固体强碱绿色催化环氧丙烷水解合成1,2-丙二醇

该文制备了不同碱强度的固体碱催化剂,并应用于环氧丙烷(PO)水解合成1,2-丙二醇的反应。结果表明:随着催化剂碱强度的增加,环氧丙烷的转化率不断升高;说明强碱催化剂有利于环氧丙烷水解反应。在此基础上,作者系统考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、原料摩尔比和反应时间对催化性能的影响。结果表明:当催化剂CaO-ZrO2质量为反应原料质量的1.0%,反应温度为120℃,反应原料配比为:n(H2O)∶n(PO)=5∶1,反应时间2h时,其催化效果较优,环氧丙烷转化率最高为92.3%,1,2-丙二醇选择性可达89.4%。     

固体碱催化剂KF/MgO催化合成丙二醇丁醚的绿色工艺研究

采用固体碱催化剂KF/MgO催化环氧丙烷(PO)和正丁醇合成丙二醇丁醚,对催化剂进行了XRD、TEM、CO₂-TPD表征,经FT-IR表征确认目标产物为丙二醇丁醚。同时对合成丙二醇丁醚的反应工艺进行了研究,优化了反应工艺。研究结果表明:适宜的工艺条件为反应温度130 ℃,催化剂用量为原料总质量的1.5%,n(丁醇)∶n(环氧丙烷)为4∶1。在此条件下,PO转化率达97.88%,丙二醇丁醚产率达81.34%。同时对催化剂使用寿命进行了考察,在重复使用4次之后,催化剂依然保持较高的活性,PO转化率达90.86%,丙二醇丁醚产率达76.13%。     

丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯的合成研究

采用固体酸催化剂合成丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯。测定了化学平衡常数Kp,在 36 3、373K反应温度下分别为 0 8749、0 9118。在n(HAc)∶n(丙二醇甲醚 ) =3∶1,液体空速 4～ 10h-1,反应温度36 3～ 383K工艺条件下 ,丙二醇甲醚转化率可以大于 70 % ,丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯的选择性大于96 % ,6 2 0h寿命实验表明催化剂没有明显的失活现象。     

Direct epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide on various catalytic systems: A combinatorial micro-reactor study

A combinatorial approach is used to investigate several bimetallic catalytic systems and the promoter effect on these catalysts to develop highly active and selective catalysts for direct epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide (PO) using molecular oxygen. 2%Cu/5%Ru/c-SiO₂ catalyst yielded the highest performance with high propylene conversion and PO selectivity among the bimetallic catalytic systems including silver, ruthenium, manganese and copper metals. On the other hand, the most effective catalyst and promoter in the epoxidation reaction was determined to be sodium chloride promoted Cu–Ru catalyst supported over SiO₂ with 36% selectivity & 9.6% conversion (3.46% yield) at 300 °C and 0.5 feed gas ratio (propylene/oxygen).     

Polyethylene glycol-supported ionic liquid as a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of propylene carbonate under mild conditions

The coupling reaction of propylene and CO₂ to form propylene carbonate (PC) was promoted by an ionic liquid (IL) covalently bound to polyethylene glycol (PEG). The supported ionic liquid, which has both acidic and basic components, proved to be an active catalyst for PC synthesis under mild conditions. The effects of different cations and anions, reaction temperature, CO₂ pressure, and reaction time were investigated. It was demonstrated that the acid group in the catalyst plays an important role in the reaction. With this system, a high PC yield (95%) was achieved under mild conditions (3.0 MPa, 120°C and 4 h) without a co-solvent. In addition, the catalyst was readily recovered and reused. Based on the experimental results, a plausible mechanism for the catalyst was proposed.     

Epoxidation of Propylene over Ag-CuCl Catalysts Using Air as the Oxidant

Ag-CuCl catalysts were found to be active and selective for the epoxidation of propylene using air as the oxidant. Ag catalyst gives a propylene conversion of 31.6%, with a propylene oxide (PO) selectivity of 0.42% at a reaction temperature of 350 °C after 220 min of reaction. Addition of CuCl significantly improves the selectivity to PO, and suppresses the conversion of propylene. The Ag-CuCl (1/0.6) catalyst gives propylene conversion of about 3% and a PO selectivity of about 30% at a reaction temperature of 350 °C after 500 min of reaction. The activity of the Ag-CuCl catalyst increases with the reaction time and the selectivity to PO is very stable for this catalyst. It is found that AgCl and CuO phases formed during the catalyst preparation are beneficial to the epoxidation of propylene.     

碱性嫁接型离子液体催化二氧化碳环加成反应

采用后嫁接法将不同量的1-甲基-3-丙基(三乙氧基硅基)咪唑的氢氧化物(［Smim］OH)嫁接到介孔硅胶(SiO₂)上,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、元素分析、硅核磁共振及热重分析等技术对所制备的材料进行表征。在无溶剂、温和的条件下,将碱性嫁接型离子液体用于CO₂与环氧丙烷(PO)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的环加成反应来考察其催化活性。结果表明,离子液体［Smim］OH成功地以共价键嫁接到介孔硅胶上得到碱性嫁接型离子液体(GILs),但不同量的［Smim］OH嫁接程度有所不同;在优化条件下,PO的转化率为99.5%,选择性为100%。反应后催化剂经过滤即可分离回收利用,且多次使用仍保持较高的反应活性。     

Synthesis of propylene glycol methyl ether over amine modified porous silica by ultrasonic technique

Amine modified porous silica were synthesized by ultrasonic technique under mild conditions. The samples, which were characterized by BET, ²⁹Si NMR spectra, element analysis and indicator dye adsorption, exhibited promising catalytic properties towards the synthesis of propylene glycol methyl ether from methanol and propylene oxide. They had both high yields and reusability in the reaction, indicating that ultrasonic technique was effective for the preparation of organically modified silica catalysts. Furthermore, the possible reaction mechanism was proposed for the synthesis of propylene glycol methyl ether over such type of catalysts.     

ZnMgAl复合氧化物五催化合成丙二醇苯醚

以不同类水滑石化合物为前驱体制得的复合氧化物作为合成丙二醇苯醚反应的固体碱催化剂，考察了催化剂组成、结构及反应条件对催化合成丙二醇苯醚反应的影响。结果发现，在所制备的固体碱催化剂中ZnMgAl复合氧化物显示出高效的催化活性和选择性，在催化剂用量为1. 1%，C₆H₅OH/PO摩尔比为1∶1，反应温度为413 K和反应时间为5 h的条件下，环氧丙烷的转化率达到97. 2%，丙二醇苯醚的选择性达93. 4%。     

GPLE失活模型中的稳态活性

１前言在使用级数型失活动力学（ＳｉｍｐｌｉｅｄＰｏｗｅｒＬａｗＥｑｕａｔｉｏｎ，简称ＳＰＬＥ）模型拟合催化活性随时间变化关系的实验数据时，有时会出现失活级数ｎ是反应时间ｔ或者温度Ｔ的函数，以及动力学参数随失活程度变化等反常现象。１９８５年，Ｆｕｅｎｔ...     

Water-tolerant graphene oxide as a high-efficiency catalyst for the synthesis of propylene carbonate from propylene oxide and carbon dioxide

Graphene oxide (GO) was found to be a metal-free, water-tolerant and high-efficiency catalyst towards the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to propylene oxide (PO) for the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC) at room temperature (RT) and atmospheric pressure without the need for a solvent. Using GO as catalyst and tetrabutylammonium bromide (Bu₄NBr) as co-catalyst, PO is rapidly converted to PC with 96% yield and 100% selectivity under relatively mild conditions (100 °C, 2.25 MPa, 1 h). The effects of catalyst amount, temperature, time and water (H₂O) addition on the reaction were investigated. It is found that the presence of a proper amount of H₂O enhances the conversion of epoxide remarkably. A comparison of the catalytic activities of a number of reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) samples under similar reaction conditions revealed that it is the hydroxyl groups (rather than the carboxyl groups) on GO that form hydrogen bonds with PO, and act synergistically with halide anions to promote the cycloaddition reaction. A possible mechanism is proposed.     

Kinetics of propylene epoxidation using H2 and O2 over a gold/mesoporous titanosilicate catalyst

The oxidation of propylene to propylene oxide (PO) with hydrogen–oxygen mixtures was studied on gold supported on the mesoporous titanium silicate, Ti-TUD. The catalyst gave stable activity at low conversions of propylene (<6%) and high selectivity to PO (>95%). Kinetic data were fit to a power-rate law and gave the following expression: r_PO = k(H₂)^0.54(O₂)^0.24(C₃H₆)^0.36. The fractional orders in hydrogen, oxygen, and propylene indicated that these reactants interacted with the catalyst to form species that led to the final PO product. The catalyst likely operated by the commonly accepted mechanism of hydrogen peroxide production on gold sites, and epoxidation on titanium centers. Carbon dioxide was formed primarily from further oxidation of PO rather than the oxidation of propylene, while water was produced from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.     

Design and optimization of an integrated process for the purification of propylene oxide and the separation of propylene glycol by-product

It is difficult to separate the methanol and hydrocarbons in the propylene oxide (PO) purification process due to their forming azeotrope. As for this, a novel PO separation process, in that the deionized water is employed as extractant and 1,2-propylene glycol (MPG) that is formed from the PO hydrolysis reaction is recovered, is presented in this work. The salient feature of this process is that both the non-catalyzed reactions of PO hydrolysis to form MPG and dipropylene glycol (DPG) are simultaneously considered and MPG by-product with high purity is obtained in virtue of the deionized water as reflux liquid and side take-off in MPG column. In addition, the ionic liquid (IL) extractant is screened through the conductor-like screening model for segment activity coefficient (COSMO-SAC) and the comparisons of separation efficiency between the IL and normal octane (nC₈) extractant for the separation of PO and 2-methylpentane are made. With the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) thermodynamic model, the simulation and optimization design for the full flow sheet are performed and the effects of the key operation parameters such as solvent ratio, theoretical stages, feeding stage etc. on separation efficiency are detailedly discussed. The results show that the mass purity and the mass yield of PO can be up to 99.99% and 99.0%, and the condenser duty, reboiler duty and PO loss in the process with IL extractant can be decreased by 69.66%, 30.21% and 78.86% compared to ones with nC₈. The total annual cost (TAC) calculation also suggests that the TAC would be significantly reduced if using IL in replace of nC₈ for the investigated process. The presented results would provide a useful guide for improving the quality of PO product and the economic efficiency of industrial plant.     

表面改性未焙烧TS-1固载金催化丙烯氢氧环氧化反应性能研究

采用四丙基氢氧化铵（TPAOH）溶液对未焙烧钛硅分子筛TS-1（TS-1-B）进行二次晶化改性,以尿素为沉淀剂通过沉积-沉淀法制备改性和非改性的TS-1-B固载Au纳米催化剂,对比研究这两种催化剂丙烯氢氧环氧化反应性能的差异,阐明二次晶化改性对TS-1-B表面结构及催化行为的影响。结果表明：二次晶化改性提高了TS-1-B结晶度,降低了缺陷位硅羟基数量;改性的TS-1-B表面疏水性的提高有助于抑制产物环氧丙烷（PO）在羟基位点上吸附,其固载的金催化剂表现出显著提高的稳定性和活性。此外,对该催化剂的动力学行为也进行了研究,并计算了主/副产物生成活化能。     

Alkylation of benzene with propylene catalyzed by FeCl3-Chloropyridine ionic liquid

Alkylation of benzene with propylene was carried out with FeCl₃-chloro-butyl-pyridine (FeCl₃-[bpc]) ionic liquid as catalyst to obtain cumene. Significant improvements in propylene conversion and cumene selectivity under mild reaction conditions were attained by modification of the catalyst with HCl. Under 20°C, 0.1 MPa, reaction time 5 min, mole ratio of benzene to propylene 10:1 and mass ratio of FeCl₃-[bpc] to benzene 1:100, conversion of propylene can increase from 83.60% to 100.00% and selectivity of cumene can increase from 90.86% to 98.47%. If reaction is carried out in following two stages, the result will be very good. At the initial stage of the reaction, alkylation is the main reaction and a higher conversion of propylene is obtained at a lower temperature. At the later stage of the reaction, transalkylation is the main reaction and selectivity to cumene can be increased by appropriately raising the reaction temperature. Translated from Petrochemical Technology, 2006, 35(9): 819–823 [译自: 石油化工]     

新型固载离子液体在碳酸丙烯酯水解反应中的应用

以L-丙氨酸为原料采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了以SiO2为载体的固载化离子液体催化剂（IL-Ala/SiO2）。用红外光谱（FTIR）、热重（TG）、13C NMR、1H NMR、XRD和TEM等测试技术进行了表征,考察了催化剂在碳酸丙烯酯（PC）水解反应中的催化性能。结果表明,该催化剂在常压下能有效催化碳酸丙烯酯水解生成1,2-丙二醇（PG）。在催化剂含量为9%（质量分数）、温度140℃、反应时间3.5 h的条件下,PC的转化率大于99%,PG的选择性大于99%。经简单分离后催化剂可重复使用5次而活性变化不大。     

Kinetic study of CO2 fixation into propylene carbonate with water as efficient medium using microreaction system

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) utilization and fixation have become one of the most important research areas nowadays due to the increase of global greenhouse effect. Cyclic carbonate, which is widely used in various fields, can be synthesized by fixation of CO₂ with epoxide in industry. Moreover, the synthesis of cyclic carbonate is a 100% atom economical reaction, which makes it eco-friendly and promising. To enhance the reaction efficiency and safety, a microreaction system was used as the platform for cycloaddition reaction. In this work, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was chosen as catalyst, and propylene oxide (PO) as a mode substrate. Interestingly, the addition of water can increase the propylene carbonate (PC) yield and decrease the activation energy considerably, proving water as catalyst promoter for PC synthesis. PC yield and selectivity could reach 91.6% and 99.8%, respectively. The Influence factors and kinetic equation for CO₂ cycloaddition were obtained as well.     

Electrochemical synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol,CO2 and propylene oxide in an ionic liquid

BACKGROUND: Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) can be used effectively as an environmentally benign substitute for highly toxic phosgene and dimethyl sulfate in carbonylation and methylation, as well as a promising octane booster owing to its high oxygen content. Two‐step transesterification from epoxide, methanol, and CO₂ is widely used in the bulk production of DMC. However, major disadvantages of this process are high energy consumption, and high investment and production costs. A one pot synthesis of DMC from carbon dioxide, methanol, and epoxide was, therefore, developed. But the yields of DMC are below 70% due to the thermodynamic limitation. RESULTS: Electrochemical synthesis of DMC was conducted with platinum electrodes from methanol, CO₂ and propylene oxide in an ionic liquid was conducted. The bmimBr (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide)‐methanol‐propylene oxide system with CO₂ bubbling allows DMC to be effectively synthesized and a high yield (75.5%) was achieved. CONCLUSION: In this electrolysis, redox reactions of substrates, CO₂, methanol, and propylene oxide, on Pt electrodes were carried out, producing the activated particles, CH₃O^?, CH₃OH⁺, CO₂^? and PO^?, resulting in the effective synthesis of DMC with a 75.5% yield in an ionic liquid (bmimBr). Finally, a mechanism for this synthesis reaction was proposed, which is very different from those reported in the literature. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol on Cu–ZnO catalysts

Hydrogenolysis of biomass-derived glycerol is an alternative route to sustainable production of propylene glycol. Cu–ZnO catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation with a range of Cu/Zn atomic ratio (0.6–2.0) and examined in glycerol hydrogenolysis to propylene glycol at 453–513 K and 4.2 MPa H₂. These catalysts possess acid and hydrogenation sites required for bifunctional glycerol reaction pathways, most likely involving glycerol dehydration to acetol and glycidol intermediates on acidic ZnO surfaces, and their subsequent hydrogenation on Cu surfaces. Glycerol hydrogenolysis conversions and selectivities depend on Cu and ZnO particle sizes. Smaller ZnO and Cu domains led to higher conversions and propylene glycol selectivities, respectively. A high propylene glycol selectivity (83.6%), with a 94.3% combined selectivity to propylene glycol and ethylene glycol (also a valuable product) was achieved at 22.5% glycerol conversion at 473 K on Cu–ZnO (Cu/Zn = 1.0) with relatively small Cu particles. Reaction temperature effects showed that optimal temperatures (e.g. 493 K) are required for high propylene glycol selectivities, probably as a result of optimized adsorption and transformation of the reaction intermediates on the catalyst surfaces. These preliminary results provide guidance for the synthesis of more efficient Cu–ZnO catalysts and for the optimization of reaction parameters for selective glycerol hydrogenolysis to produce propylene glycol.     

Epoxidation of propylene in the gas phase

The gas-phase epoxidation of propylene using N₂O, air and air-ammonia mixture as an oxidants was studied. Propylene can be epoxidized by nitrous oxide with a yield as high as 13.3% over silica supported iron oxide catalysts modified by amines. The iron oxide dispersion, the acidity of the support and the nitrogen-containing modifiers are the key factors determining the catalytic performance. We suggest a reaction pathway involving two concurrent mechanisms: the radical oxidation of propylene to acroleine, hexanediene, etc., and a non-radical oxidation leading to epoxide. Propylene is epoxidized with air over silica-supported iron oxide catalysts at a conversion of about 0.2%. Using air as an oxidizing agent, the presence of gaseous ammonia improves the propylene conversion by 10-fold preserving the considerable selectivity (up to 60%). This observation suggests a reaction mechanism involving the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous oxide in the first step, which subsequently produces active oxygen species, which selectively oxidize propylene to propylene oxide (PO).