煅烧白云石凹凸棒石粘土的除磷作用

考察了不同温度煅烧白云石凹凸棒石粘土(DPC)对水中磷去除效果的影响。煅烧DPC对磷的去除作用通过XRD、TEM进行分析,同时测定Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、p H值。高于500℃白云石开始分解,产物为方解石、羟钙石、方镁石、斜硅钙石。静态实验结果表明DPC煅烧温度越高,溶液p H值及钙离子浓度越高,磷酸盐去除率越好。说明Ca~(2+)对磷酸根的去除起到了关键作用,沉淀作用是主要的除磷机制。动态实验结果表明,550℃煅烧DPC颗粒滤料6个月内除磷效率接近100%,出水p H在30天后稳定在8~9左右。显示在该温度范围内煅烧DPC可以获得高效除磷而又满足出水p H排放要求的颗粒材料,具有潜在应用价值。     

铬酸钠在氨和二氧化碳介质中的转化与相平衡

研究了铬酸钠在氨和二氧化碳介质中脱钠转化反应时氨盐比、铬酸钠溶液初始浓度、温度等对反应转化率的影响，测定了25℃和35℃下Na+，NH4+CrO42-－H2O体系的溶解度和相图，并以此分析了反应过程中CrO42-的析出形式及铬酸铵的分离方法，发现在反应过程中生成铬酸铵钠复盐，以N42CrO4为盐析剂能够使反应后溶液中绝大部分CrO42-以NaNH4CrO4·2H2O复盐结晶形式析出，铵盐中间体具有易分解的特性，为开发铬盐转化的新途径提供了依据．     

不同分散条件下重质碳酸钙的分散机制

采用zeta电位仪、p H计等分析了不同p H值条件下重质碳酸钙在纯水介质、六偏磷酸钠溶液、聚丙烯酸钠溶液中的颗粒表面zeta电位变化。结果表明:重质碳酸钙-纯水悬浮液等电点的p H值约为8.7;六偏磷酸钠对重质碳酸钙悬浮液分散的作用机制主要为离子稳定机制,而聚丙烯酸钠对重质碳酸钙悬浮液分散的作用机制主要为空间位阻机制。     

KOH活化兰炭处理亚甲基蓝实验研究

以KOH活化的兰炭为吸附剂吸附处理亚甲基蓝溶液,考察吸附时间、溶液p H值、吸附剂用量、温度及浓度对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果。研究表明:吸附平衡时间为40 min,溶液p H值约7~8利于吸附,吸附剂用量在0.5 g/L为宜,升温利于吸附进行。     

新型脱硫剂脱除H_2S的实验研究

配制一种络合铁脱硫液,考察温度、p H值对脱硫效果的影响,并评测其脱硫性能。结果表明,配方溶液4在温度50℃、p H 9~9.5时,脱硫效率最高,穿透时间达170 min,硫容为0.845 g/L。脱硫效果优于市售脱硫剂。     

氧化铬的高效、节能、环保的生产方法

一种氧化铬的高效、节能、清洁的生产方法,其反应体系是将铬酸或重铬酸的钠、钾、锂盐在高温高压反应釜中进行还原反应,固液分离后,得到水合氧化铬和相应的苛性碱溶液,该水合氧化铬通过深加工可制备氧化铬系列产品;本发明反应器为高温高压反应釜,可提高反应效率;利用体系反应实现自热反应,达到了节能的目的;本发明没有废水、废渣、废气产生,是氧化铬生产的清洁工艺。     

亚熔盐高效提钒铬清洁生产技术产业化应用

在亚熔盐生产线达产达效期间，对钒渣液相氧化、液固分离、钒酸钠结晶、三效蒸发等工序进行了研究。结果表明，在纳微曝气氧化及规模放大效应共同作用下，亚熔盐示范工程可实现较低温度(140~180℃)和较低压力(0.6~1.0 MPa)下钒和铬的高效同步提取，钒和铬的转化率分别为93%和85%；对不同原料来源的钒渣，纳微曝气亚熔盐技术均体现出优异的浸出性能；全自动立式压滤机采用三级逆流洗涤方式，保证了尾渣含水率低于30wt%，钒含量低于0.15wt%，铬含量低于0.05wt%；选用OSLO冷却结晶器进行钒酸钠结晶，钒酸钠结晶率达到61.5%；通过在三效系统蒸汽接口处增设减温减压器，实现循环碱液浓度由试生产初期的45wt%提高至50wt%。利用亚熔盐产线对传统钠化焙烧工艺废水处理过程中产生的钒铬泥进行钒铬浸出，在反应温度175℃、反应压力0.65 MPa、进出料速度0.25 t/h的工作条件下实现了钒铬泥中钒和铬的高效浸出，钒和铬的浸出率分别为93.68%和96.76%。当溶液中铬浓度达到25~30 g/L后，铬酸钠结晶工序可保证将每次液相氧化反应溶出的铬全部结晶析出，铬酸钠的结晶率为17.65%。     

铬酸钠溶液中微量铝硅杂质的脱除

采用铝硅含量分别为189.65和51.08 mg/L的铬酸钠配制溶液,通过常压和高压反应脱除杂质微量铝硅. 常压下加入偏铝酸钠调节体系铝硅元素比为6,无需CaO添加剂,60℃下反应40 min,几乎可完全脱除杂质硅;在高压釜中通过调节CO2压力为0.4 MPa,60℃下反应20 min,几乎能完全脱除杂质铝. 化学纯铬酸钠脱除铝硅杂质后能达到分析纯级别. 高压釜内脱铝的同时铬酸钠发生碳化反应,溶液pH值随反应进行逐渐降低,趋于稳定,显示碳化反应近于平衡.     

铬酸钠碳化母液制备氢氧化铬工艺优化 及三氧化二铬粒度分布的影响

研究了利用铬酸钠碳化母液制备氢氧化铬工艺优化及三氧化二铬粒度分布的影响,主要考察了恒温温度、氢氧化铬洗涤方式对产品质量的影响;还考察了在固定煅烧条件下,铬酸钠含量对三氧化二铬颗粒形貌的影响以及铬酸钠碳化母液碳化率与三氧化二铬粒度分布的关系。结果表明,随着铬酸钠碳化母液碳化率的提升,Cr（Ⅵ）达到最大还原率时所需恒温温度下降,经过3次洗涤的氢氧化铬滤饼煅烧后铬酸钠质量分数为13%~15%,制备的三氧化二铬呈类球体,颗粒粒径均匀,洗涤烘干后各项参数指标均优于GB/T 20785—2006《氧化铬绿颜料》。通过增加原料碳化率,三氧化二铬颗粒的中位径D50随之增大,在碳化率为39.87%时制得的三氧化二铬中位径D50为 3.13 μm,粒度分布为典型的正态分布,其特征粒径值均符合高端氧化铬绿产品的技术要求。     

硫酸钙-硫酸钠-铬酸钙-铬酸钠-水体系中复盐的生成研究

为配合化工产品新工艺的开发,研究了25～70 ℃硫酸钙-硫酸钠-铬酸钙-铬酸钠-水体系中复盐的生成规律.摇床实验及X射线衍射分析发现,将固体铬酸钙加入不同浓度的硫酸钠和铬酸钠溶液中时,除生成CaSO4·2H2O外,还可能生成4种复盐沉淀,即CaSO4·Na2SO4,CaSO4·Na2SO4·4H2O,CaSO4·2Na2SO4·2H2O和5CaSO4·Na2SO4·3H2O.当温度和溶液浓度发生变化时,复盐的形式会相应变化,低温稀溶液中只有CaSO4·2H2O沉淀,没有复盐沉淀析出,而高温浓溶液中,4种复盐都会析出.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。