利用燃烧指数分析生物质型煤的燃烧特性

分别选用焦作无烟煤、山西烟煤、陕西神木烟煤、平顶山烟煤四种原煤和其生物质型煤,通过不同煤种原煤和生物质型煤的热重分析实验,计算原煤和生物质型煤的着火、稳定燃烧和燃尽特性指数.分析得出:灰分和挥发分是影响生物质型煤燃烧特性及其燃烧特点的主要因素.     

单颗粒生物质型煤燃烧影响因素研究

通过自行设计的实验台研究了生物质型煤的燃烧特性,实验结果表明:单颗粒生物质型煤的燃烧过程可以明显的分为挥发分燃烧和固定碳燃烧2个阶段。炉膛温度和成型压力对生物质型煤的燃烧特性均有影响,炉膛温度越高,生物质型煤燃烧失重率越大。在实验成型压力范围内,成型压力对生物质型煤燃烧速度没有明显影响。     

生物质型煤燃烧特性概述

分析了生物质型煤的结构特点和燃烧特性及其影响因素,得知生物质可以增加型煤挥发分产率和改善型煤结构,从而影响型煤燃烧特性,使其燃烧特性优于普通型煤。因此,生物质的加入改善了型煤的燃烧特性,有利于型煤技术的推广应用。     

石油焦与典型煤炭的燃烧特性比较分析

石油焦是是原油提炼后的最终副产品,具有低灰、低挥发分、高固定碳、高热值等特点。作为煤的一种补充或替代燃料用于锅炉燃烧发电、供热是石油焦很好的利用方式,本文采用热重法和马弗炉烧灰法将石油焦与烟煤等其它典型煤样进行燃烧特性对比分析。实验表明石油焦的燃烧特性介于烟煤和无烟煤之间,且接近烟煤,有较好的燃烧特性,即较低的着火温度、较大的反应速率和较集中的放热峰,但其固定碳含量也更高,灰分更低,所以放热更多。     

煤与生物质混合燃烧特性实验研究

生物质能是清洁的可再生能源.本文通过热分析技术,对无烟煤、玉米秸杆与废弃加工木屑两种生物质及其混合物的燃烧特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,纯煤与纯生物质在燃烧过程中表现出不同的特性,且随着生物质加入量的不同,使煤的着火性能得到不同程度的改善,并改善了煤燃烧放热的分布.混合燃烧对煤的燃烬性能几乎没有影响.     

生物质型煤热解半焦的燃烧特性研究

为开拓低阶粉煤资源高效分质利用途径,在前期制备的能满足直立炉热解要求的生物质型煤的基础上,利用同步热分析仪研究了生物质型煤热解半焦的燃烧性能,并与原煤、原煤半焦及型煤的燃烧性能进行了对比,考察了热解温度对半焦燃烧性能的影响规律。由结果可知,生物质型煤热解半焦的燃烧特征温度低于原煤半焦;随热解温度的升高,原煤半焦的燃烧特征温度呈线性增加,而型煤半焦燃烧特征温度的增加幅度较小;在热解温度较高时,型煤半焦的燃尽性能较好;型煤半焦的综合燃烧特性略差于相同热解温度的原煤半焦,但差别很小。热解温度为650℃的型煤半焦具有最好的燃尽性能和综合燃烧特性。     

生物质型煤燃烧机理分析和燃烧速度试验研究

提出生物质型煤层燃方式的静态渗透式扩散燃烧机理,通过试验得出生物质型煤燃烧速度影响因素的规律性,为生物质型燃燃烧控制技术、工业锅炉设计提供有价值的依据。     

生物质型煤燃烧污染特性的理论分析研究

提出了生物质型煤燃烧污染特性的理论基础,经大量燃烧污染特性的试验测量及分析,得出一些低氮氧化物和二氧经硫燃烧及型煤配料规律,试验结论与理论分析是相符合的,实测的结论对生物质型煤锅炉设计,燃烧运行有参考价值。     

生物质型煤发展综述

生物质型煤是将煤炭与农林废弃物等可燃生物质及添加剂按一定比例混合压制而成的一种固体成型燃料,是煤炭资源的一种洁净利用方式。生物质型煤技术将中国有限的煤炭资源和农村大量的可再生秸秆林木废弃物结合起来,不仅可以实现煤炭尤其是低阶煤的高效清洁利用,而且可以实现农林废弃生物质的资源化和能源化利用。从发展生质型煤的意义、生物质型煤成型的工艺、黏结剂的选用、燃烧机理以及燃烧特性作了综合叙述,并对生物质型煤发展前景进行了展望。发展生物质型煤,对减小大气污染、改善生活环境、缓解国家能源安全危机和实现中国化石能源与可再生能源的合理利用具有重要的战略意义。     

生物质工业型煤的性能及成型机

从工业型煤的燃烧角度，介绍了生物质工业型煤所具有的优异燃烧性能及其它特性；同时论述了生物质工业型煤压制的关键设备——ＧＸＭ６００－４５工业型煤高压成型机的特点。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.