溶胶-凝胶法制备多晶莫来石纤维

以廉价的铝粉、工业盐酸和酸性硅溶胶为主要原料, 通过溶胶凝胶法制备了多晶莫来石纤维. 采用²⁷Al NMR测试了聚合氯化铝溶胶中Al³⁺的聚集状态, 采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM和TG-DTA等手段表征了不同热处理温度下莫来石纤维的物相组成、纤维形貌以及纤维的热分解特性. ²⁷Al NMR结果表明, Al³⁺主要以Keggin结构的Al₁₃形态存在于聚合氯化铝溶胶中. 具有24个活性Al-OH键的Al₁₃聚阳离子易与硅溶胶中的Si-OH发生失水缩聚反应, 生成具有长链结构的纺丝溶液. XRD、FT-IR和TG-DTA结果表明, 纤维热处理到950℃时开始结晶, 到1000℃可获得单一的莫来石晶相, 整个过程的纤维失重在48.24％. 经1250℃热处理, 获得的莫来石纤维的直径为3～5μm, 晶粒尺寸约为240 nm, 拉伸强度为1.1GPa.     

PAN纤维炭化过程中缺陷结构的温度效应

采用小角X射线散射(SAXS)方法研究了PAN纤维在炭化及石墨化过程中微孔缺陷结构随热处理温度的变化.由微孔结构散射形成的PAN基碳纤维SAXS散射花样经圆积分处理后为光滑曲线.使用一维散射曲线计算得到微孔结构均方回转半径、相对孔体积、孔隙率、比表面积结构参数随温度的变化规律.结果表明:随热处理温度提高PAN基碳纤维微孔结构变化分为三个阶段:400～700℃微孔体积变化(孔的融合)为主,形态变化为辅;700～1800℃微孔体积变化(孔的分裂与缩小)与形态变化(边缘复杂化)基本同步;而1800～2400℃微孔形态变化为主,体积变化为辅.     

聚丙烯腈原丝聚集态结构的长周期特征

采用小角X射线散射方法,通过模型计算将散射信号中聚丙烯腈(PAN)原丝长周期结构与微孔结构信息有效分离,建立了用小角X射线散射(SAXS)研究PAN纤维聚集态结构长周期特征结构的方法。通过对原丝湿法成型过程中的长周期特征结构演变的研究发现,PAN制备过程中凝固阶段纤维形成两相准晶体系,晶区和非晶区交替排列形成长周期结构,通过相关函数分析获得了PAN中准晶区、非晶区以及两相过渡层的统计尺寸信息,并结合广角X射线衍射数据讨论了凝固相分离过程和牵伸外场因素对长周期结构的影响。     

Al诱导a-Si:H薄膜的晶化

采用等离子体化学气相沉积方法在镀Al玻璃及单晶Si衬底上制备了氢化非晶硅(a-Si:H)薄膜,研究了样品在不同的热处理过程中Al对其晶化过程的影响.X射线衍射测量发现,由于Al的存在使a-Si:H的晶化温度大幅度降低,并得到了有强烈(111)结晶取向的多晶Si薄膜.X射线光电子能谱分析表明,热处理过程中Al向Si薄膜表面的扩散降低了Si的成核温度.     

薄层钝化纳米铝粒子研究

采用蒸发冷凝方法制备纳米铝粉,由于其表面具有很高的活性,对所制备的纳米铝粒子进行了表面钝化.采用小角X射线散射测定纳米铝粉粒度,SEM、TEM、HRTEM、XRD、ED等方法分析钝化纳米铝的形貌、化学组成和结构.结果表明,所制备的钝化纳米铝的平均粒度为80nm,ED分析有Al和Al2O3的衍射斑点但,Al2O3的含量较少,与XRD的分析结果一致,HRTEM可见在Al颗粒的表面形成了厚度小于5nm的均匀氧化膜.     

小角X射线散射技术在材料研究中的应用

小角X射线散射(SAXS)是一种有效的材料亚微观结构表征手段。简单介绍了小角X射线散射理论,并综述了小角X射线散射技术在材料研究中的应用,内容涉及纳米颗粒尺寸测量,合金中的空位浓度、合金中的析出相尺寸以及非晶合金中的晶化析出相的尺寸测量,高分子材料中胶粒的形状、粒度以及粒度分布测量,以及高分子长周期体系中片晶的取向、厚度、结晶百分数和非晶层厚度的测量等等。     

热处理对喷雾干燥制备的Al2O3纳米团聚体粉末的影响

对喷雾干燥和经不同温度热处理后的Al2O3纳米团聚体粉末的松装密度及振实密度进行了测试,通过扫描电镜观察分析了团聚体粉末颗粒的大小和形貌以及纳米晶颗粒的大小,采用X射线衍射分析了热处理后粉末的相组成.实验结果表明,在1050～1250℃热处理后的Al2O3纳米团聚体粉末颗粒仍近似球形,粒径在10～90μm之间.随着热处理温度升高,纳米团聚体大颗粒表面发生塌陷,大颗粒之间发生连接,大颗粒内部纳米颗粒明显长大.低于1250℃热处理后的粉末流动性好,振实密度高,适于等离子体喷涂制备纳米结构涂层.     

La3+掺杂TiO2纳米纤维的制备、表征与光催化性能

结合溶胶-凝胶法、静电纺丝技术和高温煅烧制备了La3+掺杂TiO2纳米纤维.采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪、比表面积及孔隙分析仪、X射线衍射仪和紫外分光光度计对纳米纤维的形貌、晶型、表面和孔隙结构以及光催化性能进行了表征和测试.结果表明,La3+掺杂TiO2纳米纤维表面为多孔的纤维状结构.La3+掺杂明显改善了TiO2纳米纤维的表面孔隙结构,对TiO2纳米纤维的粒子生长有一定的抑制作用.光催化降解性能测试结果表明,当La3+掺杂量为0.04%(质量分数)时,TiO2纳米纤维的光催化性能最佳.     

聚丙烯腈原丝预氧化过程中长周期结构的生成

通过在线实时采集预氧化过程中聚丙烯腈纤维二维小角X射线散射(SAXS)花样,利用环化反应导致的电子云密度改变产生的SAXS谱图变化,研究亚微米结构在环化结构形成过程中的温度依赖性。根据所建立的环化及未环化的两相模型,在对散射信息中的微孔结构和长周期结构的叠加信号进行合理分离的基础上,研究了预氧纤维中长周期结构的生成和演变过程。结果表明,预氧化初期产生的环化相与非环化相呈现周期性结构堆砌,并随着温度的进一步升高逐渐趋于均一体系。同时结合相关函数分析方法,计算了长周期结构中环化相和非环化相厚度等结构参数,提出了预氧化程度的小角X射线散射定量表征的方法。     

热处理条件对sol-gel法Pb0.4Sr0.6TiO3薄膜形成影响的研究

采用sol-gel法，利用快速热处理工艺过程，保持烧结温度在最低温度(约500℃)以上，制备了多晶钙钛矿结构的PST(Pb0．4Sr0.6TiO3)薄膜．通过XRD、SEM、AFM等方法对晶相的形成与热处理条件之间的关系进行了测试．研究表明，利用溶胶-凝胶法制备PST薄膜的钙钛矿晶相形成过程及晶相含量受制备过程及晶相形成时离子的活性所控制．通过快速热处理方法，在凝胶分解过程中得到的高活性离子直接形成晶相，可以得到相应更多的晶体含量及在较低的温度下形成晶相．在600℃下RTP制备的PST薄膜的晶相含量比同温度下保温热处理薄膜增加约14％，利用RTP制备PST薄膜的晶相形成温度约在500℃，相应要降低约50℃．薄膜的表面形貌受制备热处理过程影响，快速热处理薄膜的表面保持形成时的形貌：非晶相薄膜以光洁表面出现，晶态膜以均匀分布山峰状的形貌出现．受气氛的浸蚀作用，长时间热处理后的薄膜表面出现了变化，在原形貌的基础上以细小颗粒状覆盖的表面出现．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.