“F17油井水泥低滤失膨胀剂”被认定为2001年南京市高新技术产品

由南京工业大学邓敏教授等研制开发的“Ｆ17油井水泥低滤失膨胀剂”被南京市科技局认定为 2 0 0 1年南京市高新技术产品。Ｆ17系列油井水泥低滤失膨胀剂产品依靠晶体生长膨胀 ,并可控制失水 ,具有双膨胀作用和稳定性 ,稠化时间可调 ,过渡时间短 ,增加胶接强度 ,防窜、防腐 ,适用于油气井的固井作业 ,可大幅度提高固井质量。该产品解决了油井固井过程及固井后流体窜流这一国际性技术难题。产品既能使水泥浆产生塑性膨胀 ,又能使水泥硬化体产生膨胀 ,较好地补偿了水泥浆体系的体积收缩 ,实现了塑性体膨胀和硬化体膨胀的理想衔接。通过在江苏油…     

油井水泥膨胀、降失水双效材料的研究

油井水泥固有的高体积收缩和高失水特性是造成油气井气窜和固井质量差的主要原因,也是国内外固井界尚未很好解决的重要问题之一.本文研制了一种新型的油井水泥膨胀材料(DD型),并对其在不同条件下的膨胀量、抗压强度、胶结强度和工程性能进行了评价.此外,还对该材料的作用机理进行了理论分析.结果表明:当其掺量为水泥的10%～20%时,不仅可使油井水泥浆产生足够的塑性膨胀和后期膨胀,而且还能有效地控制水泥浆的失水量.掺入材料后,水泥浆的其它工程性能也满足API规范和现场施工的技术要求.     

高韧性油井固井材料的性能与应用

针对射孔和增产措施使油井水泥环产生脆性破坏.带来层间流体窜流和套损率上升等难题,开发了一种新型增韧剂HD[合成橡胶粉H的质量分数(下同)w=5.5%;特种化纤D的w=0.2%].评价了掺HD水泥石的力学性能和微观结构及水泥浆的工程性能.结果表明:掺HD油井水泥石的韧性和弹性均被显著提高,抗冲击功提高了198%～222%,Young模量降低了38%～40%;掺HD(w=5.7%),减阻剂USZ(w=-O.2%),降滤失剂F17B(w=1.2%)和晶体膨胀剂F17A(w=3%)水泥浆综合性能满足固井施工的基本要求.对不同水泥环中应力波传播速率的计算和模拟射孔实验表明:水泥石弹性模量的降低有利于韧性的提高.     

高温防窜乳液水泥浆体系研究与应用

高温高压气井防气窜固井对水泥浆性能要求高,常规水泥浆难以满足固井要求。在分析高温高压气井防气窜固井难点的基础上,优选胶乳防气窜剂与新型纳米液硅防气窜剂,将二者有机复配,通过致密充填、活性胶凝、改善水泥石力学性能等方式提高防气窜性能,研制出高温防窜乳液水泥浆体系。该防气窜水泥浆体系具有流变性好、API失水低、直角稠化和沉降稳定性好等特点,且对缓凝剂加量、密度、温度计配浆水陈化等因素不敏感,便于现场操作与施工。水泥浆静胶凝强度发展快,防气窜性能好,水泥石高温强度高、高温稳定性好,且水泥石渗透率低,有利于防止气体渗流。该防窜乳液水泥浆体系在中国石化西北油田成功应用多井次,较好地解决了高温高压气井固井难题。     

小井眼固井水泥浆体系的室内研究及性能评价

基于纤维增韧技术和颗粒级配原理,选择性能良好的降失水剂、分散剂以及其他外加剂,并利用膨胀剂的微膨胀作用,成功配制出高、中、低密度小井眼水泥浆配方,并对其进行性能评价。结果表明,小井眼固井水泥浆流变性好,滤失小,浆体稳定性高,防窜能力强,稠化时间可调,呈近似直角稠化,水泥石抗压强度高,抗冲击韧性和抗折强度高,弹性模量低,且具有良好的界面胶结强度,能够满足小井眼固井要求,对小井眼固井水泥浆体系的设计以及小井眼固井实践有着重要意义。     

纳米二氧化硅改性固井用胶乳水泥体系性能研究

针对油田中后期开发面临的固井水泥环受腐蚀、脆性破裂的问题,胶乳添加到油井水泥中,可以改善固井质量,但国内的固井用水泥胶乳指标难以达到要求,水泥浆体系耐高温性能差,针对胶乳水泥稳定性差的缺点对胶乳水泥浆体系进行研究,将OP-10与OP-40复配使用,防止胶乳水泥浆变稠,改善其稳定性能;引入纳米二氧化硅,制备纳米二氧化硅复合乳液,考察其胶乳水泥浆的耐高温性能,同时对胶乳水泥的降滤失性、稠化性、抗压强度等各方面性能做了相应的评价。     

水泥浆滤失量指标与析水率指标的相关性研究

固井水泥浆的滤失性能和沉降稳定性能是直接影响注水泥施工和固井质量的重要参数,对水平井尤为关键。在现场只能用简单快捷的实验方法来测量得到滤失量,析水率的实验操作麻烦且很少做。本文研究的意义就在于在现场应用过程中,在何种条件下可以仅测量水泥浆的滤失量间接得到该水泥浆体系析水率的大小。结果表明：水泥浆的滤失性能和析水性能之间有显著的线性相关关系,在总体上是一致的,可用滤失量指标来衡量水泥浆的析水率指标。     

胶乳防窜水泥浆的室内研究与现场应用

对室内合成胶乳进行了粒径测试,室内研究了胶乳加量对水泥浆基本性能的影响,得出胶乳可有效改善水泥浆的失水性能,增强水泥石的韧性,提高水泥环的密封性,有助于提高固井胶结质量,据此优选出了胶乳防窜水泥浆体系,对其静胶凝强度发展、防窜性能等作了相关评价,其胶凝强度过渡很快,防气窜测试无气窜发生,具有良好的防窜效果。并介绍了该胶乳防窜体系在毛坝7井的现场应用。     

调整井固井用聚合物型抗水侵材料的制备及其性能评价

针对调整井固井时水侵导致的环空窜流问题,本文以AMPS、AM、AA和SA为原料,通过自由基胶束聚合法制备一种水溶性疏水缔合聚合物AAAS来增强固井水泥浆的抗水侵能力,改善水泥浆的防窜能力,以提高该类井的固井质量。利用红外、核磁、扫描电镜及凝胶渗透色谱等手段对AAAS进行了微观分析表征,并对AAAS水泥浆体系的抗水侵性能及基本工程性能进行了评价,结果表明AAAS可明显提高水泥浆体的抗水侵能力,较之于空白水泥浆水侵后0.3MPa的窜通压力,加量为0.9%AAAS的水泥浆体系,其水侵后的窜通压力提高达到了6.9MPa,大幅度提高了水泥浆的防窜能力,且14天抗折强度为8.2MPa,抗压强度为31.5MPa,能够满足调整井固井水泥环长期封固的需要。因此,AAAS在调整井固井工程抗水侵和防窜中具有良好的应用前景。     

增韧防窜水泥浆在陇东地区油井水平井固井中的应用

长庆油田陇东地区是鄂尔多斯盆地致密砂岩油藏开发的主战场。先注后采、水平井规模开发和多级分段体积压裂是该地区增储上产的主要技术措施。同时也为配套固井技术提出了新的挑战。大型分段压裂会对常规水泥环造成很大的破坏作用,进一步加剧了油、水窜现象,直接影响油井后续的投产效果,因此防止环空窜流,不仅要考虑到水泥浆的防窜性能,还要考虑到改善水泥石力学性能的问题。针对上述难题,开发了增韧防窜水泥浆体系,该体系可有效改善水泥石力学性能,提高水泥浆的防窜能力,优化了固井工艺,形成了适用于该地区致密砂岩油藏的配套固井技术,取得了很好的应用效果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.