铝合金双面搅拌摩擦焊初步研究

提出了双面搅拌摩擦焊这种新的焊接方法，对比研究了6K32-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊与双面搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和硬度，并对双面搅拌摩擦焊焊缝进行了XRD分析。研究发现：铝合金双面搅拌摩擦焊与搅拌摩擦焊焊缝组织分区相同；双面搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的硬度略低于搅拌摩擦焊，且焊缝硬度下降区域范围更大；双面搅拌摩擦焊后焊缝依然保持为原有相组成；双面搅拌摩擦焊比搅拌摩擦焊焊接线能量更大，采用双面搅拌摩擦焊代替搅拌摩擦焊有利于提高焊接效率并消除焊缝隧道型缺陷、改善焊缝的性能。     

摩擦搅拌焊6061-T6铝合金焊接接头的组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊对6mm厚度的6061-T6铝合金进行单道平板对接焊,研究了焊接接头的力学性能和组织.结果表明,转速较小时,焊接接头会出现明显的搅拌摩擦焊接特有的“螺旋体”断口,其接头性能不高;随着转速的提高,接头性能得到改善.X射线衍射分析结果表明,焊缝组织中由于搅拌温度而引起部分强化相的重溶.透射电镜的研究结果表明,焊缝中的主要增强相依然为β”.     

异种材料的搅拌摩擦焊接

进行了铝合金与工业纯铜、铝合金与低碳钢的搅拌摩擦焊接实验。实际焊接了对接接头、丁字接头、搭接接头，观察了焊接接头组织，测量了接头性能。结果表明，用搅拌摩擦焊方法代替熔化焊方法焊接异种材料，可以获得组织致密、无缺陷的接头，接头强度较高，且工艺适应性、结构适应性较好，焊接工艺参数、各组元在焊缝金属中的比例等对形成良好的焊缝有重要的影响。     

LF6铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

试验研究了LF6铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊工艺，优化了工艺参数，分析了焊缝表面成形及焊接接头组织，力学性能，结果表明：LF6铝合金具有良好的搅拌摩擦焊性能，焊缝区发生动态再结晶，焊缝晶粒被细化，优化工艺参数可使焊接接头强度达到或高于母材。     

LF21板搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与焊接工艺关系的研究

利用搅拌摩擦焊方法对LF21铝合金板进行了焊接实验。分析了接头组织分区情况，探讨了搅拌头尺寸及焊接工艺参数对其接头组织的影响。经过实验得知：焊接时，搅拌头旋转速度为950～1500r／min，焊接速度为23．5-375mm／min，皆可获得接头性能尚可的焊接接头。同时发现，搅拌头旋转速度与焊接速度越小焊缝组织越细小：当两焊板间留有间隙时对焊缝孔洞的形成有一定的影响。     

异种材料的搅拌摩擦焊技术

进行了铝合金与工业纯铜、铝合金与低碳钢的搅拌摩擦焊接实验.实际焊接了对接接头、丁字接头、搭接接头,观察了焊接接头组织,测量了接头性能.结果表明,用搅拌摩擦焊方法代替熔化焊方法焊接异种材料,可以获得组织致密、无缺陷的接头,接头强度较高,且工艺适应性、结构适应性较好,焊接工艺参数、各组元在焊缝金属中的比例等对形成良好的焊缝有重要的影响.     

6061铝合金FSW接头与MIG焊接头对比试验

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊分别对6061铝合金板进行了焊接试验,测试了焊接接头的强度,观察了焊接接头的金相组织,并进行了接头的硬度分布测试.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度高达212.05 MPa,是母材抗拉强度的86％,比MIG焊的接头强度略高.焊接接头软化区宽度比MIG焊接头软化宽度窄.6061铝合金母材为典型的轧制组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织,MIG焊接头焊缝为柱状晶组织.     

7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝成形

针对7．6mm厚的7A52铝合金，研究了搅拌头的形状和焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响，分析了搅拌摩擦焊缺陷产生的原因。结果表明，搅拌头的形状决定了焊接时焊缝成形的旋转速度范围；搅拌头旋转速度、焊接移动速度、焊接倾角、搅拌头轴肩压入被焊接件表面深度等都对搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形有重要影响，只有合适的工艺匹配才能保证焊缝成形良好。     

伸缩式搅拌头厚铝板搅拌摩擦焊缺陷及其补焊工艺

采用伸缩式搅拌头对25 mm板厚2219-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊,在多道补焊时避免搅拌头轴肩的二次下压量造成的底部焊穿。对25 mm板厚2219-T6搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的微观组织、材料缺失型缺陷及弱连接型缺陷进行观察。结果表明:焊缝沿厚度方向分为轴肩影响区和搅拌针影响区,焊接参数的变化与这两区域中缺陷的产生存在一定关系,焊缝中的材料缺失型缺陷遵循一定的体积守恒关系。利用伸缩式搅拌头制备不同尺寸的焊缝根部未焊透缺陷,发现未焊透的深度与焊缝抗拉强度呈非线性关系。在统一的焊接参数规范下,调整搅拌针伸出长度进行多道焊,研究多道补焊工艺对焊缝组织性能的影响。     

LF21超声搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能分析

利用超声波对金属塑性成形作用对LF21铝合金进行了超声搅拌摩擦焊接试验,并对常规搅拌摩擦焊与超声搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织、断口形貌进行了对比分析.结果表明,超声能量通过搅拌头有效地导入焊缝底部,在增加焊缝底部搅拌强度的同时,提高了搅拌针周围金属原子的运动和扩散能力,焊核区的金属组织有明显的晶粒细化和组织均匀化.超声搅拌摩擦焊断口韧窝数量与深度均不及常规搅拌摩擦焊,撕裂棱不明显;超声搅拌摩擦焊可以提高接头力学性能,但平均断后伸长率相比常规搅拌摩擦焊有所下降.     

超声功率对2219-T351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊和不同功率的超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊对2219-T351铝合金进行焊接试验,测量焊接温度和焊接压力,对焊接接头的微观组织、显微硬度和力学性能进行分析,研究了加入不同超声功率后焊缝的组织性能和材料流动性. 结果表明,超声能降低焊接温度,随着超声功率增加减小的幅度越大. 加入了超声后,焊缝微观组织更加均匀,底部材料的流动情况得到改善,焊缝区有更多的强化相残留,焊接接头的显微硬度、抗拉强度及断后伸长率在加入超声后均有提高,在加入2.25 kW的超声功率时达到最高,最高拉伸强度为331 MPa,可达到母材的80%左右.     

超声振动对6061-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响

利用自主研制的试验装置,通过工具头将超声振动能量施加在搅拌头前方的待焊工件上,研究了超声振动能量对减少焊接缺陷、改善搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能的影响.对6 mm厚度6061-T4铝合金板进行了超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,并与相同工艺条件下的常规搅拌摩擦焊进行了对比.结果表明,超声振动能够减小焊速/转速比较大时的焊缝内部隧道型缺陷,增大材料对接混合区宽度和焊核区体积,细化焊核区和热力影响区微观组织,提高接头抗拉强度和焊核区显微硬度.     

工艺参数对复合搅拌摩擦点焊接头力学性能的影响

采用LF21铝合金研究了复合搅拌摩擦焊时焊接工艺参数(旋转速度、旋转半径)对焊接接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,当其它焊接参数一定时,焊点的力学性能随着搅拌头旋转速度的增加而增加,当搅拌头的旋转速度增加到1 200 r/min时,焊点的剪切力达到最大值为3.47 kN,随着搅拌头旋转速度的进一步增加,焊点的力学性能开始降低.改变旋转半径,焊点的力学性能随着旋转半径的增加而增加,当旋转半径达到0.5 mm时,焊点的剪切力达到最大值为3.47 kN,然后,随着旋转半径的继续增加,焊点的力学性能开始降低.LF21铝合金的复合搅拌摩擦点焊焊点的微观组织与直插式搅拌摩擦点焊不同的是,在塑性环的边上形成了一个由第二层塑性环形成的"耳朵形"区域.     

2219-T6激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊性能与组织分析

对2219-T6铝合金激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊接头的宏观形貌、力学性能及显微组织进行了研究.结果表明,激光辅助热源的加入有助于消除金属塑性流动不充分引起的隧道缺陷,提升接头性能,但激光功率过大会加剧焊缝软化而使性能下降.激光辅助热源使焊核区扩大,且焊核区中θ相（Al₂Cu）增大,但对热力影响区的显微组织无明显影响.通过固溶+人工时效方法的焊后热处理以显著提升接头强度（从母材强度的76%提升100%）.加入激光的焊核区及热力影响区在热处理后晶粒尺寸相比不加入激光有所减小,且激光功率越大,对应的晶粒尺寸越小.     

A novel ultrafast-convert hybrid pulse square-wave VP-GTAW process for aluminum alloys

A novel ultrafast-convert hybrid pulse square-wave variable polarity arc welding power source was developed.The variable polarity current which crossed zero with no dead time possessed the ultrafast converting speed and the series of ultrasonic pulse current were superimposed in the positive polarity current duration.A high-efficiency hybrid pulse variable polarity gas tungsten arc welding (HPVP-GTAW) process for aluminum alloys was achieved.With X-ray inspeetion,microstructure analysis,tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for fracture surface,the square butt welding characteristics of 5A06,2AI4 and 2219 aluminum alloys were tested,respectively.Experimental results show that microstructure and mechanical properties of these aluminum alloy welded joints are influenced significantly by the introduction of ultrasonic pulse current.The weld quality is improved predominantly by the novel HPVP-GTA W process.     

Macrostructures and mechanical properties of ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding joint of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy

In friction stir welding of aluminum alloys, tunnel defect may occur due to insufficient plastic material flow caused by lower heat input in the weld region. The inadequacy in heat input is due to improper selection of friction stir welding tool and process parameters. Ultimately, such defects degrade the properties of weld and may pose serious concerns towards the integrity and safety of the weld component. In order to improve the properties of weld joints, an ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding device has been configured where ultrasonic energy is transferred from an ultrasonic unit directly into one of the workpieces near the tool. Using this configuration, ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding was conducted on 6 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets. The macrostructure and mechanical properties of these welds were compared with the welds of this alloy prepared by conventional friction stir welding using identical process parameters. The results show that the welding speed can be increased while satisfactory weld quality is still ensured. The ultrasonic energy transferred in this configuration could enlarge the volume of weld nugget zone. Also, the influence of ultrasonic energy on the suppression or elimination of the tunnel defect is quite apparent. However, any beneficial effects of ultrasonic vibration on the tensile strength and the elongation of the joint were less obvious in this configuration.     

Mechanical properties of friction stir welded armor grade Al–Zn–Mg alloy joints

The influence of different welding speeds and rotary speeds on the formation and mechanical properties of friction stir weld joints of armor grade aluminum alloy was presented. The developed weld joints were characterized by bend tests, micro-hardness tests, tensile tests, optical and scanning electron microscopies. Mechanical properties (i.e., micro-hardness, ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture) increased with the increase in rotary speed or decrease in welding speed. The effect of welding speed on micro-hardness of heat affected zones was more profound than the rotary speeds. The welding speeds and rotary speeds influenced the mechanical properties and their effects on various mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints can be predicted with the help of regression models.     

Comparison of 2A12 aluminium alloy joint by ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding and friction stir welding

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding （UAFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding, which adds ultrasonic energy directly into the friction stir welding area by the pin. In this study, 2A12 aluminum alloy was welded by this process and conventional, respectively. The tensile tests, microstructure and fracture surface of FSW joint and UAFSW joint were analyzed. The research results show that the surface forming texture of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding joint, compared with conventional, is finer and more uniform, showing metallic matte color. The grains are much finer in weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat-affected zone; S-phase particles size is much smaller and distribution is more homogeneous in the matrix. The tensile strength of UAFSW joint is 94. 13% of base metal, and the elongation is 11.77%. The tensile strength of FSW joint is 83.15% of base metal, and the elongation is 8.81%. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints.     

2219铝合金双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能分析

采用双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊对2219铝合金板进行了焊接,分析了接头的微观组织和力学性能,探讨了搅拌针回抽速度对接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝平稳段上层试样断裂于前进侧热力影响区,靠近热影响区;平稳段下层试样断裂于焊缝中心的搅拌针端部搅动区;而回抽段焊缝断裂于后退侧热影响区,靠近热力影响区.焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材的70％,断后伸长率为80％以上;当回抽速度为6 mm/min时,断后伸长率最高.硬度最低值位于热力影响区和热影响区交界处.