Microstructure and vacuum tribological properties of 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel with combined surface treatments

A sulfide film was fabricated on the nanocrystalline layer of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel by a two-step method of supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB) and low temperature ion sulfurization treatments. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the nanocrystallized surface and the sulfide film were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (equipped with EDS), augur energy spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and nano-indenter. The tribological behaviour of the treated (after SFPB and sulfurizing treatments) 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel in vacuum was investigated on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The results showed that, randomly oriented equiaxial nanograins with the mean grain size less than 30 nm were formed in the top surface layer of the SFPB treated sample, and a compact and uniform sulfide film mainly composed of FeS was obtained after the succedent sulfurizing treatment. Compared to the original 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel, the treated surface revealed lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance in vacuum, and the variation of tribological properties with atmospheric pressure of the treated samples was not significant. The dominant wear mechanisms of the treated 1Cr18Ni9Ti in vacuum were abrasive wear and fatigue wear.     

Low-temperature nitriding of 38CrMoAl steel with a nanostructured surface layer induced by surface mechanical attrition treatment

A nanocrystalline surface layer was fabricated on a 38CrMoAl steel plate by means of a surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The average grain size in the top surface layer (10 μm thick) is about 10 nm, and the grain size stability can be maintained up to 450 °C. The effect of the surface nanocrystalline layer on the gas nitriding process at a lower temperature was investigated by using structural analysis and wear property measurements. The surface nanocrystallization evidently enhances nitriding kinetics and promotes the formation of an ultrafine polycrystalline compound layer. The results of the investigation showed that this new gas nitriding technique can effectively increase the hardness and wear resistance of the resulting surface layer in comparison with conventional nitriding, demonstrating a significant advancement for materials processing.     

超音速微粒轰击表面纳米化及其对耐磨性的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击技术对20钢进行表面纳米化处理。研究了表面纳米化工艺对材料流失与形貌变化的影响，并采用往复磨损试验机研究了纳米化表面的磨损性能。结果表明：超音速微粒轰击在表面形成纳米层过程中使材料发生流失和表面粗糙度增大。在干摩擦和油润滑条件下，微粒轰击样品的磨损率分别是未轰击样品的2．77和1．83倍，轰击抛光样品的磨损率则比未轰击样品分别降低了26％和42％。对其影响耐磨性的原因作了初步讨论。     

双辉等离子渗钽对TiAlN/Ta复合涂层结构和性能的影响

采用Ta层作为过渡层,通过双辉等离子渗金属（DGPSA）与射频磁控溅射（RFMS）辅助直流脉冲磁控溅射技术（DCPMS）制备TiAlN/Ta复合涂层。借助掠入射XRD、SEM、AFM、纳米压痕、划痕以及摩擦磨损测试了不同工艺制备的Ta过渡层对复合涂层的相结构、表面（截面）形貌、硬度、结合力、韧性和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,TiAlN复合涂层在高偏压作用下结构致密,RFMS技术制备的Ta过渡层为柱状晶结构,复合涂层表面粗糙度较小,硬度较大而磨损稳定性和耐磨性较差;而DGPSA技术制备的Ta过渡层为纳米晶结构,复合涂层表面粗糙度较大,硬度降低但磨损稳定性与耐磨性都增强。对比发现,通过DGPSA技术制备Ta过渡层使得TiAlN/Ta复合涂层的结合力与韧性大幅度提高。     

等温淬火处理对感应重熔镍基合金涂层摩擦学性能的影响

目的改善镍基合金涂层的摩擦学性能。方法分别采用感应重熔工艺及感应重熔-等温淬火一体化工艺,在GCr15钢基体表面制备了两种镍基合金涂层,并通过销盘摩擦磨损试验、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度测试对其摩擦磨损性能、微观组织、表面硬度进行了对比研究,探讨了等温淬火处理对感应重熔镍基合金涂层摩擦学性能、微观组织、表面硬度的影响,揭示了其增强机理。结果经等温淬火后的重熔涂层比感应重熔涂层具有更低的摩擦系数和磨损失重,摩擦稳定阶段的摩擦系数为0.301,比后者低23.8%,相对耐磨性是后者的1.71倍。感应重熔涂层同时存在着磨粒磨损和粘着磨损两种机制,而经等温淬火后的重熔涂层以磨粒磨损为主,比前者具有更优异的抵抗磨粒磨损和粘着磨损的能力。感应重熔涂层及经等温淬火处理后的重熔涂层平均显微硬度分别为818.0、873.6HV(0.5),硬度极差分别为170.9、132.6HV(0.5),形状参数分别为18.5057、22.6189,后者比前者具有更高的平均硬度值、更小的硬度极差以及更加稳定的涂层性能。经过微观组织分析发现,重熔涂层在经等温淬火处理后,其晶粒的细化、硬质相的相对均质弥散性、共晶相的减少、丰富的耐磨陶瓷相和快速凝固的定向晶粒结构的协同作用,是其具有优异的显微硬度Weibull分布特性,以及耐磨性得到进一步提高的根本原因。结论合适的等温淬火热处理工艺能够改善感应重熔镍基合金涂层的微观组织,从而有效减小其摩擦系数,并提高其耐磨性。     

钛合金TC4表面纳米化及其热稳定性

利用超音速微粒轰击技术(supersonic fine particles bombarding,SFPB)对钛合金TC4进行了表面纳米化处理,并对SFPB处理后的试样进行不同温度2 h退火处理。借助X射线衍射、显微硬度计、透射电子显微镜和差热分析对纳米化及热处理后的试样进行了组织和性能表征,研究钛合金表面纳米化机理及其热稳定性。结果表明:经过SFPB处理后的试样在表层形成了纳米结构层,随着处理时间的延长,变形层厚度不断增加,晶粒尺寸逐步细化,当SFPB处理30 min后晶粒尺寸趋于稳定,在表层形成了晶粒尺寸约为15 nm具有随机取向的纳米等轴晶。纳米化后的试样在750℃退火时,纳米晶未发生明显粗化,因而具有很好的热稳定性。     

Enhanced tribological performances of nanocrystalline diamond film

Diamond films are well known for their outstanding properties such as high hardness, possible low coefficient of friction, high thermal conductivity, excellent biocompatibility and electrical insulation. Diamond films with nanocrystalline grains (grain sizes between 3 and 15 nm) offer further advantages of low compressive stress, low surface roughness, and high amount of surface atoms in relation to volume leading to enhanced surface properties. In view of these, the present investigation is undertaken to explore the possibility of using nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films in advanced automotive equipment. Accordingly NCD-films have been deposited using a modified hot-filament technique. Tribological behaviour of these films has been evaluated by means of a reciprocating model tribometer with different lubricant qualities. The worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D white light confocal microscopy. The results show the influences of coating qualities and test conditions on the tribological response. Comparable friction coefficient can be found with high treated and low treated lubricants. These films exhibited negligible wear for the range of load tested.     

Nanocrystalline Surface Layer on AISI 52100 Steel Induced by Supersonic Fine Particles Bombarding

Surface treatment of AISI 52100 steel by supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB) was studied in this article. The surface topography, morphology of the surface layer, and microhardness distribution of the surface layer have been investigated using a surface profiler system, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a microvickers hardness tester. The microstructure, phase composition, and residual stress distribution of the surface layer in AISI 52100 steel after the SFBP treatment have been characterized by means of x-ray diffraction, SEM, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that a nanocrystalline surface (NS) layer was formed on the top surface of the SFBP-treated AISI 52100 steel samples. The NS layer is about 2 μm in thickness with a surface roughness of R _a = 1.2 μm, R _y = 6.7 μm, R _z = 6.0 μm. Phase transitions occurred in the surface of the SFBP-treated samples. Residual compressive stress is obtained at the surface of the SFBP-treated samples. The maximum value of compressive stress appears at the outermost of the surface, and the affection region of the whole surface is about 60 μm in thickness. A hardened surface layer has been fabricated in the AISI 52100 steel. The thickness of the hardened surface layer is about 70 μm. The maximum value of hardness occurs at the depth of 20 μm from the outermost surface.     

Fretting wear behaviour of surface mechanical attrition treated alloy 718

Alloy 718 was subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) using SAE 52100 steel balls of a 5 mm diameter for four different treatment durations (15, 30, 45 and 60 min). Fretting wear tests were conducted at different normal loads on untreated and treated samples for 25,000 cycles using alumina as a counterbody material. Microstructural features of the surface layer of samples treated by SMAT were characterized by cross-sectional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Hardness, surface roughness and residual stress were determined using a nano-indenter, surface roughness tester and X-ray residual stress analyzer respectively. SMAT resulted in the formation of nanocrystallites on the surface and near surface regions, increased hardness, increased surface roughness and compressive residual stress at the surface. Treated samples exhibited lower tangential force coefficient (TFC) compared to untreated samples. Samples treated for 60 min exhibited higher grain refinement, higher hardness, lower surface roughness and higher TFC compared to the samples treated for 30 min. The wear volume and wear rate of samples treated for 30 min were lower compared to those of the untreated samples, which may be attributed to an optimum combination of hardness and toughness and a low work hardening rate of the nanocrystalline structure at the surface of the treated samples. In contrast, the wear volume and wear rate of the samples treated for 60 min were higher than those of untreated samples, presumably due to the higher hardness and reduced toughness of the samples treated for 60 min.     

高能电子束处理对AZ91镁合金耐磨性影响

研究了AZ91镁合金电子束表面处理的耐磨性.结果表明,在不同处理条件下,AZ91镁合金表面分别形成了厚度为20～60μm的表面熔凝层;脉冲电流和脉冲次数对表面熔凝层厚度具有较大影响,而加速电压的影响不大.随着脉冲电流的增加, Mg_(17)Al_(12)相对应的衍射峰强度呈现上升趋势,并且在处理过的AZ91镁合金中可看到AlMg亚稳相的存在.显微硬度测试结果表明,处理层硬度比基体组织的硬度有所提高,最表层可达到基体组织的2倍.磨擦系数和表面磨损量均有不同程度下降,耐磨性明显提高主要是由于快速熔凝导致晶粒细化引起的.     

Sliding friction surface microstructure and wear resistance of 9SiCr steel with low-temperature austempering treatment

An extremely fine single-phase nanocrystalline microstructure was induced in the dry sliding friction surface layer of 9SiCr steel austempered at low temperature. The mean size of nanograins in the top surface layer is about 3 nm, and such fine nanograins had never hitherto been achieved in near surface severe plastic deformation metals and alloys. Grains in the near surface layers coarsen linearly with increasing depth from the top surface. The retained austenite in the surface layer of the austempered sample was decomposed into phase owing to the action of the shear strain during the dry sliding friction. In addition, the friction surface microstructure and the wear resistance were compared between samples with low-temperature austempering treatment and quenching plus tempering treatment.     

Microstructure and wear performance of Al5083/CeO2/SiC mono and hybrid surface composites fabricated by friction stir processing

Friction stir processing (FSP) was utilized to produce surface composites by incorporating nano-sized cerium oxide (CeO₂) and silicon carbide (SiC) particles individually and in combined form into the Al5083 alloy matrix. The study signified the role of these reinforcements on microstructure and wear behavior of the resultant surface composite layers. The wear characteristics of the resultant mono and hybrid surface composite layers were investigated using a pin-on-disc wear tester at room temperature. The microstructural observations of FSPed regions and the worn out surfaces were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Considerable grain refinement and uniform distribution of reinforcement particles were achieved inside the nugget zone. All the composite samples showed higher hardness and wear resistance compared to the base metal. Among the composite samples, the hybrid composite (Al5083/CeO₂/SiC) revealed the highest wear resistance and the lowest friction coefficient, whereas the Al5083/SiC composite exhibited the highest hardness, i.e., 1.5 times as hard as that of the Al5083 base metal. The enhancement in wear behavior of the hybrid composites was attributed to the solid lubrication effect provided by CeO₂ particles. The predominant wear mechanism was identified as severe adhesive in non-composite samples, which changed to abrasive wear and delamination in the presence of reinforcing particles.     

17-4PH不锈钢激光气体渗氮层显微组织与摩擦学性能

目的 提高17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢的表面硬度及耐磨性。方法 采用光纤激光器对17-4PH不锈钢进行激光气体氮化,采用不同激光功率在其表面制备渗氮层。利用光学显微镜(OM)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等设备分析渗氮层的显微组织和相组成;借助显微硬度仪测试渗氮层截面深度方向的硬度;采用多功能摩擦磨损试验机测试基体、渗氮层的摩擦学性能,并通过SEM分析磨痕形貌,揭示基体与渗氮层的磨损机制。结果 在渗氮前样品组织为回火马氏体,经激光渗氮后样品表面形成了由板条马氏体组成的熔化区和回火马氏体组成的热影响区构成的渗氮层。经渗氮后,样品的硬度均得到提高。在激光功率3 000 W下,渗氮层的表面硬度最高,达到了415HV0.2,约是基体硬度的1.2倍,渗氮层的硬度随着深度的增加呈下降趋势,在深度为2.6 mm处其硬度与基体一致。在回火马氏体向板条马氏体转变的相变强化,以及氮原子(以固溶方式进入基体)的固溶强化作用下,提高了渗氮层的硬度。经渗氮后,样品的摩擦因数均高于基体,但渗氮后其磨损量相较于基体有所减少,在激光功率3 000 W下,其磨损体积最小,相较于基体减少了62%。在激光功率2 500 W下马氏体转变不完全,在激光功率3 500 W下渗氮层出现了裂纹,都降低了渗氮层的硬度,其耐磨性也随之减小,且都略低于在3 000 W下。磨损机制由渗氮前的以黏着磨损为主,转变为渗氮后的以磨粒磨损为主。结论 在17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢表面进行激光渗氮后,其表面硬度和耐磨性均得到提高,在激光功率3 000 W下制备的渗氮层具有较高的表面硬度和优异的耐磨性。     

不同表面技术对挺柱组织及耐磨性的影响

目的 为解决挺住可靠性不足的问题,研究不同表面技术对提高可靠性的效果。方法 采用软氮化、感应淬火和复合技术三种表面处理方法制备挺柱。利用显微硬度计、金相显微镜等对三种挺柱的组织、硬度进行了分析。利用SRV摩擦磨损试验机测试不同挺柱在干摩擦、富油、贫油条件下的摩擦系数,并通过体视显微镜和轮廓仪对磨损后的形貌和深度进行了分析。最后在发动机台架上进行1000 h负载循环耐久试验,验证挺柱可靠性。结果 氮化挺柱表层组织由0.006 mm厚的白亮层和0.2 mm厚的扩散层构成,硬化层薄,硬度过渡不平缓,且白亮层中含有大量疏松缺陷。感应淬火挺柱表层为2 mm厚的普通马氏体,硬化层深且硬度过渡平缓。复合强化挺柱表层由0.04 mm厚的含氮马氏体层和2 mm厚的普通马氏体组成,硬度过渡平缓且硬化层深。氮化与复合强化挺柱干摩擦和富油摩擦系数随磨损时间基本保持不变,干摩擦系数分别为0.56、0.54,富油摩擦系数均为0.174,表明两种挺柱都具有优良的抗粘着磨损与磨粒磨损性能。感应淬火挺柱干摩擦系数随磨损时间急剧增加,最大达0.95,此时因粘着抱死导致试验过早终止,富油摩擦系数稳定在0.164,表明其具有优良的抗磨粒磨损性能,但抗粘着磨损性能极差。此外,复合技术挺柱在台架耐久中的表现远优于氮化挺柱,表面未出现异常磨损及剥落,而氮化件表面剥落严重。结论 复合技术可有效提升挺柱可靠性。     

Wear behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloy with a nanocrystalline surface layer

The tribological behaviour of nanocrystalline surface layer with an average grain size of 30 ± 5 nm generated by surface mechanical attrition treatment on AZ91D Mg alloy samples has been investigated under dry sliding conditions. Compared with the alloy without SMAT, nano-grained surface layer showed lower friction coefficient. An improved wear resistance of the NC layer was found at the load ranges from 3 N to 9 N due to the grain refinement strengthening effect. Examination of the worn surface and the wear debris indicated that the wear mechanism of NC layer is similar to that of the coarse-grained alloy. Cooperative effects of cutting, plowing and oxidation govern the tribological behaviour of nanocrystalline AZ91D Mg alloys.     

表面纳米化7A52铝合金在油润滑条件下的耐磨性能

采用高速颗粒轰击技术在7A52铝合金表面制得一定厚度纳米结构表层,利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了表面纳米晶层的微观结构特征,利用多功能纳米压痕仪和往复式摩擦磨损试验机测试了样品表面纳米化前后的硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明:7A52铝合金经高速颗粒轰击处理后样品表层形成了厚度约90μm塑性变形层,最表层晶粒尺寸约为8～20nm;表面纳米晶层的显微硬度约为原始样品的1.76倍;在油润滑的低载荷和中等载荷条件下,表面纳米化抛光样品的磨损量为原始样品的1/2～1/3;表面纳米化样品的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损,而原始样品的磨损机制为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,表明其具有优异的耐磨性能。     

F51双相不锈钢离子渗氮层的组织与性能

目的提高F51双相不锈钢的硬度以及耐磨性能。方法将F51双相不锈钢进行低温(450℃)和高温(550℃)离子渗氮处理,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察F51双相不锈钢渗氮层的微观组织,利用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对渗氮层沿深度方向相组成的变化进行分析,采用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损实验机分别对渗氮层的显微硬度及耐磨性能进行测试,采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对磨痕形貌进行观察。结果F51双相不锈钢低温渗氮层主要由N相组成,由表及里为N N+N(少量);高温渗氮层主要由CrN+N相组成,由表及里为CrN+N N+N。高温渗氮层厚度约为低温渗氮层厚度的3倍。低温渗氮样品的平均表面硬度约为基体表面硬度的3.5倍;高温渗氮样品的平均表面硬度约为基体硬度的4倍。基体的摩擦系数约为0.71,低温和高温渗氮处理后样品的摩擦系数大大降低,分别为0.24和0.17。渗氮样品磨痕的宽度和深度较基体显著降低。结论F51双相不锈钢低温渗氮层主要由N相组成,高温渗氮层主要由CrN+N相组成,两种温度渗氮后的样品硬度和耐磨性均得到显著提高。     

低温离子氮碳共渗温度对AerMet100钢摩擦学性能的影响

研究了不同温度对AerMet100钢渗氮层和氮碳共渗层的显微组织、表面硬度、渗层截面硬度梯度以及耐磨性的影响,并考察了渗层的磨损机理。结果表明,氮碳共渗层相较于渗氮层表面生成的化合物更加细小,表面更加平整光滑;离子渗氮、离子氮碳共渗处理都可显著提高AerMet100钢的表面硬度;随着温度的增加,共渗层厚度也明显增加;氮碳共渗层比渗氮层具有更低的摩擦因数,在共渗温度为480 ℃时氮碳共渗试样具有最低摩擦因数和磨损率,表现出最佳的耐磨性。渗氮层的磨损机理为氧化磨损和表面疲劳磨损,氮碳共渗层的磨损机理为氧化磨损、磨粒磨损以及表面疲劳磨损。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ti/Ni+Si3N4/ZrO2复合涂层组织与性能研究

目的 提高TA15合金的表面硬度,改善其耐磨性能.方法 以Ti/Ni+Si3 N4/ZrO2混合粉末为原料,利用激光熔覆技术,在TA15钛合金表面制备出以ZrO2颗粒和原位生成Ti5 Si3、TiN为增强相,以金属化合物TiNi、Ti2 Ni为基体的复合涂层.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及能谱仪等手段分析激光熔覆涂层的显微组织及磨损表面,通过硬度测试、摩擦磨损实验,对熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性进行评估.结果 熔覆层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合,熔覆层组织中TiNi和Ti2 Ni金属化合物基体上弥散分布着Ti5 Si3、TiN树枝晶和ZrO2颗粒;与不含ZrO2熔覆层相比,含有ZrO2熔覆层组织的晶粒得到细化;熔覆层中原位生成的TiN桥接在裂纹上,具有增韧的作用;熔覆层的显微硬度分布在835~1050 HV区间内,约为基体硬度的3倍左右;在干滑动摩擦磨损下,熔覆层的磨损量约为钛合金基体磨损量的1/6,其主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损.结论 熔覆层中高硬度、耐磨陶瓷相和高韧性相的共同配合,显著提高了钛合金表面的硬度和耐磨性.     

表面纳米化对316L不锈钢干摩擦性能的影响

目的研究表面纳米化316L不锈钢干摩擦磨损性能,以获得合理的喷丸时间,提高316L不锈钢的使用寿命。方法采用普通喷丸强化方法对316L不锈钢进行表面纳米化处理,利用洛氏硬度计测量了纳米化前后材料表面洛氏硬度;利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察了纳米化前后材料表面三维形貌,测量了材料表面的粗糙度;利用扫描电子显微镜观察了表面纳米化处理后横截面的金相组织;利用材料表面性能综合测试仪在干摩擦条件下进行了摩擦磨损实验,测量了材料的摩擦系数;利用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨痕表面形貌,分析了材料的磨损机理。结果与未纳米化试样相比,喷丸时间为15 min时,表面硬度提高9.7%,而表面粗糙度降低17.6%,干摩擦系数降低17.3%;喷丸时间为30 min时,表面硬度提高34.1%,粗糙度降低35.1%,干摩擦系数降低28.8%。未纳米化试样呈现典型的粘着磨损和磨粒磨损机制,而纳米化处理后试样则主要呈现疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损机制。结论表面纳米化处理后试样表面硬度随处理时间的增加而增加,粗糙度随处理时间的增加而降低,干摩擦系数随处理时间的增加而减小。喷丸处理时间较短时以疲劳磨损为主,处理时间较长时以磨粒磨损为主。