7050铝合金蠕变时效成形本构模型研究

为研究7050T451铝合金蠕变时效本构模型,在160℃、不同应力条件下进行单轴拉伸蠕变试验,分析了蠕变应变、屈服强度和微观组织随时间的变化规律.基于高强铝合金析出强化理论,建立了能描述蠕变时效成形宏观及微观变化的本构方程,并运用遗传算法对材料常数进行拟合优化.研究表明,该模型在不同应力水平下与试验结果吻合良好,能够用来模拟分析蠕变时效成形过程.     

不同热处理状态铝合金在电磁成形条件下的成形性研究

目的 研究不同热处理状态下多种铝合金在准静态拉伸和电磁单向拉伸条件下的成形性能,并探究其中机理.方法 选择不同牌号(1060,3003,5052)和不同热处理状态(加工硬化态和完全退火态)的铝合金材料,获得材料在准静态和电磁成形条件下材料的成形性能,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对1060铝合金试样进行显微断口和微观组织分析.采用数值仿真方法,获取板料和线圈的最佳相对位置.结果 与退火态材料相比,在电磁成形条件下加工硬化态材料的成形性能提高得更多,特别是在1060铝合金中,退火态试样准静态拉伸的伸长率和动态拉伸的伸长率几乎一致,而H24态试样的动态拉伸伸长率(20.2％)为准静态拉伸(5.1％)的3.96倍.扫描断口发现电磁成形断裂面更窄,韧窝大小更均匀.1060-O试样电磁成形后,晶粒内部位错密度低,微观结构主要为亚晶.1060-H24试样电磁成形后的组织中位错密度较高,出现位错胞.结论 加工硬化态材料中存在的初始缺陷有利于电磁成形过程中位错的产生和交滑移的发生,从而提高合金成形性.     

特种能场辅助微塑性成形技术研究及应用

特种能场辅助微塑性成形技术是利用声、光、电、磁等特殊能量源对微型零件变形过程进行调控的先进制造技术。特种能场已被证明在宏观尺度下对于降低零件加工难度、提高尺寸精度、改善材料微观组织、提升构件力学性能、提高表面质量等存在促进作用。然而,在微塑性成形过程中,材料的变形特性在尺寸效应的影响下与宏观情况存在一定差异。梳理了特种能场辅助微塑性成形技术的研究进展,总结了微型零件在特种能场辅助下的成形特点。其中,着重综述了超声场辅助微成形中体积效应和表面效应的宏观表现及微观机理,展示了多种微成形工艺中超声场对微型零件成形质量的提升效果。同时,重点概述了电场辅助微成形时材料力学性能及微观组织演变规律,剖析了电致塑性效应产生的本质原因。此外,列举了激光、电磁、高压流体等其他特种场辅助微成形的原理及作用效果。最后,对特种能场辅助微成形的发展趋势进行了展望。     

金属板材屈服行为与塑性失稳力学模型在微尺度下的应用

板材屈服准则与塑性失稳模型是精准描述高性能构件成形或服役过程的基础与前提。在板材塑性成形过程中,试样几何尺寸、材料晶粒大小、自由表面粗化和织构分布等都会对材料的塑性变形行为产生不可忽略的影响,导致单一尺度下的本构模型和断裂准则不能有效预测微观尺度下的材料变形行为和各种缺陷,大大限制了合金板材在航空、航天、汽车、医疗等工业上的应用。对现有屈服准则的研究进展进行了较为全面的回顾,从Hill、Hershey-Hosford和Drucker这3个系列出发,分别进行了对比分析,并总结了目前国内外用于验证屈服准则的金属板材双向拉伸实验机发展状况。基于不同的破裂失稳机理,将失稳模型分为宏观失稳准则、韧性断裂准则和耦合材料损伤演化的韧性断裂准则,并分别进行了归纳和阐述。此外,随着微成形技术的逐步推广,也对宏观塑性成形理论在微尺度下的应用进展进行了说明,指出了宏观屈服准则和失稳模型在微尺度下的不足和缺陷。最后讨论了宏观屈服准则和失稳模型今后的发展趋势以及宏观塑性成形理论在微尺度下的应用前景。     

掺杂难熔金属碳化物对炭/炭复合材料烧蚀微观结构的影响

详细分析和比较了3D炭／炭复合材料及其添加难熔金属碳化物的试样在三种烧蚀条件下的烧蚀结果、微观结构及形貌。SEM观察结果显示，纤维与基体间的界面优先烧蚀现象对纯炭／炭试样是普遍存在的，相反，对难熔金属碳化物掺杂的炭／炭试样而言，纤维却总是优先被烧蚀；纤维单丝相对基体优先烧蚀越明显，材料宏观烧蚀率越大。对纯炭／炭试样烧蚀表层区的TEM观察结果表明，在烧蚀过程中炭纤维和基体炭均发生明显的微观结构变化，具体表现为炭纤维的微晶尺寸显著长大，而基体炭原有层片区则出现柱状炭。烧蚀测试条件对材料宏观和微观形貌及烧蚀机理都有影响：     

间隙填充电弧增材制造成形质量及组织性能研究

目的 传统多道焊缝搭接模型存在沉积环境不对称、热量累积严重及最终成形质量差的问题,针对以上情况,提出了间隙填充模型,并研究了该模型对成形质量及组织性能的影响。方法 以4043铝合金为填充材料,探究了沉积顺序、沉积方向、道间冷却时间及CMT电弧模式对搭接质量的影响。确定了多层多道沉积策略,分别基于间隙填充模型和传统搭接模型进行了长方体式试样的沉积,对比分析了所成形试样的成形质量、微观组织及力学性能。结果 当送丝速度为5 m/min、焊接速度为0.6 m/min时,在CMT+P的电弧模式下,采用由内而外的沉积顺序、道间反向的沉积方向及无道间冷却时间的工艺组合所成形试样的搭接质量最佳,所沉积试样的表面不平度低于0.004mm²。结论 由间隙填充模型和传统搭接模型所成形试样的微观组织和力学性能并无明显差异,但基于间隙填充模型的沉积策略所成形的试样的成形质量更好。其顶部微观组织主要由柱状晶组成,底部微观组织以细小的等轴晶为主,中部的热影响区主要为粗大的柱状晶,且晶粒尺寸分布不均匀,而焊缝区主要由细小的等轴晶和柱状晶组成。     

疲劳损伤钢件修复的最佳时机

为了研究影响疲劳损伤中间退火修复效果的诸因素,找出最佳修复时机的变化规律,在不同的恒应变控制下,对40Cr调质钢进行疲劳循环加载,求得存活率为90%时的寿命Nf.将试样疲劳加载到少于Nf的不同周次后,再进行中间退火修复.发现中间退火可以延长损伤件的疲劳寿命.本次试验条件下能使疲劳寿命提高到原始试样的二倍.修复效果与损伤周次和承受的循环应变大小有关.用高灵敏度电阻仪和TEM对疲劳损伤过程和修复后材料的微观结构进行了测试和观察.发现中间退火不能使损伤的材料恢复到原始材料状态.疲劳加载对材料的微观变化有两个相反的影响:疲劳损伤导致形成微观裂纹,但疲劳加载在材料中累积的应变能在中间退火过程中,作为附加驱动力,促使材料更加均匀、稳定,从而减少了形成微裂纹的条件.当循环应变增加,获得最佳修复效果的损伤周次减少.     

典型预处理对6063铝合金化学转化成膜效果的影响

目前,针对预处理对铝合金化学转化成膜效果影响规律的研究缺乏系统性.基于H3PO4-Na2MoO4复配化学转化液体系,通过对预处理试样表面微观形貌、转化试样宏观形貌、膜层面密度及其腐蚀防护性的分析研究,探讨了9种典型预处理对6063铝合金挤压型材成膜效果的影响规律.结果表明:预处理对化学转化成膜效果具有重要影响;最佳预处理方案为强碱浸蚀→去斑→碱活化,对应转化膜面密度0.42 g/m2,耐硫酸铜点滴液时间68 s,转化试样自腐蚀电流密度较空白试样降低了3个数量级.     

注射成形Fe—2Ni合金性能和组织不均匀性研究

采用金属灯末注射成形方法制备了Ｆｅ２Ｎｉ合金试样，获得了试样机械性能和微观组织，并对试样不同部位的密度，微观组织的差异性进行了研究，分析了不均匀性的原因。     

镍基高温合金初始织构对电辅助拉伸宏微观行为的影响

目的研究织构对镍基高温合金电辅助成形的影响规律。方法通过准静态拉伸与电辅助拉伸对比实验,研究了不同初始织构对镍基高温合金电辅助成形宏观力学行为以及微观组织演化的影响规律。结果当初始织构为易变形织构时,拉伸后的纤维织构峰值较低,而电辅助拉伸过程中焦耳热使得试样温度升高,变形抗力得到下降,在一定程度上增大了纤维织构的强度。当初始织构为难变形织构时,材料变形抗力大,拉伸后纤维织构峰值较高,但材料变形过程晶粒细化程度高,缺陷的增多导致电辅助成形过程中焦耳热更为明显,焦耳热导致的高温使得难变形晶粒变形更为协调,最终的纤维织构强度有所下降。结论不同的初始织构对电辅助成形宏微观行为有较大的影响,因此合理利用织构在电辅助成形过程中的影响以完善电辅助成形工艺十分重要。     

T10-20G爆炸焊接复合板

通过选取最佳的爆炸焊接参数,消除了T10－20G爆炸复合板表面的裂纹,使复合率达到100％,微观测试和宏观力学性能检测表明,从起爆端开始,界面波依次为微波状和小波状,消除了大波状界面中不可避免的微观缺陷,界面的结合强度较高     

疏水缔合羟乙基纤维素水溶液的流变性及驱油性能

研究了疏水缔合改性羟乙基纤维素(BHEC)水溶液的流变性和驱油性能。结果表明,BHEC的临界缔合浓度在4000 mg/L左右,其增粘性能是HEC的近22倍;NaCl对BHEC水溶液有促进作用,当NaCl含量达到100000 mg/L时,BHEC的表观黏度仍然稳定在699.9 mPa.s,说明其具有良好的抗盐性。BHEC水溶液达到临界缔合浓度才具有粘弹性,并随着聚合物浓度的增加,聚合物溶液的粘弹性越显著,振荡频率越高,损耗因子越低。浓度为6000 mg/L的BHEC水溶液可在水驱基础上提高原油采收率25%~32%。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti-20G爆炸焊接+轧制工艺研究

为了研究在不同爆炸焊接工艺条件下获得的复合板的轧制效果,本文对大波、小波、微波状3种界面的1Cr18Ni9Ti／20G复合板进行轧制实验研究．实验表明：只有用下限获得的微小波状界面的爆炸焊接复合板,才能实现成功轧制,而大波状复合板界面存在一定的缝隙、空洞等微观缺陷,在轧制时由于分层会使轧制失效．爆炸焊接 轧制工艺获得的复合板结合界面的组织、强度和性能的测试结果表明：轧制复合板结合界面的剪切和分离强度虽比爆炸态略低,但延伸率、冲击韧性都大大增强,轧制复合板的耐蚀性能也未降低．     

Frequency-Dependent Elongational Viscosity by Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics

The elongational viscosity of a liquid describes the response of the liquid to simultaneous stretching and compression in various directions, subject to the restriction that the trace of the rate of the strain tensor is zero (or the density is constant). Despite the growing popularity and usefulness of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics methods in studies of the shear viscosity of simple and complex fluids, the elongational viscosity remains a relatively neglected property in computer simulation studies. This stems from some significant technical difficulties that arise when standard methods such as the constant strain rate SLLOD algorithm are applied to elongational flow. For example, if planar elongational flow with a constant elongation rate is applied in a computer simulation with periodic boundary conditions, the box size in the contracting direction quickly becomes smaller than twice the range of the potential, violating the minimum image convention. The time at which this occurs may be less than the time required for the system to reach a steady state, making it impossible to compute the steady-state elongational viscosity. This difficulty can be avoided by applying an oscillating elongational strain rate to the liquid, and computing frequency dependent elements of the stress tensor, which can then be extrapolated to zero frequency to evaluate the steady-state elongational viscosity. We have used this method to compute the elongational viscosity of a simple atomic liquid and discuss its possible application to a model polymeric liquid.     

碳化硅环氧树脂涂料喷涂工艺研究

研究获得了一种溶剂型高固体含量的碳化硅环氧树脂涂料工艺配方,并总结了喷涂过程常见问题及其解决方法;重点分析了几种分散剂和活性稀释剂对涂料黏度的影响,及分散剂对涂料中碳化硅分散性的影响.结果表明,分散剂能改善涂料的粘度及碳化硅的分散性,含量20%活性稀释剂能显著地降低涂料黏度;力学性能测试表明,涂层附着力1级,弯曲强度2mm无破坏.     

恒粘天然橡胶的老化特性

研究了在天然鲜胶乳中分别加入几种不同的恒粘剂制备的恒粘天然橡胶硫化胶的热氧(热空气)、臭氧、光氧(紫外光)老化特性。结果表明,盐酸羟胺和水合联胺可改善恒粘天然橡胶(NR)的热氧老化性能,能降低臭氧和光氧老化性能;硫酸羟胺能改善恒粘NR臭氧老化性能,但对热氧和光氧老化性能产生不利影响;盐酸氨基脲在用量低时能降低恒粘NR的热氧和臭氧老化性能,但随用量的增加影响程度逐渐减小;苯胺质量分数为0.05%和0.10%时,可提高恒粘NR的热氧老化性能和降低光氧老化性能,当苯胺用量为0.20%时却降低了恒粘NR的热氧老化性能并提高光氧老化性。     

Parallel carbon nanotube stripes in polymer thin film with tunable microstructures and anisotropic conductive properties

It is known that shear-flow can induce units to assemble into vorticity-aligned stripe-structures in confined geometries. This study shows that the microstructure and the property of the stripe in polymer thin film can be well tuned by adjusting the viscosity ratio between dispersed phase and continuous phase. Polypropylene (PP)/poly(styrene–ethylene/butadiene–styrene) (SEBS)/octadecylamine functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (ODA-MWCNTs) composites with different viscosity ratios were prepared by either pre-compounding ODA-MWCNT into PP or SEBS in a microcompounder. Under the induction of shear-flow, ODA-MWCNT and SEBS spontaneously assembled into vorticity-aligned stripes in PP thin films for all the composites with different viscosity ratios, resulting in the property of conductive anisotropy for the film. Interestingly, it was found that both the microstructures and the electrical properties of MWCNT stripes in PP thin films prepared from the composites with different viscosity ratios were significantly different.     

Analysis of viscosity sensitivity for liquid property detection applications based on SAW sensors

An investigation of viscosity sensitivity for liquid property detection applications based on the ZnO/SiO₂/Si layered structure Love mode surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors is presented. One of our interests in this paper is to optimize the SAW viscosity sensor under the condition of temperature stability by considering the relations among electromechanical coupling coefficient, viscosity sensitivity and temperature coefficient of delay (TCD). Some important results have been obtained by solving the system of coupled electromechanical field equations and Navier–Stokes equation. It is found that the electromechanical coupling coefficient and viscosity sensitivity can be further improved by adjusting the thickness of SiO₂ thin film and a zero TCD device also can be obtained by introducing a SiO₂ thin film with proper thickness. We try to obtain a device which possesses the viscosity sensitivity as high as possible and has zero TCD. Another interest of this paper is to improve the traditional viscosity sensitivity expression by considering the coupling effect between the liquid viscosity and density. It is shown that the coupling effect cannot be neglected from the numerical results. This modification could make the obtained viscosity more accurate. This analysis is meaningful for the manufactures and applications of the ZnO/SiO₂/Si structure Love wave sensor for liquid property detection.     

The effect of glass-forming sugars on vesicle morphology and water distribution during drying

Cryopreservation requires that stored materials be kept at extremely low temperatures and uses cryoprotectants that are toxic to cells at high concentrations. Lyopreservation is a potential alternative where stored materials can remain at room temperatures. That storage process involves desiccating cells filled with special glass-forming sugars. However, current desiccation techniques fail to produce viable cells, and researchers suspect that incomplete vitrification of the cells is to blame. To explore this hypothesis, a cell is modelled as a lipid vesicle to monitor the water content and membrane deformation during desiccation. The vesicle is represented as a moving, bending-resistant, inextensible interface and is tracked by a level set method. The vesicle is placed in a fluid containing a spatially varying sugar concentration field. The glass-forming nature is modelled through a concentration-dependent diffusivity and viscosity. It is found that there are optimal regimes for the values of the osmotic flow parameter and of the concentration dependence of the diffusivity to limit water trapping in the vesicle. Furthermore, it is found that the concentration dependencies of the diffusivity and viscosity can have profound effects on membrane deformations, which may have significant implications for vesicle damage during the desiccation process.     

PVC/特种CPE的共混增韧

采用固相法对高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）进行氯化,得到分子链上具有特殊氯分布的特种氯化聚乙烯（CPE）（SCPE）,其可以作为增韧剂对聚氯乙烯（PVC）增韧。结果表明,在SCPE含量为5份时,PVC/SCPE共混物的拉伸强度相对于PVC没有降低,反而提高了4%左右;缺口冲击强度提高了62.5%（13 kJ/m2）。差示扫描...