四角切圆锅炉富氧燃烧对NO_x生成影响的数值模拟

采用RFG富氧燃烧方法在新疆某电厂350 MW机组锅炉上进行数值模拟,对燃烧时炉内温度场、CO与O2及NOx排放进行分析。结果表明:在21%、25%、29%富氧燃烧工况下,NOx排放浓度均低于空气燃烧时的浓度;四角切圆燃烧煤粉锅炉采用富氧燃烧后,炉膛出口NOx浓度由空气燃烧时的359 mg/m3分别降低到235 mg/m3、272 mg/m3、305 mg/m3;高浓度的CO2与煤粉反应生成CO,形成还原性氛围,有助于抑制NOx生成以及增大对已生成NOx还原的概率;在氧气含量为21%的浓度下,通过增加循环烟气中NO含量可以减少NOx的生成和排放。     

三喷腾DD分解炉内煤粉燃烧的数值模拟

本文采用Ansys软件平台中的非预混燃烧模型,对于日产5000 t熟料的水泥生产线上三喷腾型DD分解炉内煤粉燃烧过程进行了数值模拟计算,从而得到了煤粉燃烧后所形成的炉内温度场和组分浓度场.模拟计算的结果表明,该类型分解炉内的高温区位于炉体下部,最高温度约为1800 K;随着炉膛高度增加,炉内温度场呈均匀降低趋势;煤粉入口处挥发份和CO的浓度较高,CO2的浓度较低,并且随着反应的继续进行,CO和O2浓度将逐渐降至0.     

分解炉空气分级燃烧及NOx排放特性研究

随着我国经济的飞速发展,作为重要基础材料的水泥产品需求量极大且趋于稳定。水泥生产过程中的NOx排放与燃煤火电厂和汽车尾气产生的NOx排放已成为空气污染的主要来源,而分解炉是降低水泥生产工艺中NOx排放的有效设备。笔者在引入高温烟气的模拟分解炉内进行空气分级燃烧试验,研究配风位置、配风比例以及石灰石/煤比例对分解炉内燃烧和NOx排放特性的影响规律。试验稳定过程中,高温烟气发生装置的给煤量和配风量保持不变。此时,高温烟气发生装置的时间平均温度为911℃,其产生的高温烟气温度稳定在750℃左右,高温烟气中NOx主要以NO和N2O的形式存在,其浓度分别为261.49×10^-6和12.96×10^-6。该股高温烟气将模拟实际回转窑产生的烟气进入分解炉内。在分解炉的上部区域(距离顶部0~2 000 mm区域)的温度为800~1 000℃,与实际分解炉运行温度一致,排放烟气中NOx主要以NO和N2O形式存在。随着中间配风位置的下移,煤粉燃烧放热区域下移,而顶部区域的石灰石吸热量变化较小,则原有热量平衡被打破且原有吸热量高于现有放热量,导致顶部区域内燃烧温度降低。此时,还原气氛中煤粉燃烧和石灰石分解反应时间均变长,导致NOx的还原反应更加充分。但石灰石分解产生的氧化钙(CaO)作为中间产物会促进NO的生成反应,其反应时间增加也促进了NO的生成;另一方面,石灰石作为催化剂参与焦炭和挥发分还原NO的反应过程,分解炉顶部区域的温度下降使得该还原反应变弱。综上,NO的最终排放浓度是以上反应的综合结果。随着配风位置的下移,该变化对NO的生成作用更加明显,故NO的排放浓度逐渐升高。当一级风量与二级风量的配风比例降低时,分解炉上部区域的煤粉燃烧份额减少和石灰石分解量降低,而分解炉下部区域的煤粉燃烧份额增加和未分解的石灰石份额增加,但石灰石的吸热增加量高于燃烧增加份额的放热量,因此分解炉内整体温度均降低。分解炉内NO浓度是由石灰石催化的氧化过程和还原过程综合决定的。一级风量变小时,尾部CO浓度随之增加,烟气中NO浓度呈现降低的趋势。当石灰石/煤比例增加时,分解炉内沿程温度逐渐下降。随着石灰石给粉量增加,分解炉内石灰石受热分解产生的CaO浓度增加,CaO催化NO还原反应更剧烈,从而NO浓度逐渐降低。而石灰石给粉量增加和分解炉温度降低的过程导致尾部的CO浓度升高。     

中国水泥工业烧成系统技术升级路线图之NOx生成因素分析

预分解窑内NOx生成量与燃料中氮的含量关系极大,往往起主导作用,热力型的氮可能只占小部分;O_2浓度的高低是NOx形成量多少的决定性因素,温度高低、高温区停留时间是次要因素;分解炉中NOx的量同样取决于燃烧环境的O_2浓度;生料对CO还原NO反应起催化剂的作用;各种形式的分解炉,断面都存在气体、物料、煤不均匀的状态,局部均可能出现NOx很高的区域和温度高的区域;分解炉的脱硝,要根据具体情况采用空气分级、燃料分级、流场控制等措施解决。分解炉各点氨水喷入量取决于炉内NOx高低。     

循环流化床氮氧化物排放预测模型及优化控制研究

随着环保要求的日益严格,为了降低CFB机组的NOx排放,需要对炉内生成的NOx浓度进行准确估计并应用到控制中,对此,建立精确实用的机理控制模型显得十分必要。同时,需要综合考虑降低炉内燃烧所生成的NOx与SNCR的优化控制,利用该模型对炉内外NOx综合控制进行优化。通过对NOx的生成机理进行分析,以CFB锅炉燃烧产生的燃料型NOx为主体,应用数学建模与仿真的方法,以给煤量、风量等作为模型输入,建立炉膛出口CO浓度预测模型,并以此模型为基础,与即燃碳模型为输入,建立可以用于控制的炉膛出口NOx浓度预测模型。利用上述方法建立了炉膛出口CO浓度预测模型和炉膛出口NOx浓度预测模型,并根据实际运行数据对模型进行参数求取及仿真,针对炉内燃烧控制与SNCR脱硝配合不佳,导致NOx排放水平较高的问题,根据所建立的炉膛出口NOx浓度预测模型,提出了炉内外NOx综合控制技术路线,设计了基于NOx浓度预测模型的一二次风量优化控制与SNCR优化控制思路。仿真证明了所建立的模型具有较好的精确度,满足实际控制系统的精度要求,并具有一定的预测效果。所设计的炉内外NOx综合控制技术路线与一、二次风量优化控制思路可以为今后循环流化床机组NOx低排放控制提供参考。     

58 MW煤粉工业锅炉空气分级燃烧试验研究

加快推进燃煤工业锅炉环保改造,有效降低煤粉工业锅炉大气污染物排放量,特别是降低NOx排放迫在眉睫。空气分级燃烧技术是一种减排效果显著,改造成本较低的低氮燃烧技术,已在电站锅炉得到成功应用。为考察空气分级燃烧技术在煤粉工业锅炉上应用效果,以煤科院某58 MW煤粉工业锅炉空气分级改造项目为研究对象,通过在侧墙上布置6个火上风喷口,实现空气分级燃烧。通过工程试验,采用特制水冷取样枪以及耐高温烟气分析仪,测量了该锅炉原工况(不采用火上风)与分级燃烧(采用火上风)工况下,炉内3个不同截面(每个截面10个取样点)以及双锥燃烧器内6个测点处烟气温度及烟气组分。结果表明,分级燃烧工况下,双锥燃烧器内在x=0.3 m测点后形成了高温、强还原性气氛,有效抑制了燃烧初始阶段NOx的生成。这是因为分级工况下双锥燃烧器内氧气被迅速消耗,焦炭燃烧反应速率显著下降,焦炭气化反应明显增强,故形成了较强的还原性,有效遏制了NOx的生成。炉内不同截面烟气温度及组成变化规律表明,原工况烟气温度分布整体呈现燃烧器射流中心高、外侧低的趋势,氧含量分布与温度分布趋势相反,而分级工况受双锥燃烧强还原性高速火焰以及火上风喷射的影响,截面温度波动较大,中间截面呈现燃烧器射流中心偏低的现象。分级工况在炉内形成明显的还原区,且表现为燃烧器射流中心CO浓度高、外侧低的现象,有效降低了炉内NOx生成。58 MW煤粉工业锅炉火上风空气分级低氮改造,在双锥燃烧器及炉内创造了合理的贫氧还原区,具有良好的低氮效果。     

600MW超临界对冲锅炉分级燃烧特性

为研究超临界燃煤锅炉的燃烧特性,针对600 MW对冲旋流燃烧锅炉,利用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)数值仿真软件研究了分级燃烧超临界锅炉内速度分布、颗粒轨迹分布、温度分布、组分分布特性及NO_x释放规律。采用标准k-ε模型和拉格朗日随机轨道模型模拟气相湍流流动和气固两相流动;对于固体燃料,借助离散相模型,同时采用非预混燃烧模型模拟煤粉在炉内的燃烧过程;对流项采用二阶迎风格式获得更加精确的物理解;考虑到锅炉炉膛温度高、辐射换热量大,采用P1辐射模型计算气-气和气-固之间的辐射换热量;对锅炉壁面附近区域的流动传热计算采用标准壁面函数法,节省内存和计算时间。结果表明:分级对冲燃烧锅炉截面速度呈对称分布,气流充满度好,燃烧稳定;旋流燃烧的方式使炉内出现回流区,加强了炉内气流与煤粉颗粒之间的扰动,强化了传热传质,同时延长了煤粉颗粒在炉内的停留时间;煤粉颗粒的直径影响着煤粉在炉内的燃烧过程,粒径越小,煤粉颗粒在炉内的停留时间越短,影响燃料的燃烧燃尽和锅炉效率,但粒径过大,煤粉颗粒在自身重力作用下落入冷灰斗,影响锅炉的正常安全运行,因此,合适的粒径对炉内燃烧过程十分重要;沿炉膛高度方向,炉内烟气平均温度先上升后下降,在燃尽区补充燃尽风使温度小幅降低,到达炉膛出口截面烟气平均温度约为1 100 K;炉内各组分分布规律为:X=11. 093 5 m截面,沿炉膛高度方向,O_2体积分数先上升后下降,CO_2体积分数逐渐升高,CO体积分数先上升后下降;分级燃烧使炉内NO_x生成量整体下降,炉膛出口NO_x浓度约为385. 14 mg/m~3。     

分解炉梯度燃烧自脱硝技术的研究与工程应用

探讨了水泥窑炉燃烧过程中NOx的生成机理的生成机理,介绍了第二代分解炉梯度燃烧自脱硝的技术及实验室竖式电炉模拟分解炉内气体反应的试验技术及实验室竖式电炉模拟分解炉内气体反应的试验,研究了不同炉膛温度、停留时间、还原剂浓度下CO与NO的反应历程的反应历程。在湖北某水泥生产线技改项目中的工程应用表明,梯度燃烧自脱硝分解炉可实现脱硝效率6060%,出分解炉烟气NOx浓度400400mg/m3(标),月平均氨水用量下降6060%以上以上,每年可节约氨水使用成本200万元以上万元以上。     

辊道窑烧成带富氧燃烧及火焰空间数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件对气烧明焰陶瓷辊道窑烧成带的火焰空间进行数值模拟研究,并对不同氧气浓度下以天然气和炉煤气为燃料时辊道窑烧成带的燃烧特性进行对比.数值模拟结果表明:当燃料种类和燃料量一定时,富氧燃烧可以提高燃烧的火焰温度,随氧气质量分数百分比增加,平均温度呈上升趋势,但35%时有所减少;随氧气质量分数百分比增加,以发生炉煤气为燃料时炉内CO浓度逐渐减少,而采用天然气时,CO浓度逐渐增加;相同气氛下,以天然气为燃料时炉内温度高于发生炉煤气,CO浓度较低.本文结果为辊道窑的富氧燃烧运行提供了有益的参考.     

水泥回转窑系统低氮燃烧技术设计介绍

<正>水泥回转窑系统低氮燃烧技术是应用广泛、经济实用的NOx减排措施。它通过改变燃烧设备的燃烧条件来降低NOx的形成,具体来说,是通过调节燃烧温度、烟气中的氧气浓度及烟气在高温区的停留时间等方法来抑制NOx的生成或还原已生成的NOx。低氮燃烧技术包括低氮燃烧器、分解炉空气分级燃烧及分解炉燃料分级燃烧等。笔者参与了多个水泥厂低氮燃烧技术的选择,本文对此给予介绍,并举例说明分解炉     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。