无人机三维路径规划及避障方法

针对无人机(UAV)在三维环境中如何由起始点到目标点合理地规划路径避开障碍物,提出了一种基于改进粒子群算法与滚动策略相结合的UAV路径规划与避障方法.该方法首先以UAV为中心,通过传感器建立UAV的可视区域模型;其次结合滚动策略滚动探知UAV周围环境信息;最后,利用改进的粒子群算法进行路径搜索,并加入综合转角控制提高路径的平滑性.在传统粒子群算法中加入信息素与启发函数,增强算法的全局搜索能力,并对参数进行特定设计提高算法的收敛速度.仿真结果表明,该方法可以实现实时避障,所规划的路径相对平滑,且改进算法比传统算法具有较高的收敛性.     

无人机协同控制研究综述

无人机（UAV）协同控制是指一组UAV以机间通信为基础、群体智能为核心,合作分工完成某一共同任务的控制方式。UAV集群是拥有一定自主能力的大量UAV基于局部规则执行各项任务的多智能体系统,与单架UAV相比,UAV集群有着高效率、高灵活性和高可靠性等优点。针对近几年UAV协同控制技术的最新发展动态,首先,从民用和军事两个角度举例说明多UAV技术的应用前景;接着,对比分析一致性控制、蜂拥控制和编队控制这三种主流协同控制方式的区别与发展现状;最后,对协同控制面临的时延、避障和续航等问题提出几点建议,为未来UAV协同控制研究发展提供一定帮助。     

多无人机模糊多目标分布式地面目标协同追踪

针对城市环境中多约束条件下多无人机协同追踪地面目标问题,综合考虑具有不同重要性等级的多个优化目标,提出了一种基于分布式预测控制的模糊多目标航迹规划方法.首先,考虑城市环境中建筑物对无人机视线遮挡、无人机和传感器能量消耗等因素,分别采用目标覆盖度、控制输入代价和开关量形式传感器能耗等为目标函数,将多无人机协同追踪航迹规划转化为多目标优化问题;然后,基于分布式预测控制框架,利用每架无人机未来有限时域内的预测状态,构建多无人机之间的避碰约束,并结合最小转弯半径等约束,形成分布式协同航迹规划模型;最后,针对多个优化目标的不同重要性等级要求,利用模糊满意优化思想将目标模糊化,并根据更重要目标具有更重要满意度的原则,将优先等级表示为松弛满意度序,通过在线求解得到有限时域内每架无人机的局部航迹;与传统多目标加权算法仿真结果对比,验证了所提方法的有效性,充分说明了该方法能够获得同时满足目标优化和重要性等级要求的最优航迹.     

固定翼无人机在线航迹规划方法

在不确定环境下,针对固定翼无人机（UAV）航迹规划问题,提出了一种基于滚动时域控制的模糊粒子群优化算法与改进人工势场法相结合的在线航迹规划方法。首先,对凸多边形障碍物进行最小外接圆拟合;然后,根据静态威胁,将规划问题转化为一系列时域窗口内的在线子问题,利用模糊粒子群算法实时优化求解以实现静态避障;当环境中存在动态威胁时,使用改进人工势场法对航迹进行调整完成动态避障。为了满足固定翼无人机的动态约束,同时提出固定翼UAV的碰撞检测法,可提前判断障碍物是否为真正威胁源,以此减少转弯频率和幅度,降低飞行代价。仿真实验结果表明,所提方法在固定翼UAV航迹规划中能有效提升规划速度、稳定性与实时避障能力,且克服了传统人工势场容易陷入局部最优的缺点。     

Optimization-Based Safety Analysis of Obstacle Avoidance Systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in airspace requires new methods to certify collision avoidance systems. This paper presents a safety clearance process for obstacle avoidance systems, where worst case analysis is performed using simulation based optimization in the presence of all possible parameter variations. The clearance criterion for the UAV obstacle avoidance system is defined as the minimum distance from the aircraft to the obstacle during the collision avoidance maneuver. Local and global optimization based verification processes are developed to automatically search the worst combinations of the parameters and the worst-case distance between the UAV and an obstacle under all possible variations and uncertainties. Based on a 6 Degree of Freedom (6DoF) kinematic and dynamic model of a UAV, the path planning and collision avoidance algorithms are developed in 3D space. The artificial potential field method is chosen as a path planning and obstacle avoidance candidate technique for verification study as it is a simple and widely used method. Different optimization algorithms are applied and compared in terms of the reliability and efficiency.     

Distributed Cooperative Path Planning for Tracking Ground Moving Target by Multiple Fixed-wing UAVs via DMPC-GVD in Urban Environment

In this paper, a real-time distributed path planning method is developed for cooperatively tracking ground moving target in urban by multiple fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). For reasons of changeable movement of target, the commanded speed and turning rate of each UAV are both taken as control input variables. In urban environment, buildings may occlude the line of sight of on-board sensor. Hence the target coverage degree is proposed as objective function instead of distance. To save energy of UAV system as much as possible, the control input cost and sensor energy consumption are also taken as objectives. For preemptive priority requirement, the objective functions are fuzzified and the satisfactory degree order is designed to model priority. To guarantee the feasibility of solution, the varying domain is introduced to replace the strict order constraint. On this basis, generalized varying domain (GVD) method is developed to balance optimization and priority. In terms of the maneuverability of UAVs, the diverse constraints are considered, including real speed and turning rate, control input saturation, collision avoidance between UAVs, and obstacle avoidance between UAV and buildings. Consequently, distributed model predictive control (DMPC) strategy is designed to calculate the optimal path of each UAV, where the state information in finite period of UAV is transferred to the adjacent ones. The simulations show the effectiveness of proposed method by comparing with hierarchical optimization (HO).

     

基于模型预测控制与改进人工势场法的多无人机路径规划

模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)已成功地应用于无人机集群的路径规划.但其存在计算量大及单步运算时间长等不足,在实时运行中往往难以获得较高的控制频率.而离线的MPC需要准确的地图信息,难以处理地图中无法预测的动态障碍物.对此,提出一种结合离线MPC全局规划与在线改进人工势场法局部规划的方法.在利用MPC方法生成安全、平滑轨迹的同时,提高无人机在动态障碍物影响下的避障能力.通过引入调节力来处理传统人工势场法的局部极小值问题,并将目标与无人机的相对距离引入斥力函数,同时改进引力函数,以改善无人机在目标点处低速徘徊的问题.此外,设计一种事件触发的无人机轨迹变更与轨迹恢复策略,使无人机仅在必要时实施动态避障行为.在此基础上,最大化利用原来的规划轨迹.仿真验证结果表明,所提出的路径规划方法能够使无人机集群安全飞行至目标点,并且具有良好的动态避障能力.     

基于Multi-Agent系统的多飞行器协同路径规划方法的研究

无人多飞行器(UAV)协同技术是当前分布式人工智能的一个热点领域,其中一个关键技术在于如何实现多UAV集群根据复杂环境中目标、威胁、地形变化以及各UAV之间的性能约束动态进行实时性航路规划。提出一种基于Multi-agent系统的多UAV对实时动态多目标进行路径规划的方法。其核心是基于Multi-agent系统的decen-tralized控制方案。在Multi-agent平台上,实现了agent对于环境、目标、任务等路劲规划约束条件的建模,同时提出了多agent动态路径规划方法的实现方案。方案使用DisCSP模型框架,将基于真实复杂战场环境的实时路径规划问题所涉及的多复杂限制条件,抽象成Multi-agent系统中的各个约束条件,通过多agent间Dynamic Programming过程求解多UAV实时动态多目标的路径规划和协同任务分配的ABT算法,并实现在动态威胁和地形以及动态目标下具备集群协同能力的多UAV实时仿真系统。     

基于改进A*算法的无人机避障路径规划

近年来,物流行业的飞速发展,运输是物流的重要环节之一,根据数据显示,运输的成本占据整个物流成本的50%以上.无人机的使用有效的控制了运输成本,合理规划物流无人机的飞行路线,也起着至关重要的作用.在物流无人机的航迹规划中,必须保证无人机飞行过程中能够准确避开禁飞区.本文基于A^*算法,结合多种类型的禁飞区,设计出一种改进算法,能够找到任意两客户点间无人机避障飞行的最优路线.仿真结果表明,本文所设计的算法能够有效解决多类型禁飞区并存的无人机避障路径规划问题.     

Cooperative and Geometric Learning Algorithm (CGLA) for path planning of UAVs with limited information

In this paper, we propose a new learning algorithm, named as the Cooperative and Geometric Learning Algorithm (CGLA), to solve problems of maneuverability, collision avoidance and information sharing in path planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The contributions of CGLA are three folds: (1) CGLA is designed for path planning based on cooperation of multiple UAVs. Technically, CGLA exploits a new defined individual cost matrix, which leads to an efficient path planning algorithm for multiple UAVs. (2) The convergence of the proposed algorithm for calculating the cost matrix is proven theoretically, and the optimal path in terms of path length and risk measure from a starting point to a target point can be calculated in polynomial time. (3) In CGLA, the proposed individual weight matrix can be efficiently calculated and adaptively updated based on the geometric distance and risk information shared among UAVs. Finally, risk evaluation is introduced first time in this paper for UAV navigation and extensive computer simulation results validate the effectiveness and feasibility of CGLA for safe navigation of multiple UAVs.     

大规模固定翼无人机集群编队控制方法

针对大规模固定翼无人机集群的编队控制问题,提出一种分层分组控制方案.首先,设计一种分布式的无人机集群分层分组控制架构,将集群内所有无人机分成若干独立且不相交的群组,并在群组内分别形成“长机层”和“僚机层”;其次,对各群组内的长机设计协同路径跟随控制律,使长机收敛到各自期望路径上的虚拟目标点,并通过对各虚拟目标点的协调控制实现长机的协同,进而实现各群组间的协同;然后,对各组的僚机设计控制律以跟随其所在群组的长机,使其与长机保持期望的相对位置且朝向一致.设计的大规模集群编队控制律考虑了固定翼无人机的控制约束和环境中风的影响,并证明了闭环系统的稳定性.100架固定翼无人机集群的全流程数值仿真,验证了所提出控制方法的有效性.     

Collision avoidance of multi unmanned aerial vehicles: A review

The control of a multiple unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system is popular and attracting a lot of attentions. This is motivated by many practical civil and commercial UAV applications. Collision avoidance is the fundamental in motion planning of multi-UAVs, especially for large teams of UAVs. Although several collision avoidance approaches have been reported, there is a lack of highlighting the key components shared by these approaches. In this work, we aim to provide researchers with a state-of-the-art overview of various approaches for multi-UAV collision avoidance. The existing works on collision avoidance are presented through several classifications based on algorithm used and frameworks designed, and their main features are also discussed. A discussion on the literature summary in multi-UAV collision avoidance is given, Finally, the challenges in the research directions are presented.     

基于多智能体强化学习的无人机群室内辅助救援

本文主要研究了在室内场景中使用多台无人机设备对受害者进行合作搜索的问题.在室内场景中,依赖全球定位系统获取受害者位置信息可能是不可靠的.为此,本文提出一种基于多智能体强化学习(MARL)方案,该方案着重对无人机团队辅助救援时的路径规划问题进行研究.相比于传统方案,所提方案在大型室内救援场景中更具优势,例如部署多台救援无...     

Detection Avoidance and Priority-Aware Target Tracking for UAV Group Reconnaissance Operations

In this paper, we present a novel approach for stationary target tracking in reconnaissance operations with a small UAV group. A reconnaissance mission has multiple competing requirements, such as short scan time and repetitive scanning of the entire area, target recognition, and target tracking. Especially in real-world military reconnaissance scenarios, different types of targets with hostile characteristics exist. The UAVs must scan and track the targets while avoiding detection by enemies. Although small UAVs are unlikely to be detected, they become prone to detection if their path is predictable. To meet these competitive requirements, we propose an attractive pheromone-based cooperative path planning method that makes path prediction almost impossible by ensuring a random path selection mechanism. To avoid detection during target tracking, we implement a new discrete-time tracking scheme with random time intervals and random path planning for multiple UAVs. The proposed model enables a UAV group to sporadically scan the entire area, quickly locate the targets, and simultaneously track the targets based on their priority. In addition, it offers a mechanism that permits the command and control center to balance between reconnaissance and target tracking operations to meet every mission requirement.     

动态环境下改进蚁群算法的多Agent路径规划

针对动态环境下的多Agent路径规划问题,提出了一种改进的蚁群算法与烟花算法相结合的动态路径规划方法。通过自适应信息素强度值及信息素缩减因子来加快算法的迭代速度,并利用烟花算法来解决路径规划过程中的死锁问题,避免陷入局部最优。在多Agent动态避碰过程中,根据动态障碍物与多Agent之间的运行轨迹是否相交制定相应的避碰策略,并利用路径转变函数解决多Agent的正面碰撞问题。仿真实验表明,该方法优于经典蚁群算法,能够有效解决多Agent路径规划中的碰撞问题,从而快速找到最优无碰路径。     

Concurrent multi-target localization,data association,and navigation for a swarm of flying sensors

We are developing a probabilistic technique for performing multiple target detection and localization based on data from a swarm of flying sensors, for example to be mounted on a group of micro-UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles). Swarms of sensors can facilitate detecting and discriminating low signal-to-clutter targets by allowing correlation between different sensor types and/or different aspect angles. However, for deployment of swarms to be feasible, UAVs must operate more autonomously. The current approach is designed to reduce the load on humans controlling UAVs by providing computerized interpretation of a set of images from multiple sensors. We consider a complex case in which target detection and localization are performed concurrently with sensor fusion, multi-target signature association, and improved UAV navigation. This method yields the bonus feature of estimating precise tracks for UAVs, which may be applicable for automatic collision avoidance. We cast the problem in a probabilistic framework known as modeling field theory (MFT), in which the pdf of the data is composed of a mixture of components, each conditional upon parameters including target positions as well as sensor kinematics. The most likely set of parameters is found by maximizing the log-likelihood function using an iterative approach related to expectation-maximization. In terms of computational complexity, this approach scales linearly with number of targets and sensors, which represents an improvement over most existing methods. Also, since data association is treated probabilistically, this method is not prone to catastrophic failure if data association is incorrect. Results from computer simulations are described which quantitatively show the advantages of increasing the number of sensors in the swarm, both in terms of clutter suppression and more accurate target localization.     

面向无人机集群路径规划的智能优化算法综述

在电–气–热互联系统(EGHS)的联合优化愈受关注的背景下, 提出一种电–气–热互联系统分布式优化调度 框架. 首先, 以系统供能成本最小建立同时考虑气网及热网动态特性的日前调度模型. 其次, 针对电–气–热互联系 统含电、气、热3个子系统在分布式运算属三区(3-Block)优化问题因而难以利用常规分布式算法得到收敛解的问题, 提出基于交替方向乘子法(ADMM)的改进算法, 即强制平等的ADMM算法. 所提算法框架为内外层协调凸分布框 架, 外层为罚凸凹算法(PCCP), 内层为ADMM–FE算法. 此算法框架中, 外层优化利用罚凸凹过程将非凸气流方程 凸化为逐次迭代的二阶锥约束, 内层ADMM–FE算法求解外层凸化后的模型以得到收敛解. 最后, 通过算例仿真分 析对比了所提算法与传统ADMM算法及集中式优化算法的计算结果, 所得结果验证了所提模型以及优化算法框架 的有效性.     

基于元胞自动机的蜂群无人机故障影响模型

基于固定翼无人机飞行特性以及蜂群无人机控制策略,针对无人机控制器遭受恶意攻击的情形,采用时序网络与元胞自动机理论分析蜂群无人机故障影响机理.首先,通过时序网络分析蜂群无人机拓扑网络的变化情况,提出基于跳数的故障传播路径的确定方法;其次,考虑蜂群无人机状态信息,建立符合蜂群无人机特征的元胞对象,同时基于局部信息交互原则,确定元胞自动机的状态演变规则,并依据近邻信息对无人机控制律的影响,提出矢量投影法来确定故障影响权值,辨识出各无人机故障影响程度的动态变化情况;最后,建立仿真模型,利用预测与实际故障影响程度结果,基于DCG算法与模式距离验证所建故障影响模型的有效性.     

基于粒子群圆检测的无人机目标定位算法

无人机在室内等复杂环境中飞行时,存在GPS信号较弱、惯性传感器累计误差较大等问题,导致无法实现室内的精准定位.本文提出一种基于粒子群圆检测算法的无人机目标定位方法,该方法通过OpenCV视觉模组进行图像预处理,并通过增量式PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)与图像滤波相...     

三维动态环境下多无人机编队分布式保持控制

针对无人机编队沿参考轨迹飞行时遭遇突发障碍物而发生碰撞的问题, 提出一种可实时避障及机间避碰的分布式编队保持算法. 基于虚拟结构编队策略, 采用非线性模型预测控制(NMPC) 方法设计分布式编队控制器. 为了实现通讯延迟下的机间避碰, 采用基于不同优先级的改进避碰惩罚策略. 仿真结果表明, 所设计的分布式编队控制器能保证编队及时避开环境中的突发障碍物, 且无人机间不发生互碰, 避障后的各编队继续以原队形沿参考轨迹飞行.