考虑材料损伤演化的钛合金切削过程仿真及试验研究

为更精确地模拟钛合金的切削过程,将断裂力学的裂纹扩展能量理论作为材料损伤演化准则引入切削仿真,考虑刀具切屑接触面上的极限剪切应力随摩擦系数变化、摩擦系数随温度变化,建立了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V二维正交热力耦合切削仿真模型。通过钛合金车削试验及切屑金相观察试验对有限元模型进行验证,结果表明仿真的切削力、锯齿切屑形态与实验结果吻合程度较高。以该有限元模型为基础,分析了已加工表面的残余应力,预测了前角对切屑卷曲与损伤程度、剪切角、锯齿形状、刀具温度的影响。     

基于有限元法分析高速切削时摩擦系数对高速切削的影响

为了探究高速切削时,刀具与切屑间摩擦系数对切削的影响,采用有限元通用程序ABAQUS／Explicit,对不同摩擦系数下正交切削过程进行数值模拟。据此研究了刀具摩擦系数对高速切削中切屑变形、切削力的影响。     

基于刀具磨损和切屑形成对切削Ti6Al4V的切削力特性研究

为了研究钛合金Ti6Al4V切削过程中的切削力特性,采用硬质合金涂层和无涂层刀具进行了外圆干车削试验,提取切削力信号,通过研究切削力的静动态特性,揭示了切削力与切削速度、刀具材料、刀具磨损以及切屑形成的关系.结果表明:钛合金切削过程中,切削力的静态分量中径向力Fp最大,直接导致刀具后刀面磨损;随着切削速度的变化,切削力的变化是由刀具磨损、材料本身的特性等多方面因素综合作用的结果,切削力动态分量分形维数可用于刀具状态监控;锯齿形切屑的产生与切削力的高频变化有直接的关系,锯齿生成频率可以作为切削力动态分量频率的一个表征,选取适当的切削参数可以降低由于锯齿屑产生引起的切削力振动.     

钛合金切削力建模与试验研究

以钛合金切削切屑成形机理为依据,基于Joshi平行剪切区有效应变梯度模型和位错理论,建立钛合金高速切削的切削力模型,采用多因素正交试验法,比较切削力试验测量值与模型计算值,验证了模型的合理性,通过分析正交试验直观图,研究了切削参数对切削力的影响。     

高速硬态切削温度场和切削力动态变化的数值模拟

基于大型有限元软件ABAQUS仿真平台,建立了高速加工的有限元模型。该模型采用Johnson—Cook（JC）模型作为工件材料模型,采用JC破裂模型作为工件材料失效准则,刀-屑接触摩擦采用可自动识别滑动摩擦区和黏结摩擦区的修正库仑定律,并采用任意拉格朗日一欧拉方法实现切屑和工件的自动分离。通过有限元方法对AISI4340（40CrNiMoA）淬硬钢高速直角切削过程进行了数值模拟。通过改变刀具前角的大小,对高速硬态切削过程中刀具的温度场及切削力的动态变化进行了研究,探讨了它们各自的变化规律,研究结果有助于优化高速切削工艺,研究刀具磨损机理和建立高速切削数据库。     

基于DDFORM-3D的高速车削有限元模拟

基于有限元分析软件DEFORM-3D建立高速切削的切削力预报模型，并对车削力和工件、刀具及切屑的温度分布进行模拟。该模拟结果对实际工作有现实的作用。     

TC4表面精整车削三维仿真与验证

为了分析无心车床精整车削钛合金线材过程中切削速度、进给速度、切削深度对切屑形貌、切削力和残余应力的影响,使用仿真模拟软件ABAQUS建立基于无心车床的三维有限元精整车削模型,并且通过试验设计与仿真结果进行对比分析。车削钛合金的过程中,高转速会形成较短的C形屑,有利于切屑的分离与断裂。由于主轴转速的增加,工件与刀具之间摩擦力降低,切削力随着主轴转速的增加而减小。由于进给速度增加,每转进给量随之增加,工件去除量增加,随着进给速度的增加切削力也随之增加。由于切削深度增加,切削去除量不断增加,因此切削力随切削深度的增大而增大。车削钛合金的过程中需要提高转速来降低切削力,有利于切削过程。同时进给速度较小时,易于生成C形屑,有利于车削过程。     

基于ABAQUS的Ti6Al4V切削仿真研究

以刀具前角作为变量,采用单因素变量法建立了基于ABAQUS的Ti6Al4V正交切削有限元模型。模拟了锯齿形切屑形成过程,深入分析了锯齿形切屑形成机理。研究了不同刀具前角对切屑锯齿化程度和切削力的影响。研究结果表明:刀具前角变化对锯齿形切屑形成有着重要影响;随着刀具前角增大,锯齿化程度逐渐减小,切削力也会逐渐减小。     

TC4钛合金切削刀具磨损对切削过程影响的研究

通过建立的钛合金切削加工仿真数值模型,研究了刀具磨损对钛合金切削过程中切削力、切削温度及切屑形态的影响规律,并对这些影响的产生机理进行了讨论。结果表明:随着磨损程度的增大,切削力及切削温度会迅速增加;月牙洼磨损会引起切削力的剧烈震荡且振幅随磨损的增大而增大,后刀面磨损将增大切削力;锯齿形切屑的变形程度在加大,但是锯齿产生的频率在降低。     

基于ABAQUS的钛合金高速切削有限元模拟

基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立了高速切削Ti6Al4V的二维正交切削有限元模型,仿真研究了高速切削加工时切削速度、切削深度对切削力大小、切削力波动频率以及锯齿形切屑形态的影响。结果表明:平均切削力在90m/min~360m/min的切削速度范围内趋于平稳,随着切削深度的增大而增大;切削力波动频率随切削深度的增加而减小,随切削速度的增大而增大;切屑锯齿化程度及锯齿化步距都随切削速度及切削深度的增大而增大。     

Finite element simulation of high-speed machining of titanium alloy (Ti�C6Al�C4V) based on ductile failure model

A Johnson?CCook material model with an energy-based ductile failure criterion is developed in titanium alloy (Ti?C6Al?C4V) high-speed machining finite element analysis (FEA). Furthermore, a simulation procedure is proposed to simulate different high-speed cutting processes with the same failure parameter (i.e., density of failure energy). With this finite element (FE) model, a series of FEAs for titanium alloy in extremely high-speed machining (HSM) is carried out to compare with experimental results, including chip morphology and cutting force. In addition, the chip morphology and cutting force variation trends under different cutting conditions are also analyzed. Using this FE model, the ductile failure parameter is modified for one time, afterword, the same failure parameter is applied to other conditions with a key modification. The predicted chip morphologies and cutting forces show good agreement with experimental results, proving that this ductile failure criterion is appropriate for titanium alloy in extremely HSM. Moreover, a series of relatively low cutting speed experiments (within the range of HSM) were carried out to further validate the FE model. The predicted chip morphology and cutting forces agree well with the experimental results. Moreover, the plastic flow trend along an adiabatic shear band is also analyzed.     

Chip Formation in Micro-cutting

The miniaturisation context leads to the rise of micro-machining processes. Micro-milling is one of the most flexible and fast of them. Although it is based on the same principles as macro-cutting, it is not a simple scaling-down of it. This down-sizing involves new phenomena in the chip formation, such as the minimum chip thickness below which no chip is formed. This paper presents a review of the current state of the art in this field from an experimental and a numerical point of view. A 2D finite element model is then developed to study the influence of the depth of cut on the chip formation. After the model validation in macro-cutting, it highlights the phenomena reported in literature and allows to perform a minimum chip thickness estimation.     

An experimental investigation of oblique cutting mechanics

In this study, an experimental investigation of oblique cutting process is presented for titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, AISI 4340, and Al 7075. Important process parameters such as shear angle, friction angle, shear stress, and chip flow angle are analyzed. Transformation of the data from the orthogonal cutting test results to oblique cutting process is applied, and the results are compared with actual oblique cutting tests. Effects of hone radius on cutting forces and flank contact length are also investigated. It is observed that the shear angle, friction angle, and shear stress in oblique cutting have the same trend with the ones obtained from the orthogonal cutting tests. The transformed oblique force coefficients from orthogonal tests have about 10% discrepancy in the feed and tangential directions. For the chip flow angle, the predictions based on kinematic and force balance results yield better results than Stabler's chip flow law. Finally, it is shown that the method of oblique transformation applied on the orthogonal cutting data yields more accurate results using the predicted chip flow angles compared to the ones obtained by the Stabler's rule.     

高速切削钛合金Ti6Al4V切屑的形成及其数值模拟

应用Hopkinson压杆实验装置,确定了航空用钛合金Ti6Al4V高应变和高温条件下的应力-应变关系,结合Ti6Al4V合金准静态试验数据,建立了适合高速切削仿真的Johnson-Cook本构模型;通过有限元数值模拟,仿真了高速切削Ti6Al4V合金的锯齿状切屑形成过程,分析了整个锯齿状切屑形成过程的切削力、切削温度、等效塑性应变的变化,深入探讨了锯齿状切屑的形成机理;将模拟计算得到的切削力和切削温度与试验结果进行了比较,两者具有较好的一致性。
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Study on machinability of additively manufactured and conventional titanium alloys in micro-milling process

Capability of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology in the production of complex parts with high flexibility has led to the growing interest in their application as an alternative for conventional manufacturing processes. Despite the outstanding benefits of the AM process, due to their poor surface quality, the precision parts produced by this method generally need to be machined, ground, or polished. This paper addresses the machinability of AM Ti6Al4V titanium alloy parts in the micro-milling process with a specific focus on cutting forces, specific cutting energy, burr formation, and surface quality. Additive parts were produced by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) technique and were compared with the extruded Ti6Al4V parts in the micro-milling process. No significant difference could be observed in the cutting forces of both materials at chip thicknesses between 7.4 and 37.3 μm, despite the higher hardness of the EBM Ti6Al4V compared to the extruded Ti6Al4V. However, micro-milling of the EBM parts produced finer surfaces. Cutting forces and specific cutting energies of EBM parts were less than those of extruded parts at minimal chip thicknesses (lower than 7.4 μm). Continuous wavy-type burrs were formed in micro-milling of the EBM Ti6Al4V and were larger than those of extruded Ti6Al4V.     

钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削的钻削力和切屑研究

针对难加工材料钛合金在采用普通麻花钻传统钻削过程中存在钻削力和扭矩较大使得钻孔困难,刀具使用寿命低,连续长切屑易缠绕刀具、划伤孔加工表面、增大刀具-切屑-工件孔壁之间的摩擦以及排屑差引起堵屑和卡刀具的问题,引入一种新刃型刀具（即八面钻）,并结合超声振动钻削技术,进行了钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削试验。分析了旋转超声辅助钻削和普通钻削中切屑形成原理,采用文中所设计的旋转超声振动钻削主轴结合BV100立式加工中心平台、测力系统和非接触激光测量系统进行了无冷却条件下基于八面钻的钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削和普通钻削试验以及钻削力、扭矩和切屑形态的研究。试验结果表明：相比于普通钻削,超声钻削明显降低钻削力和扭矩分别为19.07%~20.09%和31.66%~34.3%,明显增强了钻头横刃和主切削刃的切削能力,获得了良好的断屑和排屑效果,提高了切削过程的稳定性,能够极大改善钛合金钻孔过程钻削困难、刀具使用寿命低和孔加工质量差的问题。     

Suppression of forced vibration due to chip segmentation in ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V

Ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V is investigated in this research. Because products made of Ti–6Al–4V alloy are usually designed for possessing low-rigidity structures or good-quality cut surfaces, machining requirements such as low cutting forces and slow rate of tool wear need to be fulfilled for realization of their precision machining. Therefore, the ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting is applied as a novel machining method for those products. Machinability of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by the ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting with cemented carbide tools is examined to figure out suitable cutting conditions for precision machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. As experimental results, generated chips, cutting forces, and profiles of cut surfaces are indicated. A forced vibration problem occurred due to the segmented chip formation, which is also well-known in the ordinary non-vibration cutting. Therefore, characteristics of the forced vibration due to the chip segmentation are investigated in this research. Through the experiments, it is found that the frequency and magnitude of the forced vibration have relation with the average uncut chip thickness and cutting width. Especially, it is found that the averaging effect can suppress the forced vibration, i.e. the chip segmentation tends to occur randomly over the large cutting width, and hence the force fluctuations with random phases tend to cancel each other as the cutting width increases relatively against the average uncut chip thickness. Based on the investigations, a new practical strategy to suppress the forced vibration due to chip segmentation is proposed and verified. Using the proposed method significantly decreased cutting forces and good quality of surfaces are obtained when the forced vibration is suppressed compared to the ordinary non-vibration cutting results. Therefore, the results suggest that the precision machining can be realized without sacrificing the machining efficiency by increasing the width of cut and decreasing the average uncut chip thickness.     

Fretting wear behavior of nitrogen ion implanted titanium alloys in bovine serum lubrication

Nitrogen ion implantation was performed on biomedical titanium alloys by using of the PBII technology to improve the surface mechanical properties for the application of artificial joints. The titanium nitride phase was characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanohardness of the titanium alloys and implanted samples were measured by using of in-situ nano-mechanical testing system (TriboIndenter). Then, the fretting wear of nitrogen ion implanted titanium alloys was done on the universal multifunctional tester (UMT) with ball-on-flat fretting style in bovine serum lubrication. The fretting wear mechanism was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D surface profiler. The XPS analysis results indicate that nitrogen diffuses into the titanium alloy and forms a hard TiN layer on the Ti6Al4V alloys. The nanohardness increases from 6.40 to 7.7 GPa at the normal load of 2 mN, which reveals that nitrogen ion implantation is an effective way to enhance the surface hardness of Ti6Al4V. The coefficients of friction for Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum are obviously lower than that in dry friction, but the coefficients of friction for nitrogen ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum are higher than that in dry friction. Fatigue wear controls the fretting failure mechanism of nitrogen ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy fretting in bovine serum. The testing results in this paper prove that nitrogen ion implantation can effectively increase the fretting wear resistance for Ti6Al4V alloy in dry friction, and has a considerable improvement for Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum lubrication.     

Effects of Cutting Parameters on Tool Insert Wear in End Milling of Titanium Alloy Ti6A14V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4 V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4 V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4 V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.     

Effects of cutting parameters on tool insert wear in end milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.