改性HZSM-5分子筛在乙醇脱水制生物乙烯工业小试中的应用研究

主要研究了改性HZSM-5分子筛在固定床反应器上催化乙醇脱水制生物乙烯的应用情况,考察了反应温度、质量空速、乙醇质量浓度以及催化剂粒度等工艺条件对改性HZSM-5分子筛催化性能的影响,同时考察了催化剂的单程寿命。结果显示,反应温度在200~300℃,乙醇质量空速为1.2 h~(-1)的条件下,采用470 g/L的乙醇溶液,催化剂粒度在10~20目之间,乙醇转化率为99%以上,乙烯选择性为98%以上,单程可连续运转1 104 h,表明改性HZSM-5在乙醇脱水工业小试中的催化性能优异。     

不同硅铝比HZSM-5催化正己烷耦合甲醇芳构化

在温度为400℃,压力为0.50 MPa,质量空速为1 h~(-1),甲醇与正己烷质量比为7/3的条件下,在50 mL固定床反应器中考察了5种不同硅铝比HZSM-5分子筛催化正己烷耦合甲醇芳构化反应的活性和稳定性,并对HZSM-5分子筛进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、N_2吸-脱附、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)表征。研究结果表明:硅铝比低的HZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂时,产物中芳烃的选择性较大;硅铝比高的HZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂时,其反应稳定性较好。硅铝比为15时,芳烃选择性为49.7%,催化剂寿命为144 h;硅铝比为75时,芳烃选择性为27.7%,催化剂寿命为384 h。表征结果显示:不同硅铝比HZSM-5分子筛是由纳米尺寸的小晶粒构成,均具有MFI晶型结构,比表面积和孔体积相近;高硅铝比HZSM-5分子筛的中强酸量和Br?nsted酸量较小,反应温和,催化剂稳定性较好,不同硅铝比HZSM-5分子筛的酸量差异可能是造成催化性能不同的主要原因。     

高温水蒸汽处理对HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯的影响

考察不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂和经过高温水蒸汽处理后的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂在甲醇制丙烯反应中的催化性能,考察温度和空速对催化反应的影响。结果表明,随着HZSM-5分子筛硅铝比的增加,产物中丙烯选择性增大,可能是分子筛的酸性降低所致;经过高温水蒸汽处理后的HZSM-5分子筛表面酸性降低,提高了催化剂的催化性能。在反应温度450 ℃和空速1.0 h^-1条件下,600 ℃高温水蒸汽处理后的催化剂HT-600的丙烯选择性从改性前的26.8%提高到33.5%。     

Zn与Mn复合改性HZSM-5催化低浓度乙醇脱水制乙烯

对浸渍法锌锰复合改性HZSM-5分子筛用于催化低浓度乙醇脱水制备乙烯进行了研究. 探讨了改性溶液类型、HZSM-5原粉硅/铝比和改性条件(改性溶液浓度、浸渍时间、浸渍温度、焙烧温度)对Zn/Mn/ZSM-5催化乙醇脱水效果的影响，通过XRD、孔体积与比表面积、微观形貌分析等方法对改性前后的HZSM-5进行了表征. 结果表明，当HZSM-5原粉硅/铝比为25，改性温度为40℃, Zn(NO3)2和MnCl2浓度分别为2%和6%条件下改性1 h，再于550℃焙烧获得的分子筛催化效果最好，乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性分别达到99%和92%以上. 表征结果表明，Zn2+和Mn2+进入了分子筛骨架中，分子筛能很好地保持原有的结构，并且B酸中心量减少，L酸中心量增多，这有利于乙醇催化脱水制乙烯.     

HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上乙醇脱水制乙烯的工艺分析

对商品化的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的乙醇脱水性能进行了考察,结果表明：使用HZSM-5分子筛催化剂时,随着反应温度的升高,气态产物中正丁烯的含量增加,乙烯的含量下降,说明分子筛的表面酸性过强,不能有效的抑制乙烯的二聚反应,脱水反应条件是：反应温度240~260℃,空速范围0.7~1.0h-1,乙烯的收率在98%以上,适用于低浓度乙醇的脱水反应。     

正己烷在HZSM-5分子筛上的催化裂解研究

为筛选反应活性和烯烃选择性相对较高的催化剂用于研究吸热型碳氢燃料的催化裂解,以正己烷的催化裂解作为探针反应,探讨其在不同硅铝物质的量比HZSM-5［n(Si)∶n(Al)=25、36、100］分子筛上催化裂解的反应活性和产物分布。结果表明,正己烷在HZSM-5分子筛上的裂解转化率随温度的升高和分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的减小而增大;裂解产物中乙烯、丙烯和总烯烃的选择性均随裂解温度的升高和分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的增加而增加,在（300~550） ℃,HZSM-5［n（Si)∶n(Al)=36］上的总烯烃收率最高,芳烃含量随分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的增加而减小;基于裂解转化率、烯烃和芳烃收率等因素综合考虑,HZSM-5 n(Si)∶n(Al)=36］分子筛为优选催化剂。     

二甲醚蒸气重整催化制氢工艺

考察了HZSM-5型分子筛在不同温度下对二甲醚水解的活性与稳定性,分析了分子筛硅铝比的影响。还将HZSM-5-50（硅铝比为50）与自制Cu-Zn-Al（摩尔比为3∶5∶2）催化剂进行物理混合制成复合催化剂,研究了两者质量配比对复合催化剂上二甲醚蒸气重整制氢过程中转化率与氢选择性的影响,并考察了不同原料气体空速下复合催化剂的性能。结果表明,复合催化剂质量比Cu-Zn-Al∶HZSM-5-50为1∶1、温度为275 ℃、气体空速为18000 mL/(gcat·h)的反应条件下性能比较稳定,当空速接近4000 mL/(gcat·h)时,H2收率可获极值,达到54%左右。     

甲醇存在时镧改性HZSM-5催化剂对噻吩转化反应的影响

探讨了在甲醇存在时,La改性HZSM-5(硅铝摩尔比为25)分子筛催化剂对噻吩在固定床微型反应器中的催化脱硫转化反应的影响.通过对反应温度、甲醇含量、La负载量、质量空速等各影响因素的分析,得到以下的结论:只有在350℃以上时,噻吩有比较好的转化效果,在HZSM-5(或La-HZSM-5)分子筛催化剂上噻吩的转化率与硫化氢的产率分别达到了30.5%(或51.0%)、8.0%(或18.0%)以上,同一温度下或在同一甲醇浓度时,在La-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上噻吩的转化率与硫化氢的产率比在HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上分别高许多;含活性氢物质甲醇的浓度是甲醇与溶剂苯的体积比为0.5时,在HZSM-5(或La-HZSM-5)分子筛催化剂上噻吩的转化率与硫化氢的产率分别达到了最大值15.3%(或51.3%)、6.5%(或18.1%).掺镧的HZSM-5催化剂对噻吩的催化转化有促进作用,掺镧量为1.0%时噻吩的转化率和硫化氢的产率分别达到了51.3%和18.1%;质量空速对噻吩的催化转化的影响主要体现在影响噻吩在催化剂床层上的停留时间,质量空速为14.4 h-1比较合适,因为无论有无甲醇存在,在此空速下在HZSM-5或La-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上都分别出现了最高的噻吩转化率与最高的硫化氢产率.     

MTP工艺副产轻质油在HZSM-5上催化裂解行为的研究

利用水热法合成了形貌相似、硅铝摩尔比不同的HZSM-5分子筛,通过XRD、SEM、XRF、N2-吸附/脱附、NH_3-TPD和FT-IR方法对其进行表征,并在固定床反应器中对其催化裂解Lurgi甲醇制丙烯(MTP)工艺副产轻质油性能进行了评价。结果表明,硅铝摩尔比低的HZSM-5分子筛具有更多的B酸酸量、L酸酸量及总酸酸量,这是其具有低温高活性及较低的乙烯和丙烯产率的主因。提高HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的硅铝摩尔比,有利于增加乙烯和丙烯的产率,且芳烃产率降低。反应温度和重时空速对Lurgi MTP副产轻质油催化裂解产物有明显影响。乙烯和丙烯产率随着反应温度的提高先增加后降低。增加重时空速,催化裂解中间产物组成上也发生了较大变化。低的重时空速有利于多产低碳烯烃,适宜的重时空速在1.5~3.0 h~(-1)左右,乙烯和丙烯产率达到最高值55.36%。     

La-HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯

以HZSM-5分子筛改性得到的3%LA-HZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,在小型的固定床反应器中(φ45 mm×600 mm)考察了乙醇浓度、反应温度和液时空速对乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、N2吸附-脱附和热重-差示扫描量热仪(TG-DSC)等手段对3%La-HZSM-5分子筛反应前后催化剂的物性变化进行分析,并考察了催化剂的稳定性.结果表明,该催化剂对乙醇脱水反应具有良好的催化性能,较好的再生性能、强度和稳定性.乙醇脱水反应的合适反应条件为催化剂180 g,乙醇质量浓度50%,液时空速1.1 h-1,反应温度260℃.在此条件下,乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性均高于98%,催化剂单程使用寿命达900 h.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.