H型坯连铸结晶器内钢液传递特性的数值模拟

以950 kg/m H型连铸坯结晶器为研究对象,采用FLUENT软件建立三维几何模型,模拟研究了水口浸入深度125 mm和175 mm时拉速（0.6~1.2 m/s）对结晶器内钢液传递特性的影响。结果表明,不同拉速条件下H型坯结晶器内钢液流态相似,但随着拉速的增大,结晶器内钢液流股冲击深度增大和结晶器自由表面流速增大,保护渣熔化状况有改善趋势,同时结晶器液面波动和钢水对凝固坯壳的冲刷有增大趋势。而各粒径夹杂物上浮去除率随拉速的增大而降低,其中大颗粒夹杂物去除率降低显著,当拉速由0.6 m/min增至1.2 m/min时,100μm夹杂物的去除率由16%降至10%。该模拟条件下,20~100μm夹杂物去除率在4%~16%。     

连铸保护渣性能对中板表面夹杂缺陷的影响

针对柳钢中板表面夹杂物缺陷的特点,分析了夹杂物的来源和保护渣性能、形态对夹杂物的影响。柳钢中板表面夹杂缺陷,由钢中溶解铝被二次氧化而产生的Al2O3,在水口中凝结长大,被钢流冲刷进入结晶器,以及水口耐火材料被冲入结晶器内被凝固壳捕捉而产生的。保护渣的绝热性能对夹杂物能否避开凝固壳的捕捉而上浮到渣金界面有重要影响。其绝热性能受其熔化性能及其形态影响。     

RH精炼真空度对超低碳钢夹杂物去除的影响

 大尺寸非金属夹杂物是引起超低碳钢冷轧钢板表面线状缺陷的重要原因。以IF钢为例,铸坯中大尺寸夹杂物主要有3类,即结晶器保护渣卷入后被凝固坯壳捕获;连铸过程中钢水二次氧化产生且未上浮去除的;钢液中未充分去除的夹杂物在浸入式水口处粘连、堵塞,后续堵塞物脱落被凝固坯壳捕获。钢液一次脱氧生成的夹杂物中,不低于100 μm的夹杂物在RH处理过程中较容易去除,100 μm以下的夹杂物受钢液的流动影响较大,特别是不超过20 μm的夹杂物由于其上浮时间长、钢液流动的跟随性好,去除难度较大。RH是超低碳钢最重要的精炼设备,也是夹杂物去除的关键环节,研究RH去除20 μm夹杂物的新技术具有重要的意义。研究了RH脱碳结束加铝后真空度对夹杂物去除的影响,创新性提出了低真空度去除不超过20 μm夹杂物的新技术。研究结果表明,与高真空度处理工艺(常规工艺)相比,低真空度(压力5 kPa)处理的钢液中夹杂物数量降低更显著,中间包钢液总氧质量分数平均降低0.000 2%,钢液增氮水平相当。冷轧钢板因炼钢原因导致的线状缺陷降级率比常规工艺降低了29%。夹杂物在钢液中的跟随性理论分析表明,低真空度处理工艺下RH内钢液循环流量和钢液流速减小,降低了RH处理过程中夹杂物随钢液的跟随性,提高了不超过20 μm夹杂物的去除效率,有效改善了水口堵塞程度、提高了轧板表面质量。     

高拉速连铸低碳铝镇静钢铸坯中夹杂物

针对高拉速板坯连铸生产的低碳铝镇静钢铸坯,采用Aspex自动扫描电镜对铸坯表层夹杂物进行大面积的扫描分析,得到不同拉速下夹杂物的变化规律,并探究流场和S含量对夹杂物分布的影响.结果表明:随着拉速增大,钩状坯壳的深度和长度逐渐减小.对拉速大于2 m·min-1的铸坯,由于钩状坯壳不是很发达,铸坯表层没有发现大于200μm的夹杂物.铸坯表层尺寸介于50~200μm的夹杂物主要是由凝固坯壳所捕获,而夹杂物在凝固前沿的受力决定了夹杂物的捕获行为.随着拉速提高,凝固前沿的钢液流速增加,随着冲刷力的增加、捕获力的减少,夹杂物被捕获的数量减少.在高拉速连铸下,如果钢液中S含量较大,夹杂物受到明显的温度Marangoni力,会更容易被凝固坯壳捕获.      

卷渣类夹杂物在结晶器钢液中成分转变的动力学模型

国内某厂镀锡板缺陷处夹杂物主要来自结晶器保护渣的卷入,但其成分与结晶器保护渣有明显差别。为了进一步研究这种成分差别的原因,建立了耦合热力学平衡和动力学扩散的结晶器卷渣类夹杂物的成分转变动力学模型,明确了卷渣类夹杂物的尺寸和密度对其成分转变的影响规律,并通过对结晶器和液相穴内的钢液流动和夹杂物运动的数值模拟研究了夹杂物在钢液中的停留时间。结果表明:结晶器保护渣卷入钢液后与钢液不断发生反应,成分会发生明显改变。卷渣类夹杂物转变为缺陷处夹杂物所需要的时间与夹杂物尺寸以及夹杂物密度有关,夹杂物的尺寸和密度越大,转变为缺陷处夹杂物成分所需的时间越长。卷渣类夹杂物转变为缺陷处夹杂物所需时间与夹杂物尺寸呈幂函数关系,与夹杂物密度呈二次函数关系。夹杂物在钢液中的平均停留时间随夹杂物直径的增大而减小,并且随着拉速的增大而减小。小尺寸夹杂物一旦被卷入钢液中,将有充足的时间转变为缺陷处的成分。大尺寸夹杂物在钢液中的平均停留时间小于成分转变时间,但最大停留时间远大于成分转变所需时间,表明部分大尺寸夹杂物依然具有充足的停留时间转变为缺陷处的成分。      

板坯连铸中间包内夹杂物去除的数值模拟

以某厂50tT型2流中间包为研究对象,利用大型商业软件ANSYS CFX10.0建立了三维有限体积模型,采用多相流模型对中间包内钢液的流动特性、温度分布与夹杂物去除规律进行了数值模拟,重点研究了不同堰-坝组合方式、湍流抑制器形状、拉速、夹杂物粒径等工艺参数对中间包内钢水平均停留时间、夹杂物上浮率的影响。结果表明:湍流抑制器对夹杂物的上浮去除影响不大;随着夹杂物粒径的增大,夹杂物的上浮率迅速增大;20μm以下的夹杂物则很难在中间包内上浮去除;随着拉速的增大,夹杂物的上浮率是不断减小的;采用堰A=300cm、坝B=400cm、方形瓦楞湍流抑制器、过滤器组合式控流装置时夹杂物的上浮去除效果最好。     

连铸结晶器内钢液流动、凝固和夹杂物的分布

 建立并求解动量、热量和质量传输耦合模型,研究了连铸结晶器内钢液流动、传热、凝固、溶质输送和夹杂碰撞长大行为。数值结果表明,受钢液流动的影响,在连铸机内钢液温度、碳浓度和夹杂物的空间分布与钢水流动特征相似,也可分为上下两个循环区。但是其分布具有各自的特点。在涡心处,钢液温度较低,碳浓度较高,夹杂物体积浓度和数量密度较低。在弯月面处,钢液温度较低,碳浓度较高,夹杂物的体积浓度和数量密度较低。在结晶器出口处的凝固坯壳内,夹杂物的浓度和数量密度分布极不均匀,存在阶跃现象,这与冲击点处凝固坯壳的重熔有关。     

六流T型中间包夹杂物去除行为的数值模拟

以41 t圆坯连铸中间包为研究对象,运用ANSYS软件,结合流动模型、拉格朗日离散相模型模拟钢液流动和夹杂物行为。通过用户自定义函数为中间包钢渣界面的边界条件设置了一种新的判定标准,即根据夹杂物的受力情况判定夹杂物上浮去除或进入钢液。通过数值模拟计算中间包出口处夹杂物数密度,并与工业试验结果对比,发现新的判定标准较传统的捕捉(trap)边界条件具有更高的计算精度。基于上述模型计算了稳态浇铸过程中间包内不同粒径氧化铝夹杂物的上浮时间、上浮位置及去除率。上述结果为更好地研究中间包内夹杂物行为提供了支撑。     

板坯连铸结晶器内非金属夹杂物伴随流动的运动踪迹研究

以实际连铸生产的奥氏体和铁素体两大类不锈钢种为对象,采用数值模拟方法研究了板坯连铸机结晶器内伴随钢液流动的非金属夹杂物运动轨迹。根据夹杂踪迹模拟结果,首先了解了夹杂颗粒在结晶器聚集的主要分布区域。其次,夹杂物在结晶器的上浮几率与夹杂物的自身粒径、铸机拉速以及结晶器宽度等有关,其中粒径是决定性因素。     

板坯连铸结晶器内夹杂物分布的大涡模拟

为了研究连铸板坯结晶器内夹杂物的运动及其被凝固坯壳捕获的过程,采用大涡模拟(LES)模型、凝固模型及离散相模型(DPM)耦合计算了湍流对夹杂物运动的影响以及夹杂物在结晶器的运动、被捕获去除。通过钢液液相体积分数来代替枝晶间距的影响,从而提出了新的夹杂物在凝固前沿的捕获条件,夹杂物在凝固前沿的捕获以及夹杂物捕获位置的实时输出通过用户自定义程序(UDF)实现。结果表明,夹杂物在上表面的上浮去除率随着夹杂物直径的增大而增大;直弧型连铸机包含的弯曲段使得大尺寸夹杂物在内弧侧聚集,但小尺寸夹杂物在内外弧、左右窄面侧分布较均匀。     

Investigation of inclusion re-entrainment from the steel-slag interface

The mechanism of inclusion elimination from continuous steel casting is investigated at the steelslag interface. Inclusion impact at the interface is considered under the concept of energy balance, with buoyancy forces, fluid dynamic forces, interfacial adhesion, and rebound forces determining whether the particle will pass through the interface or be retained by it. The effects of the inclusion, slag, and steel properties, as well as the effect of inclusion impact velocity, are considered at the interface. The interfacial tension between the slag and the inclusion should be smaller than that between the steel and the inclusion (negative wettability), so that the inclusions can pass into the slag layer and avoid re-entrainment. The inclusion particles that reach an equilibrium state at the steel-slag interface are subject to re-entrainment back into the steel, due to lift forces applied to them by the turbulent boundary layer at the interface. A removal criterion dependent upon the shear stress is introduced, and then the removal rates are calculated from the turbulent burst theory. It is found that the smaller diameter inclusions are trapped at the interface. Of the particles that remain at the interface, it is the larger ones that are more easily removed by the lift forces due to the turbulent shear stress. High slag viscosity is desirable, since it makes inclusion re-entrainment into the casting product more difficult.     

Numerical simulation of inclusion movement in electroslag remelting process

A comprehensive three- dimensional mathematical model, which adopted the Euler- Lagrange approach, was developed to study the motion of inclusions in electroslag remelting (ESR) process. The gravity, buoyancy, drag, added mass, lift and electromagnetic pressure forces were taken into account for the solution of inclusion trajectories. Due to the great difference between the conductivity of non- metallic inclusion and molten metal, the non- metallic inclusion would be drove to migrate to the mold wall by the electromagnetic pressure force. The movement behavior and removal rate of inclusions with different diameters were investigated in detail while the current ranged from 1200A to 1800A. The results show that more than 90% inclusions are captured by the top surface of the slag pool and the slag/mold wall. Only a small part of the inclusions are still suspended in the slag, and less than 4% inclusions would pass through slag/metal interface and enter into the metal pool. The removal rate of inclusions with larger diameter is higher than that of smaller diameter in the remelting process. With the increase of the current intensity, the removal rates of the inclusions with all diameters increase.     

高铝钢连铸保护渣性能的控制

 高铝钢连铸过程中,钢渣反应将导致连铸保护渣成分和性能发生较大的变化。论文从热力学方面分析了高铝钢钢渣反应特性,计算结果表明为了减少渣中SiO2的还原,应控制渣中的SiO2含量,此外,在连铸保护渣中配加MnO能抑制渣中SiO2的大量还原;同时采用高碱性高玻璃化连铸保护渣理论保证熔渣在钢渣反应和吸收Al2O3夹杂后性能的稳定性。在此基础上,进行了工业性试验,结果表明：高铝钢连铸保护渣吸收夹杂物后熔点和粘度变化不大,铸坯表面和皮下质量良好,完全满足高铝钢浇铸要求。     

Modelling Effect of Circulation Flow Rate on Inclusion Removal in RH Degasser

Based on the similarity principles,a 1∶ 7 scale physical model was established to study the behavior of molten steel flow and inclusion removal in a 145 t Rheinsahl-Heraeus( RH) degasser.On the basis of the quantitative measurements of the circulation flow rate and inclusion removal under various lifting gas flow rates,the effect of circulation flow rate on inclusion removal was investigated in the RH degasser.The inclusion removal rate shows the trend of first increase and then decrease twice with increasing the circulation flow rate when the circulation flow rates are smaller than 104.7 L/min.Whereas,the inclusion removal rate increases again with the further increase in circulation flow rate when the circulation flow rate is larger than 104.7 L/min.At lower circulation flow rates,inclusions are mainly removed by Stokes flotation to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow.At higher circulation flow rates,the collision and aggregation of inclusions improves the inclusion removal efficiency.With the further increase in the circulation flow rate,inclusions are mainly removed by following the turbulent fluctuation( turbulent diffusion)to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow.     

基于数值模拟的结晶器卷渣在线预测方法

 结晶器保护渣卷入到钢液中后容易被生长的凝固坯壳捕获,最终在冷轧板上形成由卷渣引起的表面缺陷,会严重恶化钢产品的质量。结晶器液面卷渣现象受到钢液成分、温度、流动方式和吹氩流量的影响。结晶器表面钢液流速大小是反映钢渣界面是否发生卷渣的重要参数,但在实际浇铸过程中,不能在线预测不同拉速、吹氩流量和水口浸入深度下结晶器表面钢液的最大速度。提出一种基于板坯连铸结晶器内多相流动数值模拟的结晶器卷渣在线预测方法。首先,建立结晶器内三维多相流动数学模型,模拟不同拉速、吹氩流量和水口浸入深度下的钢液流动行为;其次,对计算得到的表面钢液流速的最大值进行拟合,得到固定浇铸断面下结晶器表面最大流速的预测公式;最后,通过某钢厂的插钉板工业试验验证了所提方法的准确性。研究发现,不同浇铸参数下表面钢液流速沿结晶器宽度方向呈现先增加再减小的变化趋势,在结晶器宽度1/4位置具有最大值。钢液流速在较小和较大拉速下分别在窄面和水口附近具有较大值;在较小和较大吹氩流量下分别在水口和窄面附近具有较大值;随着水口浸入深度增加,钢液流速在水口和窄面附近变化较小。基于拟合的钢液流速公式,通过比较最大钢液流速与钢渣界面发生卷渣的临界流速,实现了结晶器卷渣的在线预报。     

Modeling transient slag-layer phenomena in the shell/mold gap in continuous casting of steel

Mold-slag friction and fracture may cause heat-transfer variations in continuous casting, which leads to steel shell temperature and stress variations, resulting in surface cracks. Analytical transient models of liquid slag flow and solid slag stress have been coupled with a finite-difference model of heat transfer in the mold, gap, and steel shell to predict transient shear stress, friction, slip, and fracture of the slag layers. The models are validated by comparing with numerical models and plant measurements of mold friction. Using reported slag-fracture strength and time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, the models are applied to study the effect of casting speed and mold-powder viscosity properties on slag-layer behavior between the oscillating mold wall and the solidifying steel shell. The study finds that liquid-slag lubrication would produce negligible stresses. A lower mold-slag consumption rate leads to high solid friction and results in solid-slag-layer fracture and movement below a critical value. Crystalline slag tends to fracture near the meniscus and glassy slag tends to fracture near the mold exit. A medium casting speed may be the safest to avoid slag fracture, due to its having the lowest critical lubrication consumption rate. The high measured friction force in operating casters could be due to three sources: an intermittent moving solid slag layer, excessive mold taper, or mold misalignment. Other symbols are defined in Table I     

Research Status of Numerical Simulation of Nonmetallic Inclusions Interfacial Removal

The removal of inclusions in liquid steel has always been the focus of research, and the removal of inclusions is mainly through the process of the inclusion through the slag–steel interface. The inclusion removal process can be subdivided into inclusions in molten steel grew up rise, in steel–slag interface through separation, adsorb dissolved in molten slag 3 steps. Based on the microscopic process of three steps, this article summarizes and discusses the mathematical model, fluid mechanics model, and experimental verification method of inclusion removal process, analyzes limiting and influencing factors of inclusion removal process, and comprehensively describes the numerical simulation research progress of inclusion removal process. With the development of numerical simulation techniques and experimental equipment, some progress has been made in the study of interfacial removal of inclusions. The inclusion interface removal behavior can be analyzed semiquantitatively based on dynamic force model. The computational fluid dynamics model has advantages in studying the phenomena of the inclusion interface, and the phase-field method is often used to simulate the removal process of the inclusion interface. The combination of water model and numerical simulation, high-temperature laser confocal method, and other methods is of great help to explore the interface behavior of inclusions.     

吹氩精炼钢包内非金属夹杂物去除机理

 通过物理模拟试验,研究分析了底吹氩精炼钢包内夹杂物去除机理以及吹氩量对其的影响规律。结果表明：钢包中夹杂物的上浮主要是通过上升的钢液流携带,底吹氩量对夹杂物在钢包表面的钢-渣界面去除行为存在重要影响。吹氩量较小时,钢-渣界面稳定,夹杂物在浮力、毛细作用力等共同作用下穿过平坦的钢-渣界面而被吸收;吹氩量较大时,钢-渣界面波动大,渣眼周围发生卷渣,夹杂物被卷入的液滴吸收,随液滴进入渣层;吹氩量大,渣眼周围形成渣泡,夹杂物被渣泡吸收,随渣泡进入渣层。吹氩量达到一定时,夹杂物被钢-渣界面的吸收成为其被去除的限制性环节,且吹氩量较大时夹杂物去除效果最差,为实际吹氩精炼过程吹气量的控制提供了指导。     

Cleanliness of GCr15 bearing steel refined by RH and VD vacuum processes

The cleanliness of GCr15 bearing steels produced by RH and VD vacuum refining processes was compared. Evolutions of total oxygen (TO), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), and inclusions were investigated. Bearing steel has high requirements for cleanliness. RH refining has advantages in reducing TO and TN content, removing solid inclusion, and circulating efficiency. After RH refining, the TO content in molten steel decreased by 61%, the TN content decreased by 15%, and the number density of inclusions decreased by 75%. The stirring of slag and steel was strong during the VD refining, which was beneficial to the desulfurization, the TS content in liquid steel decreased by 50%. The circulation rate of the liquid steel in the VD refining was much lower than that in RH refining. The stronger stirring of slag and steel during VD refining resulted in the slag entrainment. The contact angle between inclusions with different liquid phase fractions and liquid steel is different. Inclusions with liquid phase fraction less than 27% are not wetted with liquid steel and are easy to collide, grow and float up for removal, while the adhesion work of liquid inclusions is greater and difficult to remove from liquid steel.