INFLUENCE OF FERRITE-MARTENSITE MICROSTRUCTURE ON STRENGTH AND STRAIN HARDENING BEHAVIOR OF 12CrMo STEEL ANALYSED WITH FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

本文用有限元网格模拟12CrMo钢铁素体(F)+马氏体(M)双相组织的显微结构,利用轴对称弹塑性大应变有限元程序,计算了几种不同马氏体含量12CrMo钢的应力应变曲线,和相应的实验结果吻合较好.结果表明:马氏体含量是影响双相组织强度的主要因素。在低应变时,双相组织的流变应力和马氏体含量成线性关系,在高应变时呈非线性关系.强度随马氏体岛的直径减小而略增大.当马氏体含量为50％时,以马氏体为基体的双相组织强度高于以铁素体为基体的.计算的应力应变曲线在颈缩之前可用两段幂硬化规律近似,第一阶段的硬化指数n_1≈0.30—0.45,n_1对基体相比较敏感,而对第二相的尺寸、形状变化不敏感.硬化的第二阶段代表了12CrMo钢双相组织的应力应变曲线上绝大部分硬化规律。和n_1相反,n_2对第二相尺寸、形状变化比较敏感.对基体相不敏感.n_2在数值上约等于(1/2)n_1,和Mileiko理论值接近,但n_2大于实际测量的最大均匀应变ε_u.     

Quantitative Microstructural Analysis of Formability Enhancement in Dual Phase Steels Subject to Electrohydraulic Forming

Under certain conditions, strain rate sensitive materials such as dual phase steels, show formability improvement under high strain rate forming which is known as hyperplasticity. In this research, two commercial dual phase steel sheets, DP500 and DP780, were formed under quasi-static conditions using the Nakazima test and under high strain rate conditions by electrohydraulic forming (EHF) into a conical die. Macro-strains, measured from electro-etched circle grids with an FMTI analyzer, showed remarkable formability improvement in EHF specimens. Micro-strains, i.e., the strains in the ferrite and the martensite, were calculated by quantitative metallography of more than 7000 ferrite grains and 10,500 martensite islands. The goal was to investigate the deformation improvement of the constituents under EHF. Around 20 and 100% deformation improvements were observed in ferrite and martensite, respectively. Furthermore, as a micro-mechanical modeling technique, correlation of the micro-strains with the macro-strains was investigated by applying the mixture rule. Results showed a reasonable correlation between the macro and micro-scale strains; however in banded microstructures, the strain in the martensite should be determined precisely for more accuracy.     

Structure–property optimization of ultrafine-grained dual-phase steels using a microstructure-based strain hardening model

Grain size reduction in single phase alloys is generally accompanied by a loss of ductility related to a decrease in the strain hardening capacity. The flow behaviour of fine-grained dual-phase steels produced by swaging was investigated in order to address the couplings between grain size reduction and incorporation of a second phase towards optimizing microstructures with different objectives. A physically based grain size dependent strain hardening model has been developed for the ferrite matrix, involving specific laws for the accumulation and saturation of dislocations along grain boundaries and for their net back stress contribution. The back stress increases with the dislocation density, reaches a maximum and finally decreases due to screening effects. The overall behaviour of the ferrite–martensite composite is then evaluated using a mean field homogenization method. After identification of the material parameters, a parametric study provides, for a given carbon content and grain size of the ferrite matrix, the optimum martensite volume fraction, leading either to the maximum strength ductility product or to the maximum strength under the constraint of a minimum ductility.     

Microstructure and deformation behaviour of laser welded dissimilar dual phase steel joints

The microstructure, microhardness, tensile properties, deformation and fracture behaviour of the Nd:YAG laser welded dissimilar joints between 780 and 980?MPa dual phase steels over a wide strain rate range were investigated. The welded joint shows hardening in fusion zone, supercritical and intercritical heat affected zones and softening in subcritical heat affected zones. For the dissimilar welded joint, the changing trend of the ductility is similar to those of the base metals with respect to the strain rate. The reason for the strain rate sensitivity of the failure location of the welded joint is that the major factor influencing the failure location changes from the content of ferrite to the content of ferrite/martensite interface with increasing strain rate.     

Effect of matrix microstructure on precipitation of Laves phase in Fe–10Cr–1.4W(–Co) alloys

Ferritic heat-resistant steels involving intermetallic Laves phase have drawn a growing interest for the enhancement of creep strength, while the brittleness of Laves phase may lower the toughness of the alloy. We believe it is possible to modify the morphology of Laves phase precipitates by controlling the α-Fe matrix microstructure. In order to make clear the influence of matrix microstructures on age-hardening, the precipitation behavior of Laves phase was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The matrix of the Fe–10Cr–1.4W–4.5Co (at%) alloy is controlled by heat treatments so as to provide three types of microstructures; ferrite, ferrite+martensite, and martensite. Alloys with ferrite and ferrite+martensite matrices show age-hardening behavior comprised of two hardness peaks. At around the first hardness peak, it is revealed by TEM observation that fine particles precipitate coherently within the ferrite matrix. In the martensite matrix, most of R-phase and Laves phase precipitates exist on laths and dislocations.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dual phase steels,with different martensite morphology,produced during TLP bonding of a low C-Mn steel

In this research, production of ferrite - martensite dual phase Steels with different martensite morphology was considered during transient liquid phase bonding of a low carbon steel. The steel was bonded using an iron base interlayer with melting point of 1443 K and 40 μm thickness. Bonding process carried out at 1473 K, under pressure of 0.5 MPa, at different holding time of 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. Microstructural studies of joint region showed that isothermal solidification completed at the bonding time of 40 minutes. Microstructure of joints made at the bonding time of 10, 20, and 30 minutes consists of two distinct region, athermal and isothermal solidified zones. Microstructure of these zones was studied and chemical composition of these zones was determined by EDS. Joints made with bonding time of 40 minutes were homogenized at 1008 K and then cooled into cold water to produce dual phase ferrite and martensite microstructure with different martensite morphology. According to shear test results, it was found that the shear strength of ferrite - fibrous martensite microstructure is greater than those with ferrite - continuous martensite and ferrite - blocky martensite microstructure.     

应变速率对汽车用高强钢组织和性能的影响

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆试验机、扫描电镜等对QP980、TRIP590钢进行不同应变速率下的高速冲击压缩试验,分析不同应变速率下两种汽车用高强钢的组织和性能。结果表明:两试验钢应力计算值与测量值相对误差在1.2%~3.3%,该误差较小且比较稳定,所以试验所得数据与二波公式基本吻合。两种汽车用高强钢的工程应力都随着应变速率的增大而增大,但QP980钢板所能达到的最大工程应力比TRIP590钢板大;冲击后,QP980钢板的组织变得更加板条化且细小,组织为均匀的铁素体和马氏体,而TRIP590钢板冲击后的组织变得粗大且不均匀,随应变速率的增大,原始组织中的铁素体在挤压的过程中向四周延伸组织逐渐变大,贝氏体组织被变大的铁素体组织掩盖,马氏体组织增多。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TENSILE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF A DUAL PHASE STEEL

Based on the deformation model of dual phase steels,an expression for the stress of martensile in dual phase steels is derived,it predictes that the onset of plastic deformationof martensite (transition strain) depends on the strain hardening of ferrite and on thestrength of martensite.The relationship between the flow stress and microstructural parameters of a 0.12C-0.9Mn dual phase steel was investigated using the expression forthe flow stress of dual phase steel.By calculating the stress ratio and the stress-strainpartition coeffictient,the load transition and the stress-strain partition between two phases are studied.It shows that the deformation of dual phase steel lies between the isostress and isostrain states and the stress-strain pratition changes continuously during the deforamtion.     

退火工艺路径对980 MPa级高强钢组织及性能的影响

为了提升980 MPa级高强钢局部成形性能,采用万能试验机、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及综合成形试验机等研究了不同退火工艺路径的980 MPa高强钢微观组织和力学性能,并评价了其扩孔及局部成形性能。结果表明,除了有铁素体和马氏体两相外,新型Q&T工艺的组织结构还存在回火马氏体中间相,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为3.14μm和2.62μm,马氏体面积分数为61.0%,而传统工艺下为典型的铁素体及马氏体双相组织,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为4.77μm和2.77μm,马氏体面积分数为35.8%。两种工艺伸长率相差不大,但屈服强度和扩孔率具有明显差异,新型Q&T工艺下获得了更高的屈强比及扩孔性能,得益于其更小铁素体晶粒尺寸及铁素体和马氏体硬度差。传统工艺下真实断裂应变(TFS)与真实均匀应变ε_u比值为7.0,而新型Q&T工艺下比值为15.2,因此新型Q&T工艺下具有更优异的局部成形特性。     

Stress–strain relationship between ferrite and martensite in a dual-phase steel studied by in situ neutron diffraction and crystal plasticity theories

The stress–strain relationship between ferrite and martensite phases in the commercial dual-phase DP980 steel was studied using in situ neutron diffraction and the crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM). The phase identification method based on the image quality of electron backscatter diffraction and a filtering process was used to obtain information concerning individual crystallographic orientations for ferrite and martensite phases in DP980 steel. The (2 0 0) and (2 1 1) lattice strains of ferrite and martensite phases were measured along the loading and transverse directions as a function of macroscopic stress using in situ neutron diffraction. A CPFEM based on representative volume elements (RVE) was applied to determine the microscopic hardening parameters for each phase by fitting the measured macroscopic stress and measured (2 0 0) and (2 1 1) lattice strains. The microscopic hardening parameters for each phase successfully captured the influence of the crystallographic orientation of the ferrite phase on the localization of shear strain and the behavior of ductile failure in RVE of the unit cell during uniaxial tension.     

Control of Austenite Characteristics and Ferrite Formation Mechanism by Multiple-Cyclic Annealing in Quenching and Partitioning Steel

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) treatment is a novel method to produce advanced high strength steel with excellent mechanical properties. In this study, combination of multiple-cyclic annealing and Q&P process was compared with traditional cold-rolled Q&P steel to investigate the microstructural characteristics and austenite retention. The results showed that retained austenite in traditional Q&P sample was principally located in the exterior of austenite transformation products, while those in multiple-cyclic annealing samples were mainly distributed inside the transformation products. With the increase in cyclic annealing number, both of austenite fraction and austenite carbon content increased, attributing to higher initial austenite carbon content and larger number of austenite/neighbored phase interface to act as carbon partitioning channel. In traditional Q&P sample, the deformed ferrite was recrystallized by sub-grain coalescence, while the austenite was newly nucleated and grew up during annealing process. As a comparison, the ferrite in multiple-cycle annealing samples was formed by means of three routes: tempered martensite that completely recovered with retention of interior martensite variant, epitaxial ferrite that formed on basis of tempered martensite, ferrite that newly nucleated and grew up during the final annealing process. Both of lath martensite and twin martensite were formed as initial martensite and then tempered during partitioning process to precipitate ε carbide with C enrichment, Mn enrichment and homogeneous Si distribution. Compared with the traditional cold-rolled Q&P steel, the Q&P specimens after multiple-cyclic annealing show smaller strength and much larger elongation, ascribing to the coarser microstructure and more efficient transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect deriving from retained austenite with high carbon content and larger volume fraction. The application of double annealing treatment can optimize the mechanical properties of Q&P steel to show a striking product of strength and elongation as about 29 GPa%, which efficiently exploit the potential of mechanical performance in low carbon steel.     

双相区轧制对铁素体/马氏体双相钢组织性能的影响

采用双相区(α+γ)轧制及双相区短时保温处理相结合的方式,制备了一种高强高韧性低碳低合金铁素体/马氏体双相钢,并采用SEM、室温拉伸试验和维氏硬度检测等手段研究了不同轧制工艺对铁素体/马氏体双相钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:相对于普通的连续轧制工艺,等温轧制和道次之间短时保温处理相结合的工艺对铁素体/马氏体双相钢的相比例、形貌和尺寸有重要影响。等温轧制及短时保温处理的双相钢的组织明显细化,马氏体相比例增加,组织均匀性显著改善,屈服强度提升了34%,达到1229 MPa,屈强比高达0.78,断口为韧性断口特征,呈细小韧窝状,具有良好的综合力学性能。     

一种低碳低合金钢的纳米压痕表征

对具有两种不同组织状态的一种低碳低合金钢进行了纳米压痕表征．结果表明,在双相组织试样中,马氏体的硬度高于铁索体的70％以上．在纳米压痕实验过程中,由于马氏体相的尺寸较小并被软的铁素体基体所包围,当压痕深度超过40nm时,纳米压痕硬度呈现出明显的基底效应．由于在铁索体一奥氏体两相区加工过程中发生C元素向奥氏体的分配,双相组织试样中的马氏体中富集了数倍于钢的名义含量的C元素．结果导致双相组织试样中马氏体的平均纳米压痕硬度比同一钢的全马氏体组织试样高出30％以上．此外,还讨论了C的富集分配对马氏体Poisson比和Young’s模量的可能影响．     

低温卷取热轧双相钢的显微组织及疲劳性能

采用扫描电镜、拉-拉疲劳试验机等研究了低温卷取热轧双相钢的显微组织及疲劳性能。结果表明:热轧双相试验钢的疲劳极限约为530 MPa;低温卷取工艺生产的热轧双相试验钢夹杂物平均尺寸多在5 μm以下,晶粒比较细小,马氏体组织较细小且弥散均匀分布,具有良好的综合力学性能。热轧双相试验钢疲劳裂纹源位于样品表面的棱角处,疲劳裂纹扩展区上有大量的韧窝、撕裂棱、疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹,瞬断区以浅韧窝为主,由于铁素体和马氏体发生不同程度的应变,最终二次裂纹在铁素体和马氏体的相界面萌生。二次裂纹虽然萌生但并未扩展,大量二次裂纹分散主裂纹尖端应力集中,可有效降低裂纹扩展的驱动力,降低疲劳裂纹扩散速率,抑制疲劳裂纹扩展,使疲劳强度得到提升。     

变形温度对含Nb双相钢显微组织的影响

通过单道次压缩及连续冷却实验,研究了变形温度(810-720℃)对具有超细原始奥氏体晶粒的含Nb双相钢显微组织的影响.实验结果表明:实验钢最终组织为铁索体加马氏体的双相组织.压缩过程中,实验钢应力-应变曲线上出现峰值,且峰值应力随变形温度的降低先增大后减小;随着变形温度的降低,铁索体的含量先增大再减小,但增减幅度不大,在最低变形温度(720℃)时,铁素体品粒尺寸降低到2.8 μm,弥散分布于铁素体晶界上的马氏体含量达到22.7%;随着变形温度的增加,铁索体晶粒硬度减小,最低可降至230 GPa;EBSD取向分析显示,随着变形温度的降低,组织中小角度晶界增多.     

Enhanced mechanical stability of ultrafine grained steel through intercritical annealing cold rolled martensite

The ultrafine grained ferritic steels possess high strength but low ductility due to the shortage of work hardening.Fine grained ferrite-martensite dual phase microstructure was obtained in a microalloyed steel and low carbon steels through intercritical annealing of the cold rolled martensite.The dual phase microstructure was uniform and the ferrite grain size was smaller in the microalloyed steel resulted from the pinning effect of microalloyed precipitates.But ferrite grown apparently and the volume fraction of the martensite was much higher without the addition of microalloying elements.By introducing martensite into the fine grained ferrite,the work hardening was effectively improved,leading to better mechanical stability.As a result of the fine ferrite grain size as well as uniform distribution of the martensite,the work hardening was enhanced,showing better strength-ductility balance in the microalloyed dual phase steel.     

Simulation of orientation gradients in a ferrite matrix containing hard martensite under plane-strain flange deformation

The plastic deformation behavior of dual phase (DP) steel under plane-strain flange deformation during a cup deep-drawing process was simulated using a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM). The representative volume elements of a simple geometry were used to capture the in-grain orientation gradients of a ferrite matrix containing a hard martensite particle. The divergence of the reorientation rate vector and the stability parameter were used to determine relatively stable, metastable and unstable orientations for the ferrite matrix. The simulation showed that both the formation of the in-grain orientation gradients and the inhomogeneity of the local average misorientation (LAM) distribution were enhanced by the hard martensite particle. The analysis showed that the orientation gradients for the ferrite phase within the DP were simultaneously influenced by both the initial orientation and the martensite. The relative contribution of the two factors was strongly dependent on the stability of the initial orientation under the plane-strain flange deformation.     

一种碳锰曲轴钢的奥氏体连续冷却转变规律

使用DIL805L型膨胀仪分析了曲轴钢的相变规律,得到了其奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线（CCT）。结果表明,试验钢的临界点为：Ac1＝682 ℃,Ac3＝765 ℃;当冷速为0.2～5 ℃/s时,转变产物为铁素体＋珠光体;当冷速大于5 ℃/s时,转变产物为铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体与马氏体的混合组织;当冷速增大到15 ℃/s时,转变产物为贝氏体和马氏体组织;冷速越大冷却后马氏体含量越多,硬度逐渐增加。     

Phase field simulation of the carbon redistribution during the quenching and partitioning process in a low-carbon steel

Phase-field modelling is used to simulate the quenching and partitioning process in a low-carbon transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel, in order to understand the carbon redistribution in the microstructure during the heat treatment. The simulations show that, depending on local characteristics of the microstructure, including phase distributions and carbon-concentration gradients, different features in the carbon evolution during the partitioning step occur that are physically and practically relevant, but are not accessible for experimental observation. The overall carbon partitioning from martensite to austenite occurs not only by direct diffusion from martensite to austenite, but also through the bulk ferrite grains. The simulations also show interface migration driven by the free-energy difference between austenite and martensite, which affects the fractions of phases and the dimensions of the austenite grains. The carbon content of individual austenite, martensite and ferrite grains as well as average values are analysed, showing that the carbon concentration within the austenite grains is strongly inhomogeneous at short partitioning times, which contributes to a variable mechanical stability of individual austenite grains, affecting the occurrence of TRIP.     

Role of Martensite Structural Characteristics on Corrosion Features in Ni-Advanced Dual-Phase Low-Alloy Steels

The relationship between the corrosion resistance and martensite structure of Ni-advanced dual-phase weathering steel was studied using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical analysis, and atomic force microscopy. The investigations indicate that the final microstructure of the dual-phase weathering steel was composed of a large amount of low-carbon lath martensite distributed in the ferrite matrix. The potential of the martensite phase is higher than that of ferrite, which acts as a microcathode. As the martensite volume fraction in the Ni-advanced dual-phase weathering steel increased, the corrosion rate increased owing to the greater galvanic couple formed between the ferrite and martensite from the increasing ratio of the cathode area to the anode area. In addition, this work provides a method to obtain advanced weathering steel with improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.