基于CCD的高炉风口回旋区三维温度场的检测技术

在存在多介质的高炉回旋区内,首先利用安装在风口直吹管窥视孔的电荷耦合器件(charged couple device,CCD)摄像机可以获得高炉回旋区内累积的二维温度辐射图像,然后将高炉回旋区均分成若干小块,利用数学模型近似模拟回旋区内的辐射传热过程并建立矩阵方程,通过求解方程获得高炉回旋区内的三维温度场.在模拟辐射传热过程中,本文提出了一种更有效也更符合实际生产的新方法——基于距离的高斯函数模型来模拟高炉内介质的辐射能量传播过程并获得了较好的三维温度场.由于存在波动误差以及电荷耦合器件摄像机测量误差等,所以我们通过在测量数据中添加随机误差来验证重构温度场的有效性以及稳定性.结果显示重构的三维温度场与真实温度场非常接近,误差在高炉工业允许的5%范围以内.      

氧气高炉回旋区内煤粉燃烧行为的三维数值模拟研究

炉顶煤气循环氧气高炉是一种全新的炼铁新工艺,它可以有效提高煤比、减少CO₂的排放.但是其复杂的燃烧条件将使煤粉在回旋区内的燃烧及高炉下部的行为发生很大变化.为了了解氧气高炉炼铁新工艺条件下喷吹煤粉的复杂现象,建立了一个氧气高炉条件下的氧煤枪-直吹管-风口-回旋区-焦炭床的三维数学模型,研究了氧气高炉下部的温度场、浓度场及煤粉的流动和燃烧特性.模拟结果表明,氧气高炉条件下的回旋区温度显著升高、高温区面积扩大,CO₂含量提高,焦炭床内CO含量显著增加.此外,与传统高炉相比,氧气高炉回旋区表面的煤粉燃尽率增加了10.24%.      

高炉风口回旋区兰炭燃烧行为的数值模拟

为了探究价格较为廉价并且燃烧性能良好的燃料(兰炭)在高炉直吹管、风口、回旋区内燃烧产生的温度、气体成分以及燃料的燃尽率分布情况,根据高炉的实际尺寸,建立了三维物理模型并进行模拟计算。模拟结果表明,当单独喷吹烟煤、兰炭时,回旋区内的温度均为先升高到最高温度后缓慢降低,风口中心线上最高温度分别为2 447、2 415 K。然而,当单独喷入无烟煤、焦化除尘灰(CDQ粉)时,回旋区内温度持续缓慢上升,在回旋区出口处达到的最高温度分别为2 473、2 366 K。烟煤在风口、回旋区内燃烧产生CO的质量分数均高于其他3种燃料;兰炭、烟煤、无烟煤、CDQ粉在回旋区出口处产生的CO质量分数分别为20.82%、26.09%、17.51%、15.74%。采用兰炭喷吹的燃尽率(63.01%)高于采用无烟煤和CDQ粉的燃尽率(分别为58.03%和52.40%),低于采用烟煤的燃尽率(73.13%)。虽然兰炭和无烟煤的组成成分相似,但是从兰炭在风口、回旋区内燃烧产生的温度、气体成分、燃尽率等方面来看,兰炭的燃烧性能要强于无烟煤。     

Cold Model Study of Coal Gas Component Concentration Distribution in Blast Furnace Raceway

 Primary distribution of coal gas in blast furnace raceway has an important effect on combustion of coke and pulverized coal injection, as well as whole ironmaking process. According to practical production parameters of No. 5 blast furnace in Chongqing iron &; steel Co. LTD, the theoretical calculation model recommended by Nomura is adopted to determine penetration depth, height and width of raceway. Three-dimensional cold model of blast furnace raceway is established. Coal gas component concentration distribution of vertical section and cross section in blast furnace raceway is simulated using natural gas.     

高炉下部气固湍流和煤粉燃烧的数值模拟与优化研究

高炉喷吹煤粉时,由于煤粉的不完全燃烧,在回旋区处会产生未燃煤粉,影响高炉的透气性。建立了气固两相湍流和煤粉燃烧的三维数学模型,并且验证了该模型的可靠性。用所建模型对由直吹管、风口、回旋区和焦炭床构成的高炉下部区域进行了喷吹煤粉流动与燃烧现象的模拟研究。模拟结果揭示了高炉炉内气固流动和煤粉燃烧的基本性质和特点;通过正交试验方法研究不同操作因素对评价指标煤粉燃尽率的影响,得到4个操作因素对燃尽率的影响程度依次分别为喷煤量、富氧率、鼓风量和鼓风温度。而工况(喷煤量1 25kg/t,鼓风量1 950m3/min,鼓风温度1 523K,富氧率5.0%)为最佳优化工况,可实现提高喷煤量和煤粉燃尽率的效果。     

煤粉在直吹管内燃烧行为的数值模拟

 建立了直吹管内气固流动、传热和煤粉燃烧的数学模型,基于实际高炉工艺参数,借助商业软件通过数值模拟的方法研究了直吹管内的气体成分和温度变化,并重点考察了煤粉粒径、鼓风含氧量和鼓风温度等操作参数对煤粉燃尽率的影响。研究结果表明：减小粒径、增加含氧量、提高鼓风温度都可以使煤粉在直吹管内的燃尽率得到提高。煤粉在直吹管内的燃烧行为以挥发分的脱除为主,该过程对温度敏感,而对氧气浓度不敏感。这一结论与前人在回旋区内得到的模拟结果相反。因此在研究变量对喷吹煤粉燃尽率的影响时,模拟区域应同时包含直吹管和回旋区。     

高炉富氧喷吹焦炉煤气理论研究

 用计算模拟富氧喷吹焦炉煤气以后高炉直接还原度、焦比、入炉风量、炉腹煤气量、理论燃烧温度和炉顶煤气的变化,同时分析了富氧喷吹焦炉煤气对高炉冶炼可能带来的影响。计算结果表明：在保证高炉热量和理论燃烧温度满足高炉正常生产前提下,选择合适的富氧率和焦炉煤气喷吹量,可以使焦比降低至291kg/t,CO2的排放量减少6.1%,并且提高了煤气利用价值,增加企业的经济和环境效益。     

Cold Model of Coal Gas Component Concentration Distribution in Blast Furnace Raceway

Primary distribution of coal gas in blast furnace raceway has an important effect on blast furnace ironmak-ing process. The coal gas component concentration distribution was studied experimentally using a three-dimensional cold model. The results showed that CH_4 concentration diminishes along with the height increasing on vertical sec-tion of raceway, and the concentration is the highest in the bottom of raceway. CH_4 concentration increases gradually along the raceway depth with the lowest concentration value in front of the tuyere. The distribution of CH_4 concen-tration has different characteristics in different raceway zones.     

COREX喷煤燃烧利用的研究

喷吹的煤粉主要在回旋区内燃烧,COREX熔融气化炉的氧口回旋区较小,而回旋区空腔内氧气浓度高,燃烧带的理论燃烧温度高。采用数学模型计算了煤粉在氧口回旋区内的燃烧率。研究表明：当煤粉平均粒度为0．075mm,煤比不超过125kg／t时,煤粉在回旋区内的燃烧率可达65％以上。未燃煤粉将参与气化反应、直接还原和渗碳反应等过程。从这个角度分析,COREX熔融气化炉可接受的未燃煤粉量约为75kg／t;而在煤比为200kg／t时,COREX可接受的煤粉的燃烧率为60％左右。     

Numerical Analysis of Pulverized Coal Combustion inside Tuyere and Raceway

The process of pulverized coal combustion inside the tuyere and raceway plays a very important role in the performance of a blast furnace. A three‐dimensional multiphase CFD model using Eulerian approach has been developed to simulate the coal devolatilization and combustion process inside tuyere and raceway. The velocity field, temperature distribution, and combustion characteristics have been determined in details and the effect of tuyere diameter on the pulverized coal combustion process has been predicted. Numerical results show that the pulverized coal combustion process displays different characteristics when the tuyere diameter changes. For a bigger diameter tuyere, there is more coal devolatilization, and combustion occurs inside the tuyere, which results in a better combustion condition compared to smaller tuyere diameters. The gas temperature distributions inside the raceway are dependent on the tuyure diameter; the temperature for the large size tuyere is higher than that of the small one. The coal burnout changes from 85.3% to 60.0% when the tuyere diameter reduces from 0.165m to 0.146 m.     

富氧喷煤对高炉风口回旋区特征影响的理论研究

运用热力学软件FactSage,针对攀钢4号高炉,研究了富氧和喷煤的变化对高炉风口回旋区特征的影响,主要是对理论燃烧温度以及煤气成分的影响。其结果表明:在攀钢目前的冶炼条件下,4号高炉的喷煤比可以继续提高至185 kg/t,但在245 kg/t时达到极限。提高喷煤比和富氧率均可提高回旋区的温度,但喷煤比的效果会更加显著;喷煤比和富氧的变化对煤气成分影响也各不相同。     

基于机器视觉的风口回旋区温度检测算法

 应用机器视觉理论，引用微元积分思想建立了辐射图像信息与高炉风口回旋区二维温度场梯度分布的关系模型，并针对CCD非接触测量回旋区温度过程中因温度过高易出现CCD输出过饱和电流问题，提出了大于CCD噪声总量和防止饱和电流输出的快门时间控制模型。通过小型煤气燃烧实验和高炉风口现场实验表明：该温度检测算法正确，快门控制模型能有效地防止图像出现“白炽”现象，提高了温度测量峰值。     

Research on main technical parameters of blast furnace with natural gas injection

With the application and popularization of blowing natural gas in blast furnace, it is necessary to study the thermodynamic behavior of natural gas and the variation of operating parameters in blast furnace. By the second law of thermodynamics, the reduction behavior of blowing natural gas in blast furnaces was analyzed. Based on the material balance and heat balance model, the influence of oxygen enrichment, blast temperature and humidity on the blast furnace bosh gas volume and the theoretical combustion temperature in the front of tuyere raceway after natural gas injection were discussed. The quantitative analysis of dynamic coupling effect was realized by linear regression on the effect of key parameters. The results show that natural gas first absorbs heat at high temperature and cracks into CO and H2, which helps to improve the volume fraction and reduction potential of CO and H2 in the gas and promote the indirect reduction reaction. Natural gas injection into blast furnace leads to the rapid increase in the bosh gas volume and the rapid decrease in the theoretical combustion temperature. The change of humidity has a great influence on the bosh gas volume and the theoretical combustion temperature, followed by the oxygen enrichment. However, the blast temperature has a mild influence due to the limited potential to change relatively.     

氧气高炉的发展历程及其在北京科技大学的研究进展

首先介绍了氧气高炉的发展历程,早期的研究工作主要着眼于解决由于氧气代替空气鼓风而引起的“上冷下热”问题,并总结了各国研究者提出的氧气高炉流程及其主要特点。随后系统阐述了北京科技大学科研人员在氧气高炉工艺基础研究与工程技术开发方面所取得的主要进展。这些研究包括氧气高炉流程设计,含铁炉料还原与软熔,氧气鼓风及循环煤气喷吹条件下的煤粉燃烧,循环煤气加热过程中的物理化学变化等炉内反应与变化,以及在此基础上开展的回旋区及全炉数值模拟研究,为氧气高炉的工程化实施奠定理论基础。最后对氧气高炉的碳素流及节碳潜力进行了分析,并提出富氢碳氢循环氧气高炉将成为炼铁低碳化的重要发展方向。      

基于T-S模型的高炉喷煤协同优化控制策略研究

高炉炼铁过程通过增煤减焦实现节能减排目标,针对人工操作模式存在主观性、粗糙性和滞后性难以实现增煤减焦的问题,采用上下协同优化控制方法,一方面通过上部提前匹配减焦方式维持高温区热平衡,另一方面通过富氧鼓风保证下部喷入煤粉的高消化率,使煤粉在风口回旋区充分燃烧.进而从控制角度解析描述增煤减焦过程,将铁水温度的稳定控制问题转...     

A Mechanism Model for Raceway Formation and Variation in a Blast Furnace

In this article, a previous mechanical model is extended to predict raceway penetration in a blast furnace (BF) and to dynamically illustrate how raceway penetration varies over time after the blast velocity varies based on Newton’s second law. The model is validated by industrial measurements, and more precise predictions have been obtained using the present model. Moreover, the effects of combustion reactions on the raceway shape and size are taken into account in the present model. The mechanism for raceway formation and variation revealed by the present model is as follows: Fast movements of packed bed above a raceway roof due to blast blowing rate variation make raceway size vary rapidly and form its prototype; combustion reactions modify raceway size and shape, and they maintain its stability.     

喷吹天然气条件下高炉主要工艺参数的研究

摘要：随着高炉喷吹天然气技术的应用推广,需要对天然气在高炉内的热力学行为及其操作参数的变化进行研究。利用热力学第二定律,分析了喷吹天然气在高炉内的热力学还原行为。并以物料平衡和热量平衡模型为基础,探讨了鼓风富氧、鼓风温度、鼓风湿度等工艺参量对喷吹天然气后高炉炉腹煤气量和风口回旋区理论燃烧温度的影响及其变化。利用高炉操作参数对炉腹煤气量和理论燃烧温度影响结果进行线性回归,实现定量分析各因素之间的动态耦合效果。研究结果表明：天然气首先在高温下吸热裂解成CO和H2,有助于提高煤气中CO和H2的体积分数和还原势,促进间接还原反应的进行。高炉喷吹天然气导致炉腹煤气量快速升高,理论燃烧温度快速降低。鼓风湿度的变化对炉腹煤气量和理论燃烧温度影响很大,富氧率其次。而风温变化潜力有限,对炉腹煤气量和理论燃烧温度影响相对较小。     

霍戈文内燃式热风炉振动特性分析

针对内燃式热风炉提高燃烧强度后产生的振动问题,从热风炉燃烧与压力特性角度,采用数值模拟方法进行研究,分析内燃式热风炉燃烧过程中的振动特性。研究表明:内燃式热风炉的振动属于低频振动,其振动是燃烧过程所导致;燃烧能力增加,燃烧室内压力波动振幅迅速增大,压力波动频率与实测频率相吻合,表明振动是因燃烧过程中的压力波动所导致。     

风口回旋区的数字图像处理方法

风口回旋区对高炉及COREX熔化气化炉冶炼过程起着十分重要的作用,人们对风口回旋区进行了大量的试验与模拟研究.目前通过试验方法得到的风口回旋区仅仅是由若干个测量点确定.物理参数场可以用来准确确定回旋区边界,但是目前为止所有的研究风口回旋区的物理参数场都是由数值模拟确定,并且没有明确的回旋区的定义标准.在本研究中利用CO...     

Comprehensive Mathematical Model and Optimum Process Parameters of Nitrogen Free Blast Furnace简

According to different energy utilization in different regions, blast furnace is divided into raceway zone, bottom heat exchange zone （BHZ）, thermal reserve zone （TRZ）, and top heat exchange zone （THZ）, and a mathe- matical model of nitrogen free blast furnace （NF-BF） is established. The optimum process parameters of two kinds of nitrogen free blast furnaces are calculated by the new mathematical model. The results show that for the nitrogen free blast furnace with a single row of tuyeres, the optimum process parameters are coke ratio of 220 kg/t, coal ratio of 193 kg/t, and volume of recycling top gas of 577 m3/t; for two rows of tuyeres, the process parameters are coke ratio of 202 kg/t, coal ratio of 211 kg/t, volume of recycling top gas in upper area of 296 m3/t, and volume of recy- cling top gas in lower area of 295 ma/t. Energy balances are reached in different regions. Theoretical combustion temperature （TCT） in raceway zone is largely affected by different processes, and a lower TCT should be adopted for the single row of tuyeres, but for two rows of tuyeres, a higher TCT should be maintained. Compared with tradi- tional blast furnace, in NF-BF, the emission of CO2 would be reduced by 45.91% and 49.02G for a single row of tuyeres and two rows of tuyeres, respectively, and combined with CO2 sequestration technology, zero emission of CO2 could be realized.