贵阳市高雁垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质变化及影响评价

以贵阳市高雁垃圾填埋场为研究对象,分别在不同季节对该场新产生的垃圾渗滤液和储存在调节池内的老化渗滤液进行了水质分析与评价。结果表明:贵阳市高雁垃圾填埋场渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷浓度较高,其中氨氮最高。针对高雁垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理现状,提出了相应的改进意见和建议。     

浅析垃圾渗滤液处理技术

垃圾渗滤液是垃圾填埋过程中产生的高浓度有机废水,是国内外污水处理的一大难题。综述了垃圾渗滤液的水质特性,并总结了近年来在垃圾渗滤液的处理方法及深度处理技术上的研究进展,对垃圾渗滤液处理技术提出研究方向。     

城市垃圾渗滤液的处理方法

文中介绍了垃圾渗滤液形成的过程及特点,并对目前采用的几种垃圾渗滤液处理方法进行了分析比较。阐述了垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液处理的工艺,并提出一些建议。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术与应用

垃圾渗滤液是世界上公认的污染威胁最大、性质最复杂、最难处理的高浓度有机废水之一。根据垃圾渗滤液的来源和水质特点及其对环境的污染现状,综述了国内外垃圾渗滤液主要处理方法的研究现状及进展,主要包括生物法、物化法、土地法及其合并技术,列举目前几种常用的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺,并分析了各段工艺的原理、特点以及其作用,为垃圾渗滤液处理工艺的选择提供参考。     

垃圾渗滤液处理技术现状及展望

介绍了目前国内外垃圾渗滤液的几种处理技术,包括物理化学法、土地处理法和生物处理法,并在此基础上提出了垃圾渗滤液处理的发展趋势。     

焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液零排放设计

近年来,垃圾焚烧发电成为城市生活垃圾处置的主要方式之一。对于垃圾焚烧发电厂而言,如何处理垃圾渗滤液变得尤为重要。本文总结了生活垃圾渗滤液的危害、特点和目前流行的处理技术,分析了垃圾焚烧发电过程中产生的渗滤液回收再利用及实现零排放的可行性,找到其中存在的问题,以期为全国其他相关企业提供技术参考。     

MBR工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

在垃圾的渗滤液中很多污染物含量都很高,比如说NH3-N、COD等,这些污染物的危害程度都是不可估量的,但是传统的对于垃圾渗滤液的处理方法通常情况下都存在有很大的处理环节的压力,出水的水质也是很难得到有效保障的。MBR处理工艺在解决这方面问题上有着传统方法所没有的优势,在很大程度上解决了传统方法的不足之处,这种工艺对于垃圾渗滤液的污染物处理的效果好,去除率也高,适应能力强,另一方面,MBR工艺采用的是一体化的工艺设备,设备简单的同时节约了占地空间,操作维护起来也非常简单,已经逐渐在我们国内垃圾渗滤液处理中得到广泛使用和认可。     

垃圾渗滤液处理技术研究进展

随着经济的快速增长以及工业化、城市化进程的加快,使固体废弃物的产量不断增加,而卫生垃圾填埋场是处理固体废物最常用的一种方法.但其存在的主要缺点是,雨水或地下水会渗入垃圾填埋场,从而产生垃圾渗滤液.垃圾渗滤液不仅会严重污染环境且难以处理,而传统的处理过程已无法去除渗滤液中所含的一些污染物,这些污染物最终会影响自然环境、生...     

垃圾渗滤液膜法处理工艺流程及其技术难点

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂的高浓度有机废水,COD、NH3-N浓度特别高,难生化降解物质含量多、有毒性,是目前公认难处理的废水。随着垃圾渗滤液污染控制指标和排放限值要求的提高,传统工艺处理渗滤液越来越难以满足现实需要,膜处理工艺以其运行稳定、出水水质好而受到研究者及相关厂家的关注。在总结已实际应用的多种渗滤液膜法处理的主要工艺流程的基础上,对膜分离技术应用的优势与技术难点进行了综述。     

膜生物反应器(MBR)在处理垃圾渗滤液的应用

介绍膜生物反应器的发展过程以及其在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用,结果表明:MBR组合工艺能够有效的处理垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度有机物以及难生物降解类物质处理,出水可达到较高标准。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。