神经网络预测Ad hoc节点流量的路由协议

提出了一种基于神经网络预测模型对网络流量负载进行预测的负载均衡协议NNP-LBRP（Load-Balanced Routing Protocol based on Neural Network Prediction model）,该协议利用RBF神经网络预测模型对Ad hoc网络中的节点流量负载进行预测,根据预测到的下一时刻的流量负载状况,在节点出现拥塞之前提前更换路径,避免中间节点出现拥塞,以此来提高网络的性能。协议中的流量值是以MAC层接口队列长度来衡量,负载均衡中的负载是流量负载。另外,协议在目的节点处采用了延迟应答策略,即在多路径中选择负载最轻的路径应答,对改善网络的性能也有一定作用。仿真结果与AODV路由协议进行比较,数据包投递率提高了约10%;平均端到端延时平均降低了27%;网络开销平均降低了26%。     

一种粒子群优化的多路径路由负载均衡算法

多路径路由的一个重要问题是如何有效地均衡网络负载.针对丢包率比较敏感的应用需求,本文利用最优化理论研究了在多路径环境下的负载均衡问题.均衡算法首先利用路径QoS指标预测每条路径的丢包率,然后将多路径负载均衡问题转化为最优化问题,在此基础上,利用粒子群优化算(particle swarm optimization algorithm,PSO)动态求解调整每个路径的转发比例,并分析了影响转发比例的因素.通过理论分析及仿真实验表明,该算法能有效地降低网络丢包率,提高网络性能.     

A new algorithm for virtual path network design in ATM networks

Virtual paths (VPs) in an ATM network form a logical network, called VP network (VPN), over the underlying physical network. VPN allows flexible management of network resources and hence its design is an important issue in designing an ATM network. In this paper, we consider the VPN design problem which is formulated as an optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the switching and transmission cost, and control and management cost. We present here, a two-phase heuristic solution for designing a good VPN for a given traffic demand. The first phase is a routing phase in which a route is found between every node pair in the network. In the second phase, paths are selected as VPs using the set of routes generated in the routing phase. A path is selected as a VP so as to minimize the following parameters: (i) the total number of VPs configured; (ii) the number of VPs carried by a link (load); and (iii) the VP hopcount, the number of VPs that are concatenated to form a virtual channel (VC). We study the performance of the proposed algorithm through extensive simulation on various networks. The results show that the VPN generated by the proposed algorithm is good in minimizing the number of VPs configured, the load on a link, and the VP hopcount. The comparison of the results obtained by the proposed algorithm and that of Ahn et al. [Virtual path layout design in ATM networks, in: Proceedings of IEEE INFCOM’94, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1994, pp. 192–200] shows that our algorithm performs better.     

Joint coverage and link utilization for fast IP local protection

To mitigate the impact of failures, many IP Fast Local Recovery (IPFLR) schemes have been proposed to reroute traffic in the events of failures. However, the existing IPFLR schemes either aimed to find the alternate backup routes to protect failures, or focused on balancing the traffic load routed on the backup routes. Furthermore, in Internet, flows are often managed by shortest path routing, and therefore purely determining the backup routing paths is not sufficient in protecting the error-prone networks. In this paper, we propose a Simulated Annealing based Load balancing and Protection (SALP) scheme to determine link weights for balancing link utilization in the non-failure state and simultaneously construct backup routing tables for protecting any single link failure in IP networks. In our proposed scheme, the two most significant issues, (1) load balancing and (2) coverage, are jointly considered to recover the network operation from single link failures. In the proposed scheme, upon a failure, only the nodes adjacent to a failure are activated to divert affected traffic to backup paths without disturbing regular traffic. Numerical results delineate that the proposed scheme achieves high coverage rate and load balancing at the expense of slightly increasing the entries of backup routing table.     

Energy-aware traffic engineering: A routing-based distributed solution for connection-oriented IP networks

The present paper deals with energy saving in IP networks and proposes a distributed energy-aware traffic engineering solution, named DAISIES, for switching off network links according to traffic variations. DAISIES works in a connection-oriented network, e.g. an IP/MPLS network, and follows a routing-based approach, i.e. it acts on the routing algorithm whilst link switch-off/on are consequence of routing decisions. The basic idea is to re-compute the path of each traffic demand when its requested capacity changes. A specific cost function is used to compute link weights into the shortest path routing algorithm with the goal of keeping unused as many links as possible. The main advantages of DAISIES can be summarized as follows: (i) no changes are required to current routing and signaling protocols, (ii) packet loss is completely avoided, (iii) both traffic decreasing and increasing and changing network conditions are automatically managed, and (iv) link switch-off/on take place transparently to the routing protocol and to other nodes. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated in terms of energy saving relative to a static network optimized to support the peak traffic. Results show that DAISIES is able to save about 30% of energy in several traffic conditions. Moreover, it is shown that it is possible keeping the additional complexity low and still reaching high energy efficiency.     

基于流量调度的多链路负载均衡算法

针对多重上联链路负载不均衡问题,提出CIAP算法。基于链路时延和剩余带宽的协方差值,对路由表进行二次调整,调用PBA算法将IP碎片映射到各个链路上,使多链路负载达到相对均衡。实验结果表明,在网络重载状况下,CIAP算法的优化性能较DTIA有较大提高。     

针对不确定流量的多收发机无线网络资源优化研究

多收发机无线网络具有多接口多信道多跳的特点,是今后无线网络发展的趋势。该网络中信道与链路的资源分配,涉及路由、信道分配以及链路调度的联合优化。在以往的研究中通常对网络流量模型进行简化,假设其是确定且相对稳定的。考虑到实际网络中流量不确定性的特征,以网络吞吐量最大化为目标,提出传输流约束、信道资源约束以及干扰约束条件下的资源分配联合优化模型,以及基于不确定流量条件下资源分配最优解的链路调度策略。仿真实验结果证明所提出的路由、信道分配及链路调度方案能够更好地适应变化的网络流量需求。     

A Closed-Loop Control Traffic Engineering System for the Dynamic Load Balancing of Inter-AS Traffic

Inter-AS outbound traffic engineering (TE) is a set of techniques for controlling inter-AS traffic exiting an autonomous system (AS) by assigning the traffic to the best egress points (i.e. routers or links) from which the traffic is forwarded to adjacent ASes towards the destinations. In practice, changing network conditions such as inter-AS traffic demand variation, link failures and inter-AS routing changes occur dynamically. These changes can make fixed outbound TE solutions inadequate and may subsequently cause inter-AS links to become congested. In order to overcome this problem, we propose the deployment of a closed-loop control traffic engineering system that makes outbound traffic robust to inter-AS link failures and adaptive to changing network conditions. The objective is to keep the inter-AS link utilization balanced under unexpected events while reducing service disruptions and reconfiguration overheads. Our evaluation results show that the proposed system can successfully achieve better load balancing with less service disruption and re-configuration overhead in comparison to alternative approaches.     

Performance evaluation of message passing strategies and routing policies in multicomputers

This paper describes a discrete-event simulator designed for the analysis of communication switching techniques adopted in distributed memory multicomputers with asynchronous direct links. The motivation comes from the observation that, even if a wide set of routing strategies have been proposed, an extensive comparison analysis among routing strategies working under different workload characteristics is still lacking in the literature. For these purposes, we have designed and implemented a modular simulator, namely IntNetSim, that solves the models of a wide combination of message passing techniques, routing policies, link conflict resolution strategies, and traffic conditions. For each class of instances, a large variety of simulation runs permits us to select the best performance technique that reduces message transmission time and/or retards saturation of the network under definite workload conditions.     

Link weight assignment and loop-free routing table update for link state routing protocols in energy-aware internet

In order to lessen the greenhouse effects and diminish environmental pollution, reducing energy usage is important in designing next generation networks. Shutting down the network devices that carry light load and redirecting their traffic flows to other routes is the most common way to reduce network energy consumption. Since traffic demands among node pairs vary in different time periods, an energy efficient network has to dynamically determine the optimal active links to adapt itself to network traffic changes. However, in current IP networks, shutting down and/or turning on links would trigger link state routing protocols to reconverge to a new topology. Since the convergence time would take tens of seconds, routing table inconsistencies among routers would result in network disconnection and even worse, generating traffic loops during the convergence interval. Removing routing images inconsistent among routers to prevent loops is a critical issue in energy efficient network and this issue is still not considered in the green network design yet. The contribution of the paper is presented in two parts. First, we propose a comprehensive approach to determine a network topology and a link metric for each time period. Traffic engineering is considered in our design such that flows going on the energy-aware network are within a predetermined percentage of the link capacity such that no congestion occurs in a statistical manner. Second, to avoid transient loops during time period changes, we propose a Distributed Loop-free Routing Update (DLRU) scheme to determine the correct sequence for updating the routing table. A scrupulous proof was also presented to ensure the loop-free property of the DLRU. In this paper, we formulate an integer linear programming to determine this multi-topology and link weight assignment problem. Due to its NP-hard property, we propose an efficient algorithm, termed Lagrangian Relaxation and Harmonic Series (LR&HS) heuristic. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LRHS approach outperforms the other approaches on several benchmark networks and random networks by providing up to 35%-50% additional energy saving in our experimental cases.     

A unified model for joint throughput-overhead analysis of random access mobile ad hoc networks

An analytical framework is developed to study the throughput and routing overhead for proactive and reactive routing strategies in random access mobile ad hoc networks. To characterize the coexistence of the routing control traffic and data traffic, the interaction is modeled as a multi-class queue at each node, where the aggregate control traffic and data traffic are two different classes of customers of the queue. With the proposed model, the scaling properties of the throughput, maximum mobility degree supported by the network and mobility-induced throughput deficiencies are investigated, under both classes of routing strategies. The proposed analytical model can be extended to evaluate various routing optimization techniques as well as to study routing/relaying strategies other than conventional proactive or reactive routing. The connection between the derived throughput result and some well-known network throughput capacity results in the literature is also established.     

多信道无线Mesh网络负载均衡路由算法研究

针对无线网状网的网络容量问题,在多信道无线网状网模型的基础上,利用线性规划公式对无线网状网的路由问题进行描述,在此基础上提出了一个负载均衡的路由算法,在对业务请求的路由跳步数进行约束的前提上,通过减少网络链路上的负载,达到提高网络的吞吐量的目的。仿真结果表明,提出的算法能显著提高网络性能。     

基于集对分析的网络流量大数据均衡调度方法

为了有效降低网络流量传输时的网络负载,基于集对分析策略,提出DNS网络流量大数据均衡调度方法。设计Dramp流量路由控制方法,根据链路权值量化,提出优化函数,实现多路径网络流量的传输,在静态域名解析(DNS)的环境下,重新构建网络链路,设计了一个包括网络流量负载信息和网络信息实体输入信息,且序列一体的传输链路,用于配合路由控制,最后基于集对分析思想,根据定向控制器分析信息,保证路由和链路的匹配,实现网络流量的均衡调度。实验数据表明,与传统方法相比,设计的DNS网络流量大数据均衡调度方法,网络时延降低了21%,丢包率降低了27%,可以有效降低网络负载。     

Management,control, and design of integrated networks with real-time dynamic routing

Integrated real-time dynamic routing (IRR) networks provide dynamic routing features for multiple classes-of-service on an integrated transport network. In this paper it is shown that IRR networks allow reduced network management costs since with real-time dynamic routing a number of network operations are simplified or eliminated. These simplifications include eliminating the storage of voluminous routing tables in the network switches, eliminating the calculation of routing tables in network design, simplifying the routing administration operations which require downloading new routing information to the network, and eliminating the automatic rerouting function in on-line traffic management. A new bandwidth allocation technique is described here which is based on the optimal solution of a network bandwidth allocation model for IRR networks. The model achieves significant improvement in both the average network blocking and node pair blocking distribution when the network is in a congested state such as under peak-day loads. In a paper to appear in the next Journal issue we further describe a new algorithm for the transport design of IRR networks which achieves near-optimal capacity engineering. These optimization techniques attain significant capital cost reductions and network performance improvements by properly modeling the more efficient operation of IRR networks.     

大规模宽带接入及流量调度器的研究与实现

基于固定多出口链路网络,优化核心级数据处理方法,提出一种宽带网络接入及流量管理调度器系统架构模型,并设计了用户控制管理功能和客户端链路流量整形方法。实验表明,模型适用于多链路各种负载下的流量优化,有效解决了宽带网络的大量用户接入及负载均衡问题。     

Development and research of improved model of multipath adaptive routing in computer networks with load balancing

In modern computer networks, loading and bandwidth of communication links are optimized for providing high-quality service of network traffic, new services and technologies. As a rule, for this task the protocols of dynamic routing based on Dijkstra’s algorithm are used. Protocols of multipath routing for ensuring reliability and accuracy of the provided information allow to divide critical traffic and to execute load balancing along several routes at the same time. The purpose of the work is development and research of the improved multipath adaptive routing model in computer networks with load balancing. In this work, we focused on indicator of jitter optimization between the paved paths and a deviation value of reserve routes from an optimal route. Comparison and estimation of the offered algorithm with some existing approaches, and also modeling and analysis on various topologies of computer networks have been carried out.     

Ad Hoc网络中基于能源节省的单向QoS路由协议

针对阿ad hoc网络中节点能源受限，隐藏终端和QoS需求等问题，提出了一种基于能源节省的单向QoS路由协议。该协议利用网络中存在的单向链路，采用QoS策略，通过在最短路由集中选取能源较多的路径承担较多传输任务以延长网络生存时间。仿真结果表明，该协议比相关路由算法具有更好的网络性能，能有效支持单向ad hoc网络中具有QoS需求的信息传输。     

Distributed routing for signal detection in wireless sensor networks

We study the problem of energy-efficient routing for signal detection in wireless sensor networks. Generic routing protocols use networking-centric measures such as minimum hop or minimum energy to establish routes. These schemes do not take into account the performance of application-specific algorithms that is achievable from the data collected by the nodes along the routes. Routing protocols for signal detection have recently been proposed to facilitate joint optimization of detection performance and energy efficiency by developing metrics that connect detection performance with energy consumption of each link along the routes. In existing routing for signal detection (RSD) schemes, however, the routes are computed centrally requiring complex optimization algorithms and global information such as locations and observation coefficients of all nodes in the network. Clearly, for large-scale networks, or networks with dynamically changing topologies, distributed routing schemes are more practical due to their better flexibility and scalability. We present a distributed RSD protocol where each node, based on locally available information, selects its next-hop with the goal of maximizing the detection performance associated with unit energy expenditure. We show that the proposed protocol is readily implementable in ZigBee networks, and present simulation results that reveal its significant improvements in detection performance and energy efficiency over generic routing protocols.     

On the optimality of field-line routing in massively dense wireless multi-hop networks

We consider the load balancing problem in large wireless multi-hop networks by applying the continuum approximation. The task is to find routes, geometric curves, such that the maximal traffic load in the network is minimized. In finite fixed networks, multi-path routes generally yield a lower congestion and thus allow higher throughput. In contrast, we show that in dense wireless multi-hop networks, the optimal load balancing can be achieved by a destination based single-path routing referred to as field-line routing. This is because any routing can be transformed to the corresponding field-line routing with the same or better performance, by using as paths, the field lines of the so-called destination flow associated with the original routing. The concepts are illustrated with two examples. In the case of a unit disk with unit traffic, the maximal load of 0.389 of a multi-path routing system is reduced to 0.343 by using the field-line routing. Similar improvements are also demonstrated for the unit square.     

多信道无线网状网自适应路由算法

针对无线网状网的网络容量优化问题,通过建立无线网状网容量优化的数学模型,利用线性规划公式对无线网状网的路由问题进行描述,在此基础上提出了一个自适应路由算法。根据网络的拓扑结构和业务请求特点,自适应地改变路由扩张因子和负载均衡率进行优化路由,达到提高无线网状网的网络容量的目的。仿真结果表明,该算法能明显提高网络容量。