聚偏氟乙烯超疏水分离膜的制备

采用溶液涂覆-浸没相分离法对聚偏氟乙烯膜(PVDF)进行表面复合改性,制备了超疏水分离膜。初步考察了涂覆液中PVDF固含量和涂覆条件(浸泡时间、预蒸发时间、凝固浴组成和凝固浴温度)对复合膜疏水性能的影响。实验结果表明,当涂覆液中PVDF含量为1.88%(质量分数)时,膜丝有最大接触角136°;复合膜的接触角随浸泡时间的延长呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当浸泡时间为40s时,接触角最大,达到133°;在较短时间内(0～5s),预蒸发时间对复合膜的接触角影响不大;复合膜的接触角随着凝固浴中DMAc含量的增加而逐渐减小,随着凝固浴温度的增大而增大,当凝固浴温度为65℃时,膜表面的接触角增至153°。     

PVDF中空纤维膜改性研究(1)交联PVP制备亲水化PVDF中空纤维膜

利用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的自交联以及与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的互交联,实现了PVDF微孔膜的亲水化改性.考察了溶液浓度、反应时间等因素对改性PVDF膜性能的影响,采用FT-IR、NMR、接触角和水通量等测试方法表征改性前后PVDF膜的性能.结果表明,自交联PVP的强吸水性使得改性后的PVDF膜(PVDF-cl-PVP膜)亲水性显著提高,与水的接触角45 s内即可降至0°,膜的纯水通量为600 L/(m2·h).PVDF与PVP的互交联以及PVP的自交联结构使得PVP牢牢固定于PVDF微孔膜外表面及膜内部孔通道表面,实现了PVDF微孔膜的永久亲水化.PVDF-cl-PVP膜经纯水反复清洗后仍能保持很高的亲水性.经PVP改性后,PVDF膜的通量恢复率提高了16％,表明PVDF-cl-PVP膜的抗污染性得到显著提高.     

凝固浴组成对PVDF/TA-ATP杂化膜成膜过程及膜性能的影响研究

将单宁酸(TA)改性的凹凸棒土(ATP)与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和致孔剂聚乙二醇(PEG)混合,通过浸没沉淀相转化法制备了PVDF/TA-ATP杂化膜。利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对杂化膜的热性能及微观形貌进行了表征,采用热力学相图和超声反射方法探讨了凝固浴组成对膜成膜过程的影响,进而研究了凝固浴组成对膜水通量的影响。研究结果表明,随着凝固浴中乙醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)含量的增加,PVDF/TA-ATP体系耐非溶剂能力增强,成膜速度减慢,膜孔结构由指状孔向海绵层结构渐变,纯水通量整体呈增大趋势。     

凝固浴组分对双凝固浴法制备PVDF膜结构和性能的影响

在内外凝胶浴中添加不同含量的溶剂,采用双凝固浴法制备了PVDF/PVP/DMAc中空纤维膜.通过膜形貌扫描电镜( SEM)表征,纯水水通量和牛血清蛋白(BSA)截留率测试实验,分析评价了凝固浴中溶剂含量对PVDF中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响.结果表明,凝固浴中溶剂含量增大会导致皮层孔隙率增多,而对亚层结构的影响各不相同.膜的纯水渗透通量变化无明显规律性,但BSA截留率保持相对稳定.当内外凝固浴中溶剂体积分数分别为30％和70％时,膜内部大孔发育良好,亚层疏松多孔,水通量分别为270 L/(m2,h)和548 L/(m2·h),显示了良好的渗透性能.     

聚乙二醇分子量对聚偏氟乙烯杂化膜的影响

通过非溶剂致相分离(NIPS)制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)杂化平板膜,以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)为溶剂,氯化锂(LiCl)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-k30)为固定添加剂,分别以相同含量的不同分子量聚乙二醇(PEG)为亲水改性剂制备平板膜。实验结果表明不同分子量的PEG均能提高PVDF膜的亲水性和孔隙率,膜的水通量随PEG分子量的增加而先增加后减小,含PEG6000的PVDF膜纯水通量最大为1355.214L/(h·m2·atm),膜的孔隙率达到87.651%,膜表面接触角为70.2°,具有较好的亲水改性。选择合适的PEG分子量对膜改性效果具有重要的意义。     

高疏水表面的聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜制备方法研究

采用稀溶液相转化法制备出小粒径的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粒子,然后通过超滤方法将其涂覆在PVDF基膜表面上,得到了高疏水性表面的PVDF疏水膜.初步考察了凝固浴组成和凝固浴温度等稀溶液相分离条件对PVDF粒子的形成以及疏水膜性能的影响.结果表明,通过稀溶液相转化方法可以在基膜表面构建微纳米结构,凝固浴组成对改性疏水膜的表面微纳米结构影响很大,以质量分数为60%DMAc水溶液为凝固浴条件下得到的疏水膜接触角最高,达到144.9°,较基膜的接触角80°显著提高;凝固浴组成对疏水膜的透气系数和透水压力也有影响,透水压力由0.24 MPa提升至0.28 MPa;凝固浴组成对改性后疏水膜的孔径没有明显影响;随着凝固浴温度的升高,接触角呈增大趋势.     

脱硫用PVDF膜的结构调控与性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为膜材料,二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,采用浸没沉淀相转化法制膜,研究了亲/疏水性的添加剂对PVDF膜结构、接触角及气通量的影响;采用含氟表面活性剂 Zonyl 8740对PVDF膜进行疏水改性,通过ATR-FTIR、FE-SEM、接触角等对膜表征,并进行脱硫性能评价.结果表明,疏水性添加剂使PVDF膜表面水接触角提高,添加剂种类对膜气通量有明显影响,在20℃、0.01 MPa实验条件下,PVDF膜最大气通量为85.6 m3/(m2·h),Zonyl 8740涂覆改性后PVDF膜表面疏水性提高,水接触角可达到133.5°,二氧化硫脱除率可达到81.3％.     

PVDF/PVA共混膜的研究

采用湿法相转化法制备了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混膜,研究了PVDF/PVA共混体系的相容性,并讨论了PVDF/PVA共混比、固含量、添加剂浓度、凝固条件与后处理对膜结构及性能的影响.结果表明,PVDF/PVA为不相容体系,在成膜过程中产生界面微孔;随PVA含量增加,PVDF/PVA共混膜水通量先增大后减小,在PVDF/PVA为8/2时呈较大值,截留率变化趋势则相反;PVA的存在明显改善了PVDF/PVA共混膜的亲水性,表现为随其含量增加共混膜接触角明显减小;随固含量增加,膜厚度增加,孔隙率降低,水通量减小,截留率升高;添加剂PEG600浓度为6%时,孔隙率高,水通量大,但截留率低;凝固浴种类直接影响膜结构及性能;热处理可完善膜结构从而获得性能更优的膜.选择适当的铸膜条件可制成较好的膜产品,而且共混膜通量明显大于各组分通量的加权,表明共混是一种改善PVDF膜性能的有效方法.     

凝固浴组成对PVDF-g-PACMO共聚物膜结构与抗污染性能的影响

采用亲水、无毒、生物相容性好、对蛋白质吸附有排斥作用的丙烯酰吗啉(ACMO)对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)本体进行亲水改性,研究了凝固浴中不同乙醇含量(乙醇:去离子水的质量比分别为0∶100,15∶85,30∶70,45∶55)对PVDFg-PACMO共聚物膜抗污染性能的影响。结果表明,随着凝固浴中乙醇含量的增加,膜断面孔结构向海绵状转变,膜平均孔径和孔隙率增大,纯水通量增加,牛血清蛋白(BSA)截留率降低,膜表面亲水性增加,抗污染性能提高。当凝固浴中乙醇质量分数为45%时,膜表面BSA的吸附量由115.4μg/cm2降至20.6μg/cm2,通量恢复率高达97.6%,总污染指数低至0.148。因此,通过改变凝固浴中乙醇的含量,能使PVDF-g-PACMO膜表面亲水性明显提高,制得了具有良好抗蛋白质污染能力的改性PVDF膜。     

聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜一步法亲水化改性研究

采用高能电子束预辐照接枝的方法,研究了液相丙烯酸(AAc)和苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)双元混合体系对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜的接枝改性,用一步法直接制备了含有羧酸基团和磺酸基团的强亲水性PVDF微孔膜.考察了辐照剂量、反应时间、反应温度、单体浓度、单体配比以及反应溶液pH值等对接枝率的影响.采用FT-IR、接触角和水通量表征改性前后的膜表面性质和膜性能.结果表明,接枝改性后膜的亲水性增强,接触角随接枝率的增加而降低,水通量随接枝率的增加呈现出先升后降的变化,这主要是由于高接枝率时膜表面和膜孔被接枝链堵塞.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。