Quadratic Shepard插值法在TPC探测器电场计算中的应用

获得准确、连续性好的电场分布数据是开展时间投影电离室（TPC）探测器模拟计算的重要基础。本文基于常用的有限元程序ANSYS,实现了TPC探测器3D电场计算及电场数据在探测器模拟程序GARFIELD中的读入。采用Quadratic Shepard插值法,对电场数据进行了插值处理。计算结果表明,Quadratic Shepard插值法能在周围插值点分布极端不均匀情况下获得较为准确的结果。Quadratic Shepard插值法解决了GARFIELD程序对有限元计算中元素单元类型的依赖问题,适用于包含细丝等复杂结构的TPC探测器的3D电场计算及模拟优化。     

α径迹法用于分辨高浓铀和Pu微粒的方法研究

擦拭样品微粒分析技术是核保障环境样品分析的一种主要手段,从大量灰尘颗粒中识别并定位含高浓铀（HEU）或含Pu微粒是微粒分析首先需要解决的问题。本文以HEU和Pu微粒为研究对象,建立了用于微粒α径迹测量的样品制备方法,采用CR-39固体径迹探测器为α径迹探测器,测量了不同蚀刻时间2种微粒产生的α径迹星的径迹参数。结果表明：可通过测量径迹短轴与曲率直径并作图来分辨HEU和Pu微粒,该方法对于蚀刻时间大于10 h的微粒径迹星,均能明显分辨,对于径迹非常密集的径迹星,也能准确分辨。     

Medium-energy ion scattering spectroscopy with a position-sensitive and time-resolving detector

A Si (1 0 0) sample covered with a thin Ho layer was measured with a three-dimensional medium-energy ion scattering spectrometer. The spectrometer is an extended version of a time-of-flight spectrometer for medium-energy ion scattering, equipped with a large position-sensitive detector. The device is used for composition depth profiling and crystal structure determination. The intensity distribution of detected particles was visualized to present medium-energy scattering phenomena. Circular shapes were observed in images created with part of the data containing particles scattered from the surfaces of the sample layers. Images show leading edges of “clouds” of arriving scattered particles were detected using the flat surface of the detector, integrated over 2 ns intervals. The center positions of shapes produced by particles scattered on Ho and Si atoms are different. This is explained by the different kinematic-factor dependences on scattering angle of particles scattered on Si and Ho atoms. The depth resolution of the time-of-flight spectra acquired with the full solid acceptance angle of the detector is limited by the kinematic spread. Using position information of detected particles from the detector, corrections for the kinematic spread and variations of flight path lengths were applied to spectra, increasing the depth resolution.     

Analog Signal Processing for the Time Projection Chamber

The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is a large gas filled cylindrical detector designed to provide 3-D images of tracks radiating from the center of the detector where e+ e- collisions occur. Ionization along the tracks is drifted in an electric field to the end planes which are equipped with a large array of proportional wires and position pads (17,000 channels). The wire signals are used to derive radial data while the pad signals provide the azmuthal information. The axial dimension is determined using the drift time of the ionization. Preamplifiers mounted in the ends of the chamber feed the signals to remote amplifiers whose outputs drive Charge Coupled Devices (CCD). The CCDs are normally clocked at 10 MHz and hold a 45.5 ?s history (445 CCD buckets) of analog drift information from the TPC. During readout the clock is changed to 20 KHz and 17,000 CCD outputs are digitized (9 bits) in parallel. The non-zero data is then transferred to buffer memories associated with the digitizers. This paper emphasizes the analog signal processing part of the system.     

Biased Selection of Particle Flight Directions as a Variance Reduction Technique in Monte Carlo Calculations

As a practical variance reduction technique applicable to Monte Carlo shielding calculations, the present article shows a new simple biased sampling technique on particle flight directions. Scattered particles not directed towards the detector positions are killed if they are not so important, that is, if the particle weights are sufficiently small compared to the source weight. In this way, we can reduce the sample size required for obtaining an accurate estimate for the detector response.

The present technique was incorporated into the multigroup neutron and γ-ray transport code MORSE, and sample calculations were performed on spherical fast neutron systems. The results have shown that this biased technique is effective for dealing with neutron multiplication as well as neutron transmission problems. The neutron flux or the effective multiplication factor of a nuclear reactor is estimated more accurately than from the method of path-length stretching with about the same computation time. In addition, it is shown that the flight-direction biasing can further effectively be used by combining it with other variance reduction techniques.     

Large aperture electrostatic dust detector

Diagnosis and management of dust inventories generated in next-step magnetic fusion devices is necessary for their safe operation. A novel electrostatic dust detector, based on a fine grid of interlocking circuit traces biased to 30 or 50 V has been developed for the detection of dust particles on remote surfaces in air and vacuum environments. Impinging dust particles create a temporary short circuit and the resulting current pulse is recorded by counting electronics. Up to 90% of the particles are ejected from the grid or vaporized suggesting the device may be useful for controlling dust inventories. We report measurements of the sensitivity of a large area (5 × 5 cm) detector to microgram quantities of dust particles.     

一种新型气体探测器的研制

加速器质谱(accelerator mass spectrometry,AMS)技术因探测对象不同,探测器也应根据需要进行选择。为建立低能量重离子加速器质谱测量技术,本文设计制作一台新型气体探测器并调试应用。该探测器采用厚度50 nm,膜面积8 mm×8 mm的氮化硅膜作为入射窗。采用5.48 MeV的241Am源的α粒子对探测器进行调试,调试后将该探测器安装于中国原子能科学研究院的300 kV小型AMS系统上进行129I粒子测量。经模拟计算以及对探测器的调试、应用,证明该探测器具有较高的能量分辨率,可以很好的实现不同粒子的鉴别,同时测量灵敏度可达到10^-13国际水平,满足低能量重离子的测量要求。     

Detection of neutron-induced nuclear recoils in a low-pressuregaseous detector for particle dark matter searches

Recent neutron beam tests of a prototype detector to search for weakly interacting massive particles in the Galactic Halo are presented. The detector is an optically imaged time-projection chamber using various low-pressure gas mixtures. This technique potentially offers significant advantages for the detection of galactic dark matter in that it measures both the energy and direction of the nuclear recoil. In this paper we present measurements of ranges of neutron-induced nuclear recoils in different target gasses which are then used to determine the sensitivity of the device in a dark matter search. We also demonstrate the ability to accurately determine the direction of the recoil which can be used to discriminate signal from background using the expected diurnal modulation in the average recoil direction, which is unique to particle dark matter interactions     

高计数率气体探测器读出电子学原型机研制

研制一套可用于高计数率气体探测器的读出电子学原型机系统,包括前端板、数据采集板和上位机。前端板采用一款先进的前端读出专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片实现对探测器信号的测量和模数转换;数据采集板利用现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）实现对数据的分析、处理和传输;上位机实现控制指令发送、PC端数据接收及存储等。在22~99 fC的输入范围内,原型机各通道积分非线性均好于024%;联合探测器使用55Fe放射源测试,结果好于相同条件下的商用电子学。可满足20 kHz计数率下GEM TPC探测器的读出需求。     

炭纤维底衬不锈钢气体测量源盒的研制

描述了炭纤维底衬不锈钢气体源盒的研制和性能测试过程。在模拟计算气体源探测效率随几何形状变化的基础上,结合实际应用研制了炭纤维底衬不锈钢气体测量源盒,有效减小了源盒底部材质对气体氙同位素低能γ或X射线的吸收。对其进行性能测试表明,源盒在10pa至2.0atm压力范围内气密性良好,可用于气体样品的测量与研究。     

Predictions of scattering from an absorbing gas target

In gas scattering experiments using scattering chambers, the solid angle subtended by the detector is usually defined by a system of two apertures in parallel planes. Incident particles can be scattered into the detector from any point along a path that may be centimeters long and may have non-negligible height and width. Along this path the solid angle subtended by the detector changes. Two methods are described by which the number of scattered particles that reach the detector can be computed from theoretical cross sections. The solid angle is evaluated geometrically, for circular apertures. Absorption and polarization of the incident radiation are easily included in the calculations. In one of the approaches, the finite cross section of the incident beam, assumed homogeneous, is taken into consideration.     

Annular gas ionization detector for low energy heavy ion backscattering spectrometry

A gas ionization chamber for use in backscattering spectrometry has been built. It has the shape of a hollow cylinder and can be placed in-line with the incident ion beam. The entrance window for detected particles is composed of a circular array of silicon nitride membranes. A low noise preamplifier with cooled FET is used for charge amplification. The detector resolution has been measured for a variety of ions in the mass range from He to Si and for energies between 0.5 and 8 MeV. The energy resolution of the ionization chamber surpasses the one of a state-of-the-art silicon charged particle detector for all ions heavier than Li. For Si ions the improvement in resolution is more than a factor of 2. The device does not suffer from any radiation damage. For He particles around 1 MeV the resolution is between 13 and 16 keV (FWHM). Therefore the new detector is not only well suited for heavy ion backscattering spectrometry but can also be applied for standard He RBS, allowing the use of a single detector for all types of projectiles in a wide energy range.     

液氩时间投影室中γ光子重建的研究

通过分析用ＧＥＡＮＴ产生的１００个事例样本,确立了判选光子所产生的Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ电子径迹的第一和第二顶点的一种方法。基于此方法,可以很好地对ＬＡｒ－ＴＰＣ中产生Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ电子的６．１３ＭｅＶ光子的动量和方向完成重建。     

用于粒子鉴别的布喇格曲线谱学探测器

在重离子反应中,气体电离室广泛地用于离子鉴别,这是由于它制造简单、成本低、便于维护,特别是可设计成不同长度,厚度均匀,相对于半导体探测器而言还有附加的优点,如无辐照损伤、无脉冲幅度亏损等。这类电离室通常有阳极、阴极和栅极三个电极,所施加的电场是平行于入射粒子轨迹的。     

基于CBM-TOF探测器无触发数据获取系统的压缩算法研究

针对CBM-TOF(Compression Baryon Material experiment-Time of flight detector)探测器采用的无触发数据获取系统所产生的数据流,本文提出一套完整的数据压缩算法,该算法通过提取数据流中与粒子信息相关的数据,并将数据配对成脉冲信号做进一步的数据筛选来完成。算法通过三个步骤完成对数据的压缩处理,分别是有效性验证、排序及脉宽筛选。有效性验证将初步筛选数据,保留粒子到来的时刻信息(绝对时间/相对时间),再通过后面两个步骤将符合行为的脉冲提取出来。通过压缩来自COSY的束流测试的数据,算法的正确性和有效性得到了验证,数据的压缩率达到94.5%以上,并且完整地保留了有用的数据信息。本算法减轻了无触发数据获取系统链路上数据流的压力,高效快速地将原始数据中有价值的信息提取出来,基本完成了针对CBM-TOF数据预处理的工作要求,对TOF探测器的数据重组有重要的意义。     

Sensitivity of a new-developed neutron detector

We develop a kind of neutron detector, which consists of a polyethylene thin film and two PIN semiconductors connected face-to-face. The detector is insensitive to γ-rays. Its sensitivity to neutron has been calculated with MCNP program and calibrated by experiments, and the results indicate that the neutron sensitivity of the compensation detector will vary with polyethylene convel‘ter. The compensation PIN detector can be employed to measure pulse neutron in neutron and gamma mixture radiation field.     

星载闪烁探测器荷电粒子屏蔽设计及标定

本文介绍了星载闪烁探测器ＮａＩ（Ｔｌ）晶体和荷电粒子屏蔽塑料闪烁体（ＰＳ）一体化设计，它与国外同类探测器的区别在于，无需外加光电倍增管单独记录塑料闪乐体的符合信号，从而简化了探测器结构，节省了重量和功耗，获得了较好的屏蔽效果，同时给出了甄别电路有关参数地重符合μ子望远镜定标方法和反符合效率。     

A Ring Image Cerenkov Detector for the CERN Omega Spectrometer

A development program has been undertaken to produce a large ring image Cerenkov detector (RICH) for use at the CERN Omega Spectrometer. A prototype Cerenkov counter has been constructed and successfully operated in a high energy particle beam, Cerenkov rings having been observed in an experimental time projection chamber (TPC) using the photoionising agents Triethylamine (TEA) and Tetrakis (dimethylamine) ethylene (TMAE). Systematic measurements have been made of the optical properties of window materials and reflecting surfaces in the vacuum ultraviolet region. Results of these tests are presented, and the design of the large detector based on these experiences together with Monte Carlo simulations of the events expected in the WA69 experiment, is discussed.     

空间单粒子翻转甄别与定位系统原理样机的设计及试验

单粒子翻转（SEU）是影响空间电子设备可靠性的重要因素,本文提出了一种SEU甄别与定位技术方法,研制了原理样机。硅探测器与辐照敏感器件在垂直方向相互临近安装,粒子入射到硅探测器的位置区域与目标辐照器件单粒子翻转的物理位置相对应。采用波形数字化技术实现了多道粒子甄别与能量信号测量,通过数据回读比较法实现了SRAM器件翻转逻辑定位检测。根据实验室测试和单粒子辐照试验结果,可探测高能粒子的LET≥6?06×10-3 MeV·cm2/mg,入射粒子的位置分辨率优于5 mm,最大计数率≥10 000 s-1,SRAM器件的SEU巡检周期时间分辨率为13?76 ms。通过掌握大容量SRAM型器件的SEU甄别与定位及其辐射环境感知能力,有助于提升空间电子设备的在轨工作性能。