多扫描链测试集的分组标准向量压缩法

针对相容压缩方法对确定位分布不平衡的测试数据集的压缩效果不佳的问题,将测试集按多扫描链结构排列后,根据向量之间相同相容关系的数目将测试集划分为若干组,分别对各组实行相容压缩;再次排列后,用标准向量差分法进行差分,并运用距离标记法对差分向量作第二次压缩.该方法对确定位分布不平衡的测试集有较高的压缩率,且向量差分时所需的循环移位寄存器数目少.     

数据块前向相容标记码的测试数据压缩方法

提出一种类似于字典索引的编码压缩方法,将与参考数据块相容的测试数据块用"1"标记来压缩测试数据,解压体系结构只需要一个有限状态机和一个与数据块等长的循环扫描移位寄存器.与在Golomb码和FDR码中所需要的与测试向量等长的循环扫描移位寄存器相比,该方法的硬件开销较小.实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地压缩测试数据,且效果优于Golomb码和FDR码.     

使用重复播种和Golomb编码的二维测试数据压缩

提出了一种用于SOC测试的二维测试数据压缩方案．先利用线性反馈移位寄存器重复播种技术,对带有无关位的测试向量进行压缩,并获得种子差分序列;然后用Golomb编码的方法对其作进一步的压缩;同时给出了Golomb码参数。的确定方法和相应的二维解压结构、实验结果表明,该方案在保证较高故障覆盖率的前提下,既能显著地减少测试序列长度、缩短测试时间,又能有效降低对测试数据带宽的要求．     

一种有效的低功耗扫描测试结构——PowerCut

扫描测试是超大规模集成电路测试中最常用的一种技术.但在扫描测试过程中,扫描单元的频繁翻转会引起电路中过大的测试功耗,这对电路测试提出了新的挑战.提出了一种新颖的低功耗全扫描结构--PowerCut,通过对扫描链的修改,加入阻隔逻辑,有效降低扫描移位过程中的动态功耗,同时加入控制单元,使电路在扫描移位过程时进入低漏电流状态,降低了电路的静态功耗.实验表明该结构在较小的硬件开销范围内有效地减小了扫描测试功耗.     

一种基于轮流扫描捕获的低功耗低费用BIST方法

过高的测试功耗和过长的测试应用时间是基于伪随机内建自测试(BIST)的扫描测试所面临的两大主要问题.提出了一种基于扫描子链轮流扫描捕获的BIST方法.在提出的方法中,每条扫描链被划分成N(N>1)条子链,使用扫描链阻塞技术,同一时刻每条扫描链中只有一条扫描子链活跃,扫描子链轮流进行扫描和捕获,有效地降低了扫描移位和响应捕获期间扫描单元的翻转频率.同时,为检测抗随机故障提出了一种适用于所提出测试方法的线性反馈移位寄存器(LFSR)种子产生算法.在ISCAS89基准电路上进行的实验表明,提出的方案不但降低约(N-1)?N的平均功耗和峰值功耗,而且显著地减少随机测试的测试应用时间和LFSR重播种的种子存储量.     

基于响应分块相容的测试数据编码压缩方案

提出一种测试数据压缩方案,利用测试向量与扫描链中响应数据的分块相容来增加被编码测试向量中的无关位,降低了线性反馈移位寄存器（LFSR）编码种子的度数,且不必增加额外的测试向量,最终达到压缩测试数据的目的．该方案的硬件解压结构仅需一个LFSR和简单的控制电路．实验结果表明,与其他压缩方法,如基于部分向量切分的LFSR重新播种方法、混合码方案和FDR码方案等相比,该方案在压缩效率和硬件开销上都有明显优势．     

环形链轮询复用测试端口的高效测试结构

测试结构设计是集成电路（IC）测试的基础问题也是关键问题,而设计满足当代IC需求的测试结构对降低芯片成本、提高产品质量、增加产品竞争力具有十分重要的意义,为此提出了环形链轮询复用测试端口的测试结构RRR Scan。该结构将扫描触发器设计成多个环形链,环形链可工作于隐身模式、循环移位模式和直链扫描模式。循环移位模式实现了测试数据的重用,可减小测试集规模;隐身模式则可缩短测试数据移位路径,大幅降低测试移位功耗,因此该结构是具有数据重用和低功耗性质的通用测试结构。另外,该结构可将物理上相近的扫描单元设置于同一环形链内,布线代价不大。隐身模式使得测试数据的移位路径长度和时延均有所减小。实验结果表明,RRR Scan结构可大幅降低测试移位功耗,对于S13207电路,其移位功耗仅为扫描直链的0.42%。     

用扫描链重构来提高EFDR编码的测试压缩率和降低测试功耗

为了解决系统芯片测试中日益增长的测试数据和测试功耗的问题,提出一种不影响芯片正常逻辑功能的扫描链重构算法--Run-Reduced-Reconfiguration(3R).该算法针对扩展频率导向游程(EFDR)编码来重排序扫描链和调整扫描单元极性,重新组织测试数据,减少了游程的数量.从而大人提高了EFDR编码的测试压缩率并降低测试功耗;分析了扫描链调整对布线长度带来的影响后,给出了权衡压缩率和布线长度的解决方案.在ISCAS89基准电路上的实验结果表明,使用3R算法后,测试压缩率提高了52%,测试移位功耗降低了53%.     

基于状态翻转连续长度码的测试数据压缩和解压

提出了新一类的变-变长度压缩码，称之为状态翻转连续长度码。该文在测试序列中直接编码连续的“0”和“1”的长度，压缩一个预先计算的测试集，无需像其它文章中受限制仅仅编码连续的“0”，又解决了交替-连续长度码中对两个相邻的连续序列进行编码时必须附加一位的问题。该方法的解压结构是一个简单的有限状态机，不需要一个与扫描链等长的循环扫描移位寄存器。实验结果表明，这种编码能够有效地压缩测试数据。     

一种基于串行移位的测试数据生成方法

针对集成电路测试数据量大、测试应用时间长和测试结构复杂等问题,提出了一种延长扫描链的串行移位测 试数据生成方法。以确定性测试生成算法为基础,充分利用测试集中的无关位X,让扫描链自行移位产生测试向量完 成电路的测试。对整体串行移位和分段移位两种情况进行了实验,结果表明,经此方法生成而最终需施加至待测电路 的测试数据量小于其他一些经典的测试方法的;而整体移位和分段移位分别在数据压缩效果和测试时间方面各具优势。     

Low Cost Scan Test by Test Correlation Utilization

Scan-based testing methodologies remedy the testability problem of sequential circuits; yet they suffer from prolonged test time and excessive test power due to numerous shift operations. The correlation among test data along with the high density of the unspecified bits in test data enables the utilization of the existing test data in the scan chain for the generation of the subsequent test stimulus, thus reducing both test time and test data volume. We propose a pair of scan approaches in this paper; in the first approach, a test stimulus partially consists of the preceding stimulus, while in the second approach, a test stimulus partially consists of the preceding test response bits. Both proposed scan-based test schemes access only a subset of scan cells for loading the subsequent test stimulus while freezing the remaining scan cells with the preceding test data, thus decreasing scan chain transitions during shift operations. The proposed scan architecture is coupled with test data manipulation techniques which include test stimuli ordering and partitioning algorithms, boosting test time reductions. The experimental results confirm that test time reductions exceeding 97%, and test power reductions exceeding 99% can be achieved by the proposed scan-based testing methodologies on larger ISCAS89 benchmark circuits.     

基于组合解压缩电路的多扫描链测试方法

提出一种采用组合电路实现解压缩电路的压缩方法,只需少量的输入管脚,可以驱动大量的内部扫描链·该方法利用确定性测试向量中存在的大量的不确定位(X位),采用对测试向量进行切片划分和兼容赋值的思想,通过分析扫描切片之间的兼容关系来寻找所需的外部扫描输入管脚的最小个数·实验结果表明,它能有效地降低测试数据量·此外,通过应用所提出的解压缩电路,扫描链的条数不再受到自动测试仪的限制,因此能充分发挥多扫描链设计降低测试应用时间的优点·     

低成本的两级扫描测试结构

提出了一种两级扫描测试结构：根据电路结构信息对时序单元进行分组,同组的时序单元在测试生成电路中共享同一个伪输入;将时序单元划分到不同的时钟域,在测试向量的置入过程中只有很小一部分时序单元发生逻辑值的翻转;引入新的异或网络结构,消除了故障屏蔽效应.实验结果表明,该两级测试结构与以往的方法相比,在保证故障覆盖率的同时,大大降低了测试时间、测试功耗和测试数据量.     

UMC-Scan Test Methodology: Exploiting the Maximum Freedom of Multicasting

Industry has used scan-based designs widely to promote test quality. However, for larger designs, the growing test data volume has significantly increased test cost because of excessively long test times and elevated tester memory and external test channel requirements. To address these problems, researchers have proposed numerous test compression architectures. In this article, we propose a flexible scan test methodology called universal multicasting scan (UMC scan). It has three major features: First, it provides a better than state-of-the-art test compression ratio using multicasting. Second, it accepts any existing test patterns and doesn't need ATPG support. Third, unlike most previous multicasting schemes that use mapping logic to partition the scan chains into hard configurations, UMC scan's compatible scan chain groups are defined by control bits, as in the segmented addressable scan (SAS) architecture. We have developed several techniques to reduce the extra control bits so that the overall test compression ratio can approach that of the ideal multicasting scheme.     

扫描链故障确定性诊断向量生成算法

扫描技术是一种广泛采用的结构化可测试性设计方法,是提高测试质量的有效手段.但由于扫描链及其控制逻辑可能会占到整个芯片面积的30%,因此扫描链故障导致的失效可能会达到失效总数的50%.提出一种扫描链故障确定性诊断向量生成算法:首先建立了诊断扫描链故障的电路模型,利用该模型可以采用现有固定型故障测试生成工具产生扫描链诊断向量;然后提出一种故障响应分析方法,以有效地降低候选故障对的数量,从而在保障诊断质量的前提下减少诊断向量数目,缩短了诊断过程的时间.实验结果表明,在测试诊断精确度、故障分辨率和向量生成时间方面,该算法均优于已有的扫描链诊断向量生成方法.     

Survey of Scan Chain Diagnosis

Scan-based testing has proven to be a cost-effective method for achieving good test coverage in digital circuits. The Achilles heel in the application of scan-based testing is the integrity of the scan chains. The amount of die area consumed by scan elements, chain connections, and control circuitry varies with different designs. Typically, each scan cell in a scan chain has an index number. The cells in the chain are sequentially numbered from scan output to scan input, starting with 0. A chain pattern (sometimes called a flush pattern) is a pattern consisting of shift-in and shift-out operations without pulsing capture clocks. The purpose of chain patterns is to test scan chain integrity. A scan pattern (also known as a logic test pattern) is a pattern consisting of a shift-in operation, one or multiple capture clock cycles, and a shift-out operation. The purpose of scan patterns is to test system logic. The scan cells between the scan chain input and a scan cell's scan input terminal are called the upstream cells of that scan cell. The scan cells between the scan chain output and a scan cell's scan output terminal are called the downstream cells of that scan cell.     

Securing Designs against Scan-Based Side-Channel Attacks

Traditionally, the only standard method of testing that has consistently provided high fault coverage has been scan test due to the high controllability and high observability this technique provides. The scan chains used in scan test not only allow test engineers to control and observe a chip, but these properties also allow the scan architecture to be used as a means to breach chip security. In this paper, we propose a technique, called Lock & Key, to neutralize the potential for scan-based side-channel attacks. It is very difficult to implement an all inclusive security strategy, but by knowing the attacker, a suitable strategy can be devised. The Lock & Key technique provides a flexible security strategy to modern designs without significant changes to scan test practices. Using this technique, the scan chains are divided into smaller subchains. With the inclusion of a test security controller, access to subchains are randomized when being accessed by an unauthorized user. Random access reduces repeatability and predictability making reverse engineering more difficult. Without proper authorization, an attacker would need to unveil several layers of security before gaining proper access to the scan chain in order to exploit it. The proposed Lock & Key technique is design independent while maintaining a relatively low area overhead.