纯天然柑橘(橙)果粉的研制

利用柑橘(橙)全果为原料,果皮经物理和生物酶处理后与果肉以1∶1.4～1∶1.6的比例混合,利用热风喷雾干燥方法可获得干燥、疏松的纯天然柑橘(橙)果粉。     

不同晚熟柑橘中酚类物质的含量检测及分析

采用超高效液相色谱(ultra-performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)对9种晚熟柑橘(沃柑、春见、大雅柑、不知火、默科特、红肉脐橙、伦晚脐橙、红翠2号和塔罗科血橙)中的主要酚类物质(13种类黄酮和7种酚酸)进行测定,分析比较不同品种柑橘果皮、果肉和果汁(柑橘原汁)中酚类物质种类和含量的差异。结果表明:9个柑橘品种的果皮、果肉、果汁中,类黄酮均以橙皮苷为主,酚酸以阿魏酸为主,且果皮中多甲氧基黄酮含量丰富。在9个柑橘品种果汁中,春见的橙皮苷、咖啡酸含量最高。果肉中,沃柑中阿魏酸、咖啡酸、芥子酸含量最高,塔罗科血橙的橙皮苷、对香豆酸含量最高。果皮中,默科特的芸香柚皮苷、川皮苷、阿魏酸含量最高。杂柑果皮中咖啡酸、阿魏酸及川皮苷含量高于橙类。晚熟柑橘含有丰富的酚类物质,并呈现显著的多样性。     

采后柑橘与胶孢炭疽菌互作过程中果皮成分的动态变化

目的：探究柑橘胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）侵染过程中柑橘果皮细胞壁降解相关酶（cellwall degrading enzymes,CWDEs）、细胞壁成分和防御相关酶活性的动态变化,为进一步研究胶孢炭疽菌致病机理提供理论参考。方法：柑橘果实接种胶孢炭疽菌后,不同培养时间取样测定,并比较分析果皮成分变化。结果：胶孢炭疽菌侵染的柑橘组织中均能产生多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶（PMG）、纤维素酶（Cx）、β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Glu）、角质酶,且均在侵染前期（1～3 d）达到峰值。纤维素、半纤维素、果胶等细胞壁组分含量随胶孢炭疽菌的侵染而降低,木质素含量随胶孢炭疽菌的侵染而升高。胶孢炭疽菌侵染后,柑橘组织中的过氧化物酶（POD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量总体呈上升趋势。结论：CWDEs和角质酶在炭疽病发病前期起到重要的致病作用,其对果皮细胞壁组分的降解加速了胶孢炭疽菌的侵入;另外胶孢炭疽菌的侵染加速了寄主细胞质膜的过氧化。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS与ROAV相结合的4种柑橘果皮精油关键香气物质分析

采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法（HS-SPME-GC-MS）对4种柑橘果皮精油挥发性物质的组成和含量进行分析鉴定,结合相对气味活度值（Relative Odor Activity Value,ROAV）对4种柑橘果皮精油中的关键香气成分进行分析,以期为柑橘果皮精油品质评价与发掘特殊香气柑橘精油提供依据。结果表明,4种柑橘果皮精油共鉴定出62种挥发性成分,包括13种单萜、14种倍半萜、5种烷烃、12种醇类、8种醛类、4种酯类、3种酮类、2种醚类和1种酸类。4种柑橘果皮精油均以单萜化合物相对含量最高（83.00%~91.93%）。按照化合物组成,可将4种柑橘分为2个化学类型：柠檬烯/γ-萜品烯型和柠檬烯/3-蒈烯型。ROAV法从4种柑橘果皮精油中筛选出24种关键香气物质,其中北京柠檬果皮精油中风味贡献最大的物质为紫苏醛,关键香气物质共10种;温州蜜柑、酸橙和枳雀果皮精油中风味贡献最大的物质均为芳樟醇,关键香气物质分别为12种、20种和20种。这些关键香气物质对柑橘果皮精油的香气品质起着重要的作用。     

低成熟度柑橘果实油胞病发病进程中的膜脂代谢

以接近成熟的低成熟度果实为实验材料,以果皮塌陷指数、变色指数以及与细胞膜相关的物质为测定指标,围绕果实膜脂降解途径展开,研究橙油处理致柑橘果实油胞病对果皮膜脂代谢的影响。结果表明,橙油处理可引起柑橘油胞病的发生,病症随贮藏时间的延长而加剧;橙油对果皮具有光毒性,细胞膜系统参与果实对油胞病的响应。橙油处理致油胞病使得磷脂酶D活性增加,磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰肌醇含量下降,磷脂酸含量上升,表明细胞膜水解加剧。发病早期脂氧合酶活性高于健康果实,使得果皮脂肪酸不饱和度下降,活性氧急剧产生,膜脂发生过氧化反应;过量的活性氧攻击细胞膜使得丙二醛含量和相对电导率持续上升;细胞膜结构和功能受损,从而促使油胞病发生并加剧油胞病症状。橙油致柑橘果实油胞病机制的明确为进一步研究柑橘油胞病及其防控措施提供了理论依据。     

柑橘果肉、果皮中酚类物质含量差异性研究

采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatographic,HPLC)对8种橙类和杂柑中10种酚类物质含量进行测定,探讨不同柑橘品种果肉和果皮中酚类物质种类和含量的差异,分析其规律。结果表明,10种物质能在55 min内分离,线性范围为0.25~200 mg/L,相关系数达0.999 1~1,精密度(RSD≤1.90%)、重复性(RSD≤3.52%)和稳定性(RSD≤4.22%)较好,平均回收率为90.26%~118.85%(RSD为0.96%~3.01%),表明方法的准确度较高。在橙类和杂柑中,橙类果皮中芥子酸含量显著高于杂柑,杂柑果皮中芦丁含量显著高于橙类;果肉中酚类物质含量低于果皮;果实中酚酸以咖啡酸和绿原酸为主,类黄酮以芦丁和柚皮苷为主;在8个柑橘品种果肉中,金诺的阿魏酸、没食子酸和芦丁含量最高。在8个柑橘品种果皮中,口之津32号的咖啡酸、阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸含量最高,沃柑的新橙皮苷、柚皮苷、没食子酸和绿原酸含量最高。     

贮藏温度对耐贮性不同的柑橘品种果皮蜡质含量及其化学组成的影响

为探究果皮蜡质与柑橘果实耐贮性的关系，以广东西江流域著名特产柑橘‘贡柑’（耐贮性较强）、‘砂糖橘’（耐贮性差）果实为试材，采收后装入塑料薄膜保鲜袋中分别在自然室温（（14.2±2.8）℃）和冷库温度（（6.5±0.5）℃）下贮藏90 d，定期检测果实质量损失率、腐烂率、果皮表面结构和蜡质含量及化学组成。结果表明，在不同温度下贮藏，两种柑橘质量损失率和腐烂率显著增加（P＜0.05），表面结构发生改变，果皮蜡质总含量及主要组分（长链脂肪醛、长链脂肪酸、长链脂肪烃、长链脂肪伯醇）含量均显著降低（P＜0.05），冷藏相对于室温贮藏会抑制这些变化，起到关键的保鲜作用。质量损失率、腐烂率均与果皮蜡质总含量及4 类主要组分含量均呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）；贮藏过程中果皮蜡质不同组分含量的降低幅度存在差异，其中耐贮性较强的‘贡柑’长链脂肪酸含量降幅最大、长链脂肪伯醇含量降幅最小，耐贮性差的‘砂糖橘’长链脂肪伯醇含量降幅最大、长链脂肪酸含量降幅最小；小分子质量的支链烷烃、烯烃和烯醛对贮藏温度的响应更敏感。说明两种柑橘果实的耐贮性与果皮蜡质含量和组分有密切关系。     

柑橘皮在热处理过程中内部温度的时空分布特性

目的：获得柑橘热处理过程中果实内部不同点随时间变化的温度分布规律。方法：从传热的角度研究柑橘皮在热处理过程中的温度变化；提出一种新的方法来计算柑橘皮中的温度传递规律，建立一个新的数学模型来模拟柑橘皮在热处理过程中的温度分布；并重点研究3种柑橘（奉节脐橙、长寿血橙和资阳蜜桔）内部温度场的时空分布。结果：热处理时间随水温的升高呈指数级下降，得到了不同品种柑橘的详细指数关系表达式，并通过数据回归方法提出了柑橘热处理时间与水浴温度之间的函数公式。结论：热处理时间随着水浴温度升高呈指数衰减，过低的水域温度会因传热温差过小导致热处理时间极大延长，增加能源消耗。     

裸脚菇0612-9活性物质对柑橘青、绿霉病的生防效果及其诱导抗性

为研究裸脚菇0612-9活性物质对柑橘青、绿霉病的生防效果及其诱导抗性，以‘南丰’蜜桔为试材，采用质量浓度分别为0（对照）、0.25、0.55、5.50 mg/mL的裸脚菇0612-9发酵液粗提物（extract of fermentation broth from Gymnopus sp. 0612-9，GSFE）通过损伤接种的方式处理果实，随后分别接种青、绿霉病原菌孢子悬浮液，定期统计果实发病率，并取样测定柑橘果皮防御酶活力等指标的变化。结果表明：不同质量浓度GSFE处理较对照组均能显著降低柑橘青、绿霉病发病率及病情指数（P＜0.05），其中GSFE质量浓度为5.50 mg/mL时的抑制效果最佳；同时，GSFE处理能够诱导‘南丰’蜜桔果皮中相关防御酶（苯丙氨酸解氨酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶）活力的提高，促进其抗氧化物质总酚和类黄酮的产生，并抑制脂氧合酶活力、减少丙二醛的积累、降低膜脂过氧化程度，从而提高‘南丰’蜜桔果实的抗病性。本研究结果可为设计开发GSFE类新型柑橘采后防腐保鲜剂提供思路。     

宽皮柑橘浮皮时脱落酸积累变化及其代谢基因表达特征

采后柑橘果皮大量积累脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）,且ABA生物合成主要通过类胡萝卜素合成途径。为探究宽皮柑橘浮皮发生过程中ABA含量变化及其代谢基因表达特征,本研究以‘克里曼丁’和‘椪柑’为试材,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术分析18～20 ℃贮藏30 d后浮皮果实果皮和正常果皮中ABA含量、类胡萝卜素组分及ABA代谢基因表达水平。结果表明,‘克里曼丁’和‘椪柑’贮藏期间果实浮皮指数分别增加了177%和186%,果皮水分质量分数分别提高了5.9%和14.4%。与正常果皮相比,‘克里曼丁’和‘椪柑’浮皮果实果皮ABA含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,分别从1 659.2、464.6 ng/g降低至795.1、230.5 ng/g。经Pearson相关性分析发现,‘克里曼丁’和‘椪柑’浮皮时果皮ABA含量与β-胡萝卜素含量及LCYB1、LCYE、AB1相对表达量呈显著相关（P＜0.05）。浮皮时,ABA合成基因LCYB1相对表达量显著降低、LCYE相对表达量显著增加（P＜0.05）,致使β-胡萝卜素含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,而β-胡萝卜素合成量的减少抑制了ABA合成。浮皮时,ABA分解基因AB1相对表达量显著增加（P＜0.05）,从而抑制了ABA积累。综合分析认为,浮皮时ABA含量降低与β-胡萝卜素合成量下调及ABA分解加快有关,主要由LCYB1、LCYE、AB1共同调节。此外,本研究认为柑橘果实浮皮的发生可能是由果皮衰老相对延迟所致。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.