹总是复合型的；界面裂纹沿原方向扩展或偏转依赖于原方向和偏转方向的能量释放率之比与相应方向的单位断裂能之比。     

挤压铸造法制备Al/AlN陶瓷基复合材料

通过碳热还原法制备气孔率可控的多孔氮化铝预制体,利用挤压铸造工艺制备出Al/AlN陶瓷基复合材料。氮化铝与铝不发生化学反应,避免了过度的界面反应对复合材料性能的不利影响。随着复合材料中铝合金含量的增加,复合材料的弯曲强度和显微硬度下降,断裂韧性增加。铝合金的断裂模式是韧性撕裂,氮化铝晶粒以穿晶断裂为主。复合材料的增韧机制主要有裂纹桥联增韧和微裂纹增韧。     

基于VCCT的复合材料低周疲劳性能研究

基于VCCT建立复合材料低周疲劳模型,对层合板结构分层损伤进行疲劳寿命预测。采用ABAQUS软件通过直接循环法计算复合材料低周疲劳分层扩展情况,在模拟中指定分层扩展所沿的界面,基于VCCT可以计算界面单元裂纹尖端的断裂能量释放率,通过Paris准则来判断疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展。     

Multilayered ceramic composites – a review

With the aim of improving the toughness of ceramic materials, laminated composites have been successfully developed since Clegg et al. (1990) inserted weak interfaces using very thin graphite layers between silicon carbide sheets and obtained a composite that exhibited non-catastrophic fracture characteristics. The weak interface must allow the crack to deviate either by deflection or delamination; in other words, the interface must exhibit a fracture resistance that is lower than that of the matrix layer. In parallel, ceramic laminated composites with strong interfaces were developed in which the residual tensile and compressive stresses appeared in alternate layers during cooling after sintering. These composites are prepared by stacking ceramic sheets produced by lamination or tape casting or by the sequential formation of layers by slip casting, centrifugation or electrophoretic deposition. The techniques may be combined to obtain a composite with the most adequate configuration. This work presents a review about the obtainment of multilayered ceramic composites as a toughening mechanism of ceramic plates.     

Fracture Behavior of Multilayer Silicon Nitride/Boron Nitride Ceramics

The fracture behavior of multilayer Si₃N₄/BN ceramics in bending has been studied. The materials were prepared by a process of tape casting, coating, laminating, and hot pressing. The Si₃N₄ layers were separated by thin, weak BN interlayers. Crack patterns in bending bars were examined with a scanning electron microscope. The weak layers deflected cracks in bending and thus prevented catastrophic failure. In one well-aligned multilayer ceramic A, a main crack propagated through the specimen although along a zigzag path. A second multilayer ceramic B was made to simulate a wood grain structure. Its failure was dominated by shear cracking along the weak BN layers. Besides crack deflection, interlock bridging between toothlike layers in the wake of the main crack appeared also to contribute to toughening.     

Reinforcement of bone china by the addition of sepiolite nano-fibers

The work attempts to investigate the effect of sepiolite nano-fibers addition on mechanical properties of bone china bodies. Compared with the traditional toughening fibers, the sepiolite nano-fiber has two main advantages: One is that the chemical composition of sepiolite mineral and the chemical composition of bone china raw materials are similar. So it can be used as one of the main components of bone china formulations directly. The other is that the sepiolite is a kind of cheap mineral resources, which will decrease the cost of the toughening ceramics. The flexural strength and fracture toughness were tested by three point bending method and single edge notched beam method, and the microstructure of the bone china was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that 2 wt% sepiolite fiber addition could increase the bending strength of the ceramic bodies. There were two toughening mechanisms in the reinforced ceramic. One was the fiber pull-out. The other was the weak interface mechanism. Plenty of micro-cracks came into being at the weak interface to consume most of the elastic strain energy to prevent main crack from spreading.     

层状复合陶瓷研究进展

综合评述了层状复合陶瓷的研究进展，同时讨论了层状复合陶瓷的断 裂特性（包括几种主要的增韧机制和影响因素），最后，对如何设计层状陶瓷作了简单总结。     

Improved fracture resistance and toughening mechanisms of GNPs reinforced ceramic composites

The R-curve behavior and toughening mechanisms of graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) reinforced ceramic composites are investigated. A toughening model is developed with the consideration of interface debonding, crack bridging and pull-out of GNPs, which can be used to quantify the contribution of different mechanisms to the improved toughness of ceramic composites. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental data when GNPs homogeneously dispersed in ceramic matrix. All prepared GNPs/ceramic composites exhibit a raising R-curve behavior owing to the toughening mechanisms induced by GNPs, and the curve becomes steeper with increasing GNPs content, indicating that the fracture resistance and flaw tolerance are improved. The dominant toughening mechanism is GNPs pull-out, which is followed by crack bridging and interface debonding. Furthermore, the analytical model suggests that improving GNPs properties, interfacial sheer strength and reducing GNPs thickness can improve the fracture toughness of ceramic composites.     

The role of TiO2 incorporation in the preparation of B4C/Al laminated composites with high strength and toughness

We prepared B₄C/Al laminated composites via ice-templating and gas-aided pressure infiltration and investigated the effects of TiO₂ addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the composites. The incorporation of TiO₂ led to the formation of TiB₂ after sintering, reduced the formation of harmful phases and increased the strength of ceramic architectures. However, its excessive addition resulted in the cracking of ceramic layers and the formation of metal strips after Al infiltration. The bending strength, fracture toughness and work of fracture of the composites first increased and then decreased with increasing initial TiO₂ content, reaching maxima of 420?±?20?MPa, 44?±?2?MPa?m^1/2 and 5002?±?175?J?m^?2, respectively. The specific strength and toughness are comparable to those of titanium alloys. Furthermore, fracture modes and toughening mechanisms were thoroughly addressed by analyzing crack propagation paths and fracture surface morphologies. Crack deflection and metal bridging are two primary extrinsic toughening mechanisms.     

Weak interface dominated high temperature fracture strength of carbon fiber reinforced mullite matrix composites

Weak fiber/matrix interface dominates the toughening properties of ceramic matrix composites. This paper reports a novel sol-gel fabricated carbon fiber reinforced mullite matrix composite, in which the fiber/matrix interface was inherently weak in shear properties (∼25 MPa), measured in-situ by fiber push-in tests. The interface microstructure was chemically sharp, characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The outcome of the weak interface was the full trigger of the toughening mechanisms like crack deflection, etc., leading to significant enhancement of the fracture toughness of the composite (∼12 MPa√m), measured by single edged notch beam method. Finally, due to the weak fiber/matrix interface and large thermal expansion mismatch of the fiber and matrix, the high temperature fracture strength was enhanced in the temperature range from 25 to 1200 °C, which is attributed to the enhancement of the interfacial property at elevated temperatures that favors better load transfers between composite constituents.     

Using macroporous graphene networks to toughen ZrC–SiC ceramic

Graphene is one of the important candidates in ceramic toughening due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. For the weak interface toughening of large-diameter graphene sheet and alleviation of the interfacial reaction between ceramic precursors and graphene sheets during high-temperature pyrolysis, ZrC–SiC?Graphene composite was synthesized via a facile technology of infiltrating ceramic slurry instead of ceramic precursor into macroporous graphene network and spark plasma sintering. The incorporation of the graphene network improved fracture toughness, critical crack size, and fracture energy of ZrC–SiC ceramic. The multiple length-scale toughening mechanisms of ZrC–SiC?Graphene composite include the macroscopic toughening mechanism of crack deflection and bifurcation and the micro toughening mechanism of graphene bridging, ceramic micro zone tearing, graphene pull-out, graphene and ceramic brick slipping.     

Fabrication and properties of monolayer graphene reinforced Al2O3/TiN ceramic tool material

Al₂O₃/TiN/graphene ceramic tool materials were prepared by spark plasma sintering technology and the strengthening and toughening mechanisms were studied. The influence of monolayer graphene content on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the composite material were analyzed and the strengthening and toughening mechanisms were researched. The results showed that with an addition of .5 vol.% graphene the mechanical properties of the material reached the best. The bending strength, hardness, and fracture toughness were 624 MPa, 23.24 GPa, and 6.53 MPa·m^1/2, respectively. Graphene existed in the forms of few-layer and multilayer. The toughening mechanism of few-layer graphene was mainly graphene breaking, and that of multilayer graphene included graphene breaking and pulling-out. Graphene could contribute to the uniform growth of grains due to the excellent electrical conductivity and the high thermal conductivity. The addition of nano-TiN introduced many endocrystalline structures and graphene promoted this phenomenon. Micro-TiN grains made the crack extension show a combination of transgranular fracture, intergranular fracture, crack bridging, and crack deflection, while graphene introduced weak grain interfaces and made the crack appear more branches. The layered graphene made the material fracture change from two-dimension to three-dimension.     

Experimental Study of the Fracture Toughness of a Ceramic/Ceramic-Matrix Composite Sandwich Structure

A hybrid experimental–numerical approach has been used to measure the fracture resistance of a sandwich structure consisting of a 304 stainless steel/partially stabilized zirconia ceramic-matrix composite crack-arresting layer embedded in a partially stabilized zirconia ceramic specimen. The mode I fracture toughness increases significantly when the crack propagates from the ceramic into the ceramic-matrix composite region. The increased toughening due to the stainless steel particles is explained reasonably well by a toughening model based on processing-induced thermal residual stresses. In addition, several experimental modifications were made to the chevron-notch wedge-loaded double cantilever beam specimen to overcome numerous problems encountered in generating a precrack in the small, brittle specimens used in this study.