热电联供系统中烟气冷凝传热性能试验研究

针对烟气余热不能充分回收的问题,对能够充分回收烟气余热的新型热电联供系统中的烟气冷凝热回收设备进行试验研究,重点研究该工况下光滑管烟气冷凝设备的传热性能.研究结果表明,在该试验工况下,干式、冷凝段传热系数可达60 W/(m~2·K),冷凝段传热系数为90～100 W/(m~2·K),冷凝段传热系数约为干式段传热系数的1.5～1.7倍,并整理了该工况下的传热准则关系式,为该系统型式的推广应用提供设计与运行依据.     

螺旋管传热系数的研究

螺旋管传热器优越的结构和传热特性,使其在传热领域得到了广泛应用.采用实验方法对其对流传热系数进行了测定,并利用Fluent软件对螺旋管传热情况进行了模拟.结果表明,在设定的实验条件下,水-水螺旋管传热系数,自然对流情况下为350~550 W/(m2·K),强制对流(搅拌状态)下为400~650 W/(m2·K),所建立的Fluent软件模型能基本反映流场的实际情况,其计算结果与实验情况基本吻合.     

海水淡化用波纹管降膜蒸发强化传热实验研究

通过利用水平管降膜蒸发换热试验台分别对Φ19×0.75 mm的波纹管和光滑管进行实验研究。实验在变喷淋密度(0.007~0.130 kg/m·s)、变热通量(52~143 k W/m~2)、变传热温差(1.5~10.0℃)、变蒸发压力(0.020~0.065MPa)条件下进行。通过实验数据得到波纹管和光滑管传热系数与各影响因素(喷淋密度、热通量、传热温差、蒸发温度)之间的变化规律。实验结果表明:在一定范围内,降膜蒸发器的传热系数K随喷淋密度γ、热通量Q的增大、蒸发温度T的升高而增大,随传热温差Δt的增大而降低。当喷淋密度大于0.178 kg/(m·s)时,总传热系数趋于稳定,当热通量大于130 k W/m~2时,总传热系数的增速明显变缓。此外,不凝气含量对传热系数K的影响显著,在同等实验条件下波纹管的传热系数比光滑管提高近30%。     

超临界压力W火焰锅炉运行方式对炉内热负荷影响的试验研究

对某600 MW超临界压力W火焰锅炉炉膛水冷壁壁温进行了测量,获得了炉膛水冷壁热负荷分布,调整锅炉运行方式(如磨煤机投运方式、前后墙的总风门挡板开度、煤粉细度和三次风风门挡板开度等),测量并计算炉内热负荷.结果表明:煤粉细度对炉内热负荷几乎没有影响;前后墙总风门挡板开度会影响炉内火焰行程,应该采用"前墙压后墙"的运行方式;三次风风门挡板开度变化会改变上、下炉膛热负荷的分布;不投运的磨煤机所对应区域的热负荷明显下降.     

超临界压力W火焰锅炉炉膛水冷壁热负荷分布的试验研究

对某2×600 MW超临界压力变压运行W火焰直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁壁温进行了测量,获得了水冷壁热负荷的分布,并对不同工况下的热负荷进行了分析.结果表明:磨煤机投运方式对炉拱下方冷灰斗区域热负荷的影响较大;启动过程中,下部水冷壁热负荷的分布不均匀,但大部分测点的热负荷维持在400kW/m2以内;在满负荷工况下,热负荷很高且分布不均匀;炉内形成了前墙压后墙的燃烧形式.     

高红外发射率隔热涂料的保温机理及应用

建筑物隔热涂料是一种新型的功能性涂料,可降低建筑物内部能耗。本文针对市场上采购的新型保温隔热涂料保温效果进行了理论分析以及实验测量。结果表明该新型保温涂料具有良好的保温效果,当墙体外侧涂饰保温隔热材料后墙体的传热系数由1.32 W/(m~2·K)下降到0.65 W/(m~2·K);当建筑物墙体内、外表面温度相同时,刷有保温涂料的墙体的散热量可比裸墙所需要的散热量降低46.15%。     

寒冷地区冬季通风热回收装置设计探讨

针对哈尔滨市某猪舍改造新增冬季通风热回收装置的问题,设计了一种套管式复合换热风管装置。通过计算得到装置的传热系数为6.69 W/(m~2·K),换热面积为141 m~2,通风量是4 032 m3/h,热回收量是25.9 kW,造价为12 192元。每年减少二氧化碳排放量达59.7 t,减少二氧化硫排放193.8 kg,减少氮氧化物排放168.7 kg。     

板壳式换热器流固耦合换热的数值模拟

以型号为IPS24的波纹板壳式换热器为研究对象,应用CFD软件ANSYS FLUENT16.0进行流体流动及耦合换热的数值模拟。结果表明:人字形波纹板结构对板壳式换热器传热性能有显著的增强,且能够有效地防止结垢;随着入口流速的增加,总对流传热系数增加,但也会导致压力损失增加,在流速为1.0 m/s时总传热系数达到1 519 W/(m~2·K),冷、热流体进出口压降也分别高达81.2和83.1 kPa。     

1000MW机组凝汽器水侧流场的三维数值模拟

以某1 000MW机组为例,利用Fluent软件对凝汽器水侧的流场特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:循环水在高压凝汽器和低压凝汽器前水室产生的较大漩涡区和循环水对管板的冲击,增加了循环水的阻力损失,影响了管束区水速的分布;在进口水室加装导流板和隔板上加装凸起扣板后,水室内的漩涡区明显减小,水速变得均匀平顺,循环水对隔板冲击现象明显减弱,且沿着凸起扣板方向进入管束,管束区平均水速提高了0.033m/s,整体平均传热系数增大了28 W/(m~2·K),改善了凝汽器水侧管束的传热效果.     

基于非平衡理论的青海农村节能住宅热工设计

针对青海地区气候条件和当地农村建筑特点,以大柴旦为例,基于非平衡保温理论计算该地区不同朝向传热系数限值,其中,南墙≤0.62 W/(m~2·K),东、西墙≤0.51 W/(m~2·K),北墙≤0.44 W/(m~2·K),并通过谐波反应法计算对比无保温、平衡保温和非平衡保温墙体的衰减延迟、净失热热流和内表面温度。结果表明,非平衡保温墙体内表面平均温度比无保温墙体高3.14～4.98℃,总体节能率达74.4%。同时非平衡保温墙体总净失热量小于平衡保温墙体,满足标准节能要求,且其各朝向内表面平均温度差异最大仅为0.08℃,小于平衡保温墙体的0.48℃和无保温墙体的1.81℃,可有效降低室内不对称辐射温度差异、增加室内人员热舒适性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.