海产品中溶藻弧菌的分离及多种方法鉴定效果的比较

目的了解北京市市售海产品中溶藻弧菌的污染情况,并对使用不同方法鉴定溶藻弧菌的效果进行比较。方法样品经碱性蛋白胨水增菌后,分别于硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖(TCBS)琼脂培养基和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基上划线培养,实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法鉴定可疑菌落。以rpoB基因测序方法为参考,比较了实时荧光PCR和VITEK两种方法的鉴定效果。结果对北京市水产品市场随机采集的116份海产品进行了检测,实时荧光PCR法鉴定出溶藻弧菌阳性样品95份,检出率高达82%。使用科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基的检出率高于TCBS培养基,分别为82%(95/116)和72%(83/116)。经rpoB基因核苷酸序列测定确定95株疑似菌株为溶藻弧菌。采用VITEK 2 COMPACT GN鉴定卡对这95株菌株进行鉴定,31株鉴定为溶藻弧菌,其余未能得到准确的鉴定结果。结论北京市市售海产品中溶藻弧菌检出率高。科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基比TCBS琼脂培养基更适于溶藻弧菌的分离,实时荧光PCR法的鉴定效果优于VITEK法。     

上海市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的分布状况

海产品中副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒已成为我国沿海地区细菌性食物中毒的首要病原。本研究中针对上海市闵行区某农贸市场的海产品开展为期1年的调查分析,共采集257份样品。按照国家标准(GB/T4789.7-2008),以硫代硫酸钠柠檬酸胆盐蔗糖培养基(TCBS)和科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基(CV)两种选择性培养基辅助分离副溶血性弧菌疑似菌株,结合生化试验和PCR方法对疑似菌株进行鉴定,从84份阳性样本中获得107株副溶血性弧菌分离株。其结果表明:该农贸市场市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染率为32.7%,其中牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌污染率最高(达54.4%),蛤蜊和海瓜子次之(分别为33.9%,25.6%)。牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌的污染水平与季节性变化直接相关。对107株分离株的主要毒力基因tdh和trh进行PCR筛查,tdh阳性菌株为10株,trh阳性菌株为1株,并且此株菌为tdh、trh双阳性菌株,tdh和trh的携带率分别为9.4%和1.0%,tdh、trh双基因的携带率为1.0%。结论:市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染状况较为严重。这为政府相关职能部门开展食品安全防控提供了参考依据。     

冰鲜金鲳鱼样品中一株副溶血性弧菌的分离与鉴定

目的对一株分离于冰鲜金鲳鱼样品中的菌株进行分析鉴定。方法利用TCBS培养基和弧菌选择性培养基从冰鲜金鲳鱼样品中分离到1株菌株sznj V083,并对该菌株的菌落形态、生理生化特征及其分子生物学特性进行分析。同时进行副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)标准菌株ATCC33847,创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)标准菌株ATCC27562的质控检验。结果该菌株在TCBS平板上呈现蓝绿色菌落,而在弧菌显色平板上呈现深蓝色菌落,其全自动生化鉴定结果显示其为创伤弧菌。PCR试验和16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株为副溶血性弧菌并与参考菌株Vibrio parahaemolyticus BB22OP(登陆号CP003973.1)的同源性最高。且该菌株的毒力基因tdh、trh检测为阴性。结论分离于冰鲜金鲳鱼样品中的菌株sznj V083为副溶血性弧菌。在副溶血性弧菌的检测中,除了常规的生理生化等方法外,还应该结合16S rDNA基因序列分析或PCR方法提高检测结果的特异性和灵敏度,以保证检测结果的真实性和准确性。     

两种大肠杆菌显色培养基检测效果的比较

2011年7月~9月,随机采集广州市区100份食品样品,包括肉制品、速冻食品、乳制品、水产品、果蔬、熟食和食用菌等,参考国标GB/T4789.6-2003方法结合显色培养基对食品中的大肠杆菌进行检验,比较环凯显色培养基HKM和科玛嘉显色培养基CHROMagar E的检测效果,为显色培养基的优化和调整提供基础资料。结果表明,大肠杆菌在两种显色培养基上都呈现直径1 mm~2 mm、边缘整齐的蓝绿色菌落。100份食品样品中,HKM检出阳性样品66份,检出率66%,CHROMagar E检出阳性样品65份,检出率为65%,采用X2检验对二者的检出率进行比较,结果无显著性差异(P=0.882>0.05),两种培养基的检测效果相当。另外,检验中从HKM和CHROMagar E上分别分离出4株和5株假阳性菌株,表明二者都存在一定的假阳性。尽管两种显色平板都有一定缺陷,但都可用于食品中大肠杆菌的快速分离和鉴定。     

上海市水产品副溶血性弧菌的污染情况及毒力基因分布

副溶血性弧菌是引起沿海城市食源性疾病爆发的主要致病菌之一。为了调查2015年7月—2016年6月上海市内水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染情况及毒力菌株的分布,根据GB/T 4789. 2013《食品卫生微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》方法结合聚合酶链式反应及环介导等温扩增技术,从206份水产样品中分离出201株疑似副溶血性弧菌,挑取疑似菌株接种至科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基并获取最大可能数,提取菌株基因组DNA对其进行毒力基因鉴定。从上海芦潮港码头收集71份样品中,有59份样品中分离出副溶血性弧菌,污染量为88.36 MPN/hg。上海市水产市场采样副溶血性弧菌污染率高达91.11%,污染量为1 361.76 MPN/hg。其中,tdh、trh阳性菌株污染率分别为1.6%、1.0%,均分离自虾中。研究表明,上海市售水产品中虾类是总副溶血性弧菌及致病性副溶血性弧菌污染率最高的水产品种类。水产品市场相对于自然环境而言具有更高的污染率和污染量,水产品捕捞后的一系列操作增加了副溶血性弧菌的污染。这些结果为上海市食源性疾病的防控提供了依据。     

改良方法检验冷冻海产品中副溶血性弧菌

【目的】建立一种有效、可靠的方法检验冷冻海产品中副溶血性弧菌，弥补传统方法的局限。【方法】用改进碱性胨水(MAPW)和盐结晶紫增菌液(SVPE)同时对5种冷冻海产品50份样进行增菌后，分别接种至科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基(CV)和硫代硫酸钠柠檬酸胆盐蔗糖培养基(TCBS)，以评估两种增菌液和两种分离培养基的效果；随机选取改良方法检出的10个分离株，用PCR技术扩增副溶血性弧菌特有的t1基因，以认证改良方法的准确性。【结果】当采用改良方法，即MAPW增菌CV分离时，检出率为100％；当采用传统法即SVPE增菌TCBS分离时，检出率为60～80％；用PCR技术在所选取的10个分离株中都扩增出了t1基因。【结论】改良方法是一种高效、准确的检验方法。     

漳州水产养殖环境中副溶血弧菌的流行状况分析

为探究漳州市养殖环境中副溶血弧菌流行状况和基因多态性,无菌采集2019年1～7月份本地区7个养殖场中罗非鱼、石斑鱼和虾的新鲜样品。用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基（thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar culture medium, TCBS）对样品的疑似副溶血弧菌进行分离纯化,用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增tlh基因和16S rDNA基因片段并测序,鉴定疑似菌株。用随机扩增多态性法（random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD）对分离株进行分型。实验共采集228份样品,微生物学初筛得到111株疑似菌株,PCR检测并测序鉴定69株为副溶血弧菌,阳性率为30.26%。RAPD技术对分离株分型,得到了较清晰的电泳条带,分析指纹图谱发现69株副溶血弧菌可分为9个主要类型,遗传相似性在83%～100%范围内。养殖场中的水产品一定程度上受到副溶血弧菌的污染,且不同水产品、不同养殖场、不同时间副溶血弧菌的污染程度都不同。     

副溶血性弧菌与弧菌科易混淆菌的鉴别方法

目的 快速鉴别副溶血性弧菌检测工作中常见的几种易混淆菌。方法 首先筛选出7株在副溶血性弧菌检测工作中的易混淆菌株, 分别通过选择性平板、初步生化筛选和干制生化鉴定试剂盒的方法, 对包括副溶血性弧菌标准菌株在内的8株菌进行鉴别分析。结果 各菌株培养24 h后, 只有创伤弧菌能在改良纤维二糖多粘菌素B多粘菌素E琼脂平板上生长; 硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基对弧菌科菌株鉴别性较强; 结合硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基以及弧显平板上的菌落大小和颜色特征, 可对以上8株菌进行鉴别, 利用各菌株在副溶血性弧菌的典型生化反应上的不同点, 可进一步进行验证。结论 掌握各检测阶段菌株的不同特征, 通过常规检测方法实现快速鉴别, 节省检测时间, 提高检测效率, 及时发现其它可疑致病菌。     

MALDI-TOF-MS方法检测、鉴定副溶血性弧菌

目的 应用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术建立快速检测和鉴定副溶血性弧菌的方法。方法 采用副溶血性弧菌标准菌株,在不同的培养基或不同的培养时间进行MALDI-TOF-MS检测,同时对长时间冷冻保存的菌株进行检测,以验证该方法的稳定性和重复性。对不同来源的菌株进行检测,以确认方法的准确性。结果 用PW、TCBS琼脂和弧菌显色培养基等3种培养基,以及分别培养18 h、42 h和72 h的细菌,对该菌的蛋白质谱图影响很小;保存2年的菌株,其MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定分值保持稳定;对来自不同国家和地区的不同来源的菌株都可以得到同样准确的结果。结论 MALDI-TOF-MS方法可以快速、准确地鉴定副溶血性弧菌。因其具有很好的稳定性和重复性,可用于副溶血性弧菌的日常检测。     

北部湾茅尾海副溶血性弧菌的分离鉴定与致病性分析

为解析北部湾海域及水产品中副溶血性弧菌的多样性特征与安全风险,本研究采集了北部湾茅尾海养殖区域海水和水产经济动物样品,利用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基(TCBS)对所采样品进行海洋弧菌的分离和纯化,共分离获得109株疑似弧菌菌株。通过16S rDNA和特异功能基因toxR的PCR扩增并测序鉴定,共检出副溶血性弧菌20株,检出率为18.3%。此外,通过系统发育分析还发现副溶血性弧菌的toxR和tdh基因序列都存在水平基因转移现象,呈现出较大的多样性。对20个副溶血性弧菌菌株的毒力基因tdh进行分析,结果表明有4株携带了tdh毒力基因,检出率为20%,易引起食物中毒,对公共卫生造成的威胁较大。因此,本研究建议采用PCR技术开展副溶血性弧菌特异种属基因和毒力基因检测,准确评估北部湾区域海水及其水产品的卫生安全性,降低爆发水产养殖业病害和食源性疾病的风险。     

Selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticust

The thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of V. parahaemolyticus from Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio mimicus. This study examined the selectivity and specificity of Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium (BCVM), a chromogenic medium that detects V. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. A panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 179 Vibrio spp. and 42 non-Vibrio spp., were examined for their ability to grow and produce colored colonies on BCVM. Growth of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas was inhibited by both BCVM and TCBS. All 148 strains of V. parahaemolyticus grew on BCVM, and 145 of them produced purple colonies. The remaining 31 Vibrio spp., except one strain of Vibrio fluvialis, were either unable to grow or produced blue-green or white colonies on BCVM. Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium was capable of differentiating V. parahaemolyticus from other species, including V. vulnificus and V. mimicus. Further studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of BCVM for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in foods.     

四川省动物性食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及污染分析

目的：为分析四川省动物性食品源金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,简称SA)的耐药性,收集菌株,同时分析动物性食品中SA的污染情况。方法：本实验自2006年12月至2007年9月从四川省各地采集猪源、牛源、鸡源动物性食品样品共2560份,利用选择性培养基和生化实验等常规方法分离鉴定SA。结果：用Baird-Parker平板初步筛出疑似SA 118株,结合国标中规定的涂片染色镜检,溶血现象和血浆凝固酶实验结果,判定SA 有108株,而科玛嘉金黄色葡萄球菌显色平板和TH-16S中的双歧索引鉴定结果均判定SA有 113株;依据TH-16S中的16项生化实验结果,118株疑似SA仅有64%(76株)的菌株鉴定为SA。依据国标判定结果,2560份样品中SA的分离率为4.21%,其中生牛奶中SA的分离率最高(10.54%),其次是猪肉(7.11%),鲜鸡蛋中SA的分离率为零。结论：四川地区动物性食品源SA的生化表型复杂且存在一定差异,常规的表型分析具有一定缺陷。各个地方各类样品中SA污染情况有一定差异,与其他报道相比,四川省生肉、生奶和鲜蛋中SA的分离率较低。     

Comparison of a Chromogenic Medium with Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose Agar for Detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus

ABSTRACT: The widely used most probable number (MPN) method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of V. parahaemolyticus from Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio mimicus on the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS). Presumptive positive colonies grown onTCBS need to be confirmed with lengthy biochemical tests. This study compared a chromogenic medium, Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium (BCVM), with TCBS for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in seawater, sediment, and oysters using a 3-tube MPN method. Among the 296 samples tested, 136 and 92 samples produced presumptive positive results on TCBS and BCVM, respectively. Biochemical tests and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay confirmed 74 of 83 samples that were presumptive positive on both TCBS and BVCM as V. parahaemolyticus . Although false-positive results were reported when either medium was used, there were 62 reported for TCBS whereas only 15 were reported for BCVM. The specificities of TCBS and BCVM for V. parahaemolyticus detection were determined to be 77% and 94%, respectively. The accuracies of detecting V. parahaemolyticus were 54% for TCBS and 84% for BCVM. The Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium can be used in the MPN method to reduce the number of biochemical tests needed for V. parahaemolyticus confirmation.     

两起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒血清学溯源结果分析

目的 对两起副溶血性弧菌(VP)引起的食物中毒进行血清学溯源,分析可疑食品和病人样品中菌株血清型之间的关系.方法 依据GB/T4789.7-2008方法,对检出的VP做血清分型、溶血素试验;PCR扩增VP直接耐热溶血素基因(tdh)、tdh相关溶血素基因(trh)和毒素调控基因(toxR).结果 通过增加样品中可疑菌落数量的鉴定,两起食物中毒共检出9种VP血清型,主要有O3∶K6型13株,O2∶K28型6株,O1∶K56型2株,其它各1株;两起食物中毒中分离的27株VP有17株tdh基因检测阳性,与溶血试验结果一致.结论 增加可疑菌落数鉴定,有助于VP食物中毒的溯源;虽然O3∶ K6血清型是引起食物中毒的主要病原菌,但不同样品来源的VP血清型呈现多样性;副溶血性弧菌tdh基因检测等同于溶血试验来鉴定VP致病性.     

Evaluation of standard and new chromogenic selective plating media for isolation and identification of Bacillus cereus

In this study, the performance of two new chromogenic plating media (CBC and BCM) was compared with two standard selective plating media (PEMBA and MYP) recommended by food authorities for isolation, identification and enumeration of Bacillus cereus. The four media types were challenged with a strain set comprising 100 B. cereus isolates from different origins and with different toxigenic potentials (40 food isolates, 40 isolates from food borne outbreaks and 20 clinical isolates). Additionally, the performance of the plating media for analysis of complex samples was assessed using naturally contaminated foods. Our survey showed that the new chromogenic media represent a good alternative to the conventional standard media. Especially, if laboratory staff are not highly trained in identification of B. cereus, the conventional media could lead to substantial misidentification and underestimation of food borne illness caused by B. cereus. However, there are some B. cereus strains that could not even be detected with this new type of chromogenic media. After the fatal misidentification of a highly toxic strain, other methods for a conclusive identification of B. cereus are needed. Sequence analysis of the plcR gene, a pleiotropic regulator of various virulence factors and B. cereus specific enzymes, revealed a significant correlation between atypical colony appearance and specific variances within the plcR gene sequences of those strains. The current concept of selective plating media, utilising PlcR regulated enzyme activities for differentiation purposes, should therefore be reconsidered and research should be geared towards culture independent methods.     

New chromogenic plating media for detection and enumeration of pathogenic Listeria spp.--an overview

In recent years a number of selective chromogenic plating media for pathogenic Listeria spp. have been developed and marketed. Their advantages are direct detection and enumeration of pathogenic Listeria spp. utilizing cleavage of substrates by the virulence factor phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and, to a lesser extent, by phosphatidylcholin-phospholipase C (PC-PLC). There are two groups of such media: the first utilizes cleavage by PI-PLC of L-alpha-phosphatidyl-inositol, forming a white precipitation zone around the colony, combined with the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside for detection of beta-d-glucosidase, which occurs in all Listeria spp. All Listeria spp. produce turquoise colonies on these media which include ALOA , CHROMagar Listeria, BBL CHROMagar Listeria, and OCLA. The second group of media utilizes 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-myoinositol-1-phosphate, forming blue-turquoise colonies of pathogenic Listeria spp. and white colonies of non-pathogenic Listeria spp. BCM trade mark Listeria monocytogenes plating medium, Rapid'L.mono and LIMONO-Ident-Agar belong to this group. Selective chromogenic L. monocytogenes plating media offer the attraction of rapid economic detection and enumeration of pathogenic Listeria spp. within 24 or 48 h of incubation at 36+/-1 degrees C. This overview summarises the characteristics of these chromogenic plating media, reviews important evaluations, and focuses on replacement of conventional by these chromogenic plating media, particularly for applications in the food industry.     

水飞蓟素对副溶血性弧菌的抑制作用

目的 以两种副溶血性弧菌为研究对象,探究水飞蓟素对于副溶血性弧菌的抑制及其作用机制。方法 通过琼脂板稀释法和肉汤稀释法确定水飞蓟素对两株菌的最小抑制浓度（MIC）,然后进一步通过研究水飞蓟素在不同培养基上处理后的副溶血性弧菌的生长曲线、生物膜形成情况、细胞膜完整性及钾离子外流情况的变化,探究水飞蓟素在不同培养基上对副溶血性弧菌的抑制作用及可能的作用机制。结果 水飞蓟素能够抑制生物膜的形成,损害细胞膜,导致细胞变形,显著增加钾离子外流,来抑制副溶血性弧菌的生长,并且不同培养基的抑制作用是不一样的。结论 水飞蓟素能够对副溶血性弧菌产生较强的抑制作用,有作为天然的抗菌物质应用于食品工业的潜力。