Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis of the Waste Water from Sweet Potato Starch Process

The primary waste water discharged from pilot plant scale sweet potato starch manufacturing was processed by ultrafiltration (UF). The UF permeate was then concentrated by reverse osmosis (RO). Growth of microorganisms in waste water would reduce the flux of UF. When the feed velocity of UF was higher than 2.5 m/sec, its positive effect on permeation rate was no longer existent. Relationships between transmembrane pressure and permeate flux were linear at all tested concentrations. UF filtered protein and calcium reduced two-thirds of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and half the chemical oxygen demand (COD) at weight concentration ratio (WCR) of 5. With RO the rest of the components were recovered and BOD and COD were reduced more than 99% and 98%, respectively, at a WCR of 6.     

Characterization and Bioconversion of Great Northern Bean Blancher Effluent

Chemical characterization of blanching effluent and bioconversion by Hansenula anamola was performed. The effluent contained 27,000 mg/L BOD and 31,000 mg/L total solids including 49.5% starch and 23.6% protein (dry basis). A high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio (0.95) indicated a waste easily and completely degradable, with nitrogen and phosphorus levels above those necessary for unimpeded microbial growth. Batch fermentations of raw effluent produced 12g dry cells/L, containing 53% protein, with a corresponding 84% reduction in BOD. Great Northern bean blanching effluent was demonstrated to be a suitable growth medium for H. anomala.     

Use of ozone in the food industry

Ozone is a strong oxidant and potent disinfecting agent. Even though it is new for the US, it has been utilized in European countries for a long time. Ultraviolet radiation (188 nm wavelength) and corona discharge methods can be used to generate ozone. The bactericidal effects of ozone have been documented on a wide variety of organisms, including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as spores and vegetative cells. In this review, chemical and physical properties of ozone, its generation, and antimicrobial power of ozone with two suggested mechanisms were explained as well as many advantages of ozone use in the food industry. There are numerous application areas of ozone in the industry such as food surface hygiene, sanitation of food plant equipment, reuse of waste water, treatment and lowering biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of food plant waste. Treating fruits and vegetables with ozone has been found to increase shelf-life of the products. Notably, when ozone is applied to food, it leaves no residues since it decomposes quickly. In this review, use of ozone in food industry was discussed.     

Wet oxidation lumped kinetic model for wastewater organic burden biodegradability prediction

In many cases, treatment of wastewaters requires a combination of processes that very often includes biological treatment. Wet oxidation (WO) in combination with biotreatment has been successfully used for the treatment of refractory wastes. Therefore, information about the biodegradability of wastewater solutes and particulates after wet oxidation is very important. The present work proposes a model that can describe the oxidation process via organic concentration characteristics such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and immediately available BOD (IA BOD) and so can allow the prediction of biodegradability (i.e., BOD/COD ratio). The reaction mechanism includes the destruction of nonbiodegradable substances bytwo pathways: oxidation to carbon dioxide and water and oxidation to larger biodegradable compounds with their further degradation to smaller ones measured via IA BOD. The destruction of small biodegradable compounds to end products is also included in the model. The experiments were performed at different temperatures (170-200 degrees C) and partial oxygen pressures (0.5-1.5 MPa) in a batch stainless steel high-pressure autoclave. The model of concentrated thermomechanical pulp circulation water was selected for the experiments. The proposed model correlates with the experimental data well and it is compared with other WO models in the literature.     

废纸脱墨废水活性污泥处理动力学研究

对废水活性污泥处理的动力学模型进行了剖析,并分别以CODCx和BOD5为底物,通过试验确定脱墨废水活性污泥处理的动力学系数。试验结果也显示：完全混合式活性污泥处理后,脱墨废水CODCx和BOD5的去除率分别为88．1％和93．4％。     

蛋白酶在獭兔皮浸水工艺中的应用研究(续)

与传统浸水工艺对比研究了酶浸水獭兔皮的组织切片,蛋白溶出率、成品皮物理力学性能以及废液BOD、COD和TOC.结果显示:酶浸水獭兔皮胶原纤维分散情况良好,毛囊未受损害,蛋白溶出率高,成品皮物理力学性能达到国家标准;酶浸水工艺能大幅度减少中性盐和表面活性剂的使用,并将工艺时间缩短一半;废液COD、BOD5接近国家二级排放...     

响应面法优化黄浆水超滤工艺及其代谢组学分析

为了高效分离获得蛋白的同时减轻黄浆水的污染问题,提高其综合利用率,本文采用超滤分离技术对黄浆水进行浓缩处理.在单因素实验基础上,采用响应曲面对黄浆水超滤工艺进行优化,并对超滤前后的黄浆水进行了蛋白质和总糖含量测定、生化需氧量(BOD)和化学需氧量(COD)测定以及代谢组学测定.结果表明:黄浆水超滤浓缩工艺的最佳参数为:...     

Urban wastewater treatment by a nutrient film technique system with a valuable commercial plant species (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Trev.)

Urban wastewater causes rapid eutrophication of natural waters and requires treatment before discharge. This is expensive and produces huge quantities of sludge. In the European Community, it will no longer be lawful to dispose of this sludge as landfill after 2005 (European Directive 91/271/CEE of May 21, 1991). Wastewater treatment by the Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium plants in horizontal flow was investigated using the nutrient film technique (NFT), a widely used hydroponic system in the commercial greenhouse industry. After a 48 h plant treatment, the purification efficiency was 95%, 91%, and 99% with respect to suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the elimination of nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) varied between 40% and 80%. SS and thus indirectly BOD5 and COD were removed by filtration and adsorption; the solids trapped in the root systems were then decomposed and mineralized. The system with 25 plants purified 30 L of wastewater in 48 h. One-hundred people communities wastewater could be treated with a 6 m2 area of production. Pyrethrin contents and chlorophyll a fluorescence of plants grown on raw urban waters were not significantly different from those grown on a standard nutrient solution.     

光叶楮白皮生物制浆及漂白废水的特性及处理

光叶楮白皮生物制浆及漂白所产生的废水总量为每吨漂白浆145.5 m3。制浆与漂白段的废水的BOD/COD(B/C)分别为0.38和0.24,可以用生物法处理。用SBR法处理时的最优曝气时间为8 h;最佳初始pH值:制浆混合废水为7.5,漂白混合废水为7.0;处理结果:制浆混合废水CODC r去除率为84.2%,BOD5去除率达到89.6%;漂白混合废水CODC r去除率为78.1%,BOD5去除率达到80.9%。     

Degradation and behavior of natural steroid hormones in cow manure waste during biological treatments and ozone oxidation

An efficient treatment process for screened cow manure waste, particularly for the degradation of natural steroid hormones, was developed. The first step in this process was a draw-and-fill process for thermophilic anaerobic digestion. After fourfold dilution with tap water, continuous feeding was performed for the aerobic treatment of the effluent from the anaerobic treatment. Batchwise ozone oxidation was then carried out for the degradation of the natural steroid hormones that remained in the effluent from the aerobic treatment. A yeast two-hybrid assay was performed to evaluate hormonal degradation. Significant reductions in the concentrations of total VFA, BOD(5), COD(Cr), TOC, TS, VSS, and natural steroid hormones were demonstrated in the effluent from the biological treatments. The removal ratios of such concentrations were 99.7%, 90%, 79%, 84%, 51%, 58%, and 99%, respectively. Although the concentrations of the remaining TOC and COD(Cr) remained constant, natural steroid hormones were completely removed by ozone oxidation.     

可用于造纸废水处理的抗性菌株选育及处理效果研究

用逐步提高底物浓度的方法 ,定向选育出抗造纸废水毒性并能有效降低废水CODCr含量的几株高效白腐菌株 ,对其中Z - 1、Z -2和Z - 3等 3株菌株处理造纸中段废水的效果进行了研究。结果表明 ,3种菌株均可以有效地降低废水的CODCr含量 ,但其各自的处理效果有所不同。菌株Z - 1可以有效地降低废水的CODCr及使废水脱色 ,同时还可以降低废水的pH值 ,处理 4天后 ,色度降低 82 61 % ,处理 6天 ,CODCr含量降低 63 44% ,废水pH值从中性下降到pH值 2左右的水平 ;而菌株Z - 2和Z - 3在降低废水CODCr含量的同时 (其中用Z - 2处理 2天 ,CODCr含量下降 69 1 5% ) ,废水的色度有所增加 ,但pH值在处理过程中基本保持稳定。就处理效果而言 ,其顺序为Z -1 >Z - 2 >Z - 3。此外 ,用驯化后的菌株Z - 1直接处理蒸煮浓黑液也表现出了良好的效果 ,显示出菌株Z - 1具有良好的工业应用前景。     

聚丙烯微孔膜固定化转谷氨酰胺酶在大豆乳清废水处理中的应用

将固定化转谷氨酰胺酶酶膜应用到酶膜反应器中,对大豆乳清废水进行催化使其发生聚合并被截留,从而减轻大豆乳清废水对环境的污染,并确定其最佳影响条件,得出在最佳条件下进行处理的蛋白截留率为78.4%。对处理前后大豆乳清废水进行分析,其主要成分指标发生了很大变化,如蛋白质含量、生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand,BOD)值、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)值、灰分含量等指标较处理前发生显著下降。     

酒精废水处理工艺中氧化沟污泥的微生物菌群分析

该实验分析了酒精废水处理过程的主要指标变化,并基于Illumina MiSeq测序方法研究了氧化沟活性污泥的微生物菌群,分析污泥中微生物种类、丰度和功能。 结果表明,在酒精废水处理过程中,pH的变化较小,总磷（TP）浓度不断减小,NH4+-N浓度呈先升高后降低的趋势,化学需氧量（COD）、生化需氧量（BOD）呈先快速减小后缓慢减小的趋势。 氧化沟活性污泥中生丝微菌属（Tetrasphaera）对废水中磷元素的去除起重要的作用;陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）对废水中氮元素的去除起重要的作用;球形杆菌属（Sphaerobacter）、陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）、沙雷氏菌属（Serratia）能够降解或转化结构复杂的有机物;热单胞菌属（Caldimonas）在污泥中丰度高,但其特性和功能尚不清晰,有待更加深入地研究。     

造纸废水中四种耗氧量的在线测定

对某新闻纸厂桉木CTMP浆过氧化氢漂白生产线、废纸脱墨浆二氧化硫脲（FAS）及过氧化氢漂白生产线，进行了漂白废水中COD、BOD、TOC、TOD的在线测定研究。结果表明：桉木CTMP浆过氧化氢漂白废水采用电化学法与生化法结合的手段进行达标处理；废纸脱墨浆二氧化硫脲（FAS）及过氧化氢漂白废水宜用生化法处理；当废水处理中BOD／TOD〉0．6、BOD／TOC〉1．0时，宜采用生化法处理；BOD／TOD〈0．2、BOD／TOC〈0．5时，应采用电化学法及生化法相结合的处理方法；对废水BOD／COD〈0．5值的范围判断废水可生化性是不可靠的。     

Development of chemical oxygen demand on-line monitoring system based on a photoelectrochemical degradation principle

A simple, rapid, and sensitive on-line chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination method has been proposed and experimentally validated. The method is based on a photoelectrochemical oxidative degradation principle and operates under a continuous flow mode. The method employs a specially designed thin-layer photoelectrochemical cell that incorporates a highly effective nanoparticulate TiO2 photoanode. This approach overcomes many problems associated with the conventional COD determination techniques such as long analysis time, consumption of expensive and toxic reagents, production of secondary toxic waste, and poor reproducibility. The effect of important experimental parameters on the analytical signal generation was systematically investigated, and the optimum conditions were obtained. The method was successfully applied to determine the COD of real samples from various industrial wastewaters. The COD value of real samples determined by this method agreed well with the standard dichromate method. The assay time of 1-5 min/sample can be readily achieved. A practical detection limit of 1 mg L(-1) COD with a linear range of 1-100 mg L(-1) was achieved under the optimum conditions.     

絮凝自过滤工艺处理秸秆机械浆废水的研究

采用斜筛过滤+沉淀+絮凝自过滤水处理工艺对某厂秸秆机械浆废水进行处理并回用,对回用水中主要污染物(SS、DCS、DS、CS等)含量的变化进行分析。结果表明,在聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)及沸石添加量分别为100 mg/L、15～20mg/L、2 g/L的条件下,SS、COD、DCS、DS、CS去除率分别为88.4%、80.7%、48.5%、51.7%、50.5%,回用水中SS、COD、DCS、DS、CS质量浓度分别为170、600～700、340、140、180 mg/L,符合该厂设定的废水回用质量要求。     

响应面法优化黄浆水絮凝工艺及其代谢组学分析

为了提高黄浆水的附加值和利用率,缓解排放黄浆水带来的环境污染,本文对黄浆水中的可溶性固形物进行絮凝处理。在单因素实验基础上结合响应面法对黄浆水中可溶性固形物的絮凝工艺进行优化,并且对絮凝前后黄浆水进行了蛋白质和总糖含量测定、生化需氧量和化学需氧量测定以及代谢组学测定。实验结果表明,絮凝沉降黄浆水可溶性固形物最佳工艺参数为:壳聚糖添加量为0.54 mg/mL,海藻酸钠添加量为0.24 mg/mL,pH为4.4,温度为47 ℃,此时黄浆水可溶性固形物沉降率为（46.26%±0.38%）;蛋白质含量下降40.68%、总糖含量下降8.41%;生化需氧量和化学需氧量去除率分别为43%、40.95%。代谢组学实验结果表明:黄浆水絮凝前后有66种化合物含量存在显著变化。本研究结果表明絮凝能有效的降低黄浆水中可溶性固形物的含量,为黄浆水的进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。     

High-throughput determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by a microplate-based biosensor

The use of the conventional 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) method in BOD determination is greatly hampered by its time-consuming sampling procedure and its technical difficulty in the handling of a large pool of wastewater samples. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop a fast and high-throughput biosensor for BOD measurements. This paper describes the construction of a microplate-based biosensor consisting of an organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) oxygen sensing film for high-throughput determination of BOD in wastewater. The ORMOSIL oxygen sensing film was prepared by reacting tetramethoxysilane with dimethyldimethoxysilane in the presence of the oxygen-sensitive dye tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium-(II) chloride. The silica composite formed a homogeneous, crack-free oxygen sensing film on polystyrene microtiter plates with high stability, and the embedded ruthenium dye interacted with the dissolved oxygen in wastewater according to the Stern-Volmer relation. The bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was loaded into the ORMOSIL/ PVA composite (deposited on the top of the oxygen sensing film) and used to metabolize the organic compounds in wastewater. This BOD biosensor was found to be able to determine the BOD values of wastewater samples within 20 min by monitoring the dissolved oxygen concentrations. Moreover, the BOD values determined by the BOD biosensor were in good agreement with those obtained by the conventional BOD5 method.     

物化-生化法处理造纸废水

本文在原有废水处理工艺的基础上利用物化-生化法对造纸废水的处理工艺进行改造.结果表明,该处理工艺效果良好,处理后出水SS、COD、BOD等各项指标均优于综合排放一级标准的要求.     

三种胡椒脱皮方式污水水质指标比较分析

以海南文昌胡椒鲜果为原料,对传统水沤法(A)、微生物酶法(B)和冷冻机械脱皮法(C)等三种不同的脱皮方法产生的污水中6个水质综合性指标(COD,BOD_5,pH,氨氮,TN和TP)进行了测定和比较,并对所得白胡椒品质进行对比分析。结果显示:三种脱皮方式所产污水水质指标差异很大,COD值为742.31±23.82～1.89×10~4±332.90 mg/L,BOD_5值为445.54±23.68～9.21×10~3±130.13mg/L,pH为5.03±0.05～7.44±0.06,氨氮值为59.88±4.56～164.47±8.85mg/L,TN为101.23±18.73～499.02±27.59mg/L,TP为17.78±0.44～41.92±2.95mg/L,均为劣V类水;污水的污染程度依次是A样污水B样污水C样污水;三种不同的脱皮方法污水BOD_5/COD均大于0.4,BOD_5/TN均大于4.00,BOD_5/TP均大于25,表明胡椒脱皮污水可生化性较好,脱皮污水反硝化作用中碳源含量充足,污水水质满足生物除磷需求。污水处理技术可考虑多种生化处理技术合理组合。微生物酶法脱皮所得白胡椒品质最优,而冷冻机械法脱皮时间最短。为实现胡椒提质增效和产业化发展,传统的水沤法脱皮必须加速淘汰,寻求机械脱皮法和微生物酶法相结合的新型加工方法。