Optimization design of resistance spot welding parameters of magnesium alloy

By means of the quadratic regression combination design process, the regression equations of nugget diameter and tensile shear load of spot welded joint were established. Effects of welding parameters on the nugget diameter and the tensile shear load were investigated. The results show that effect of welding current on nugget diameter is the most evident. And higher welding current will result in bigger nugget diameter. Besides, interaction effect of electrode force and welding current on tensile shear load is the most evident compared with others. The optimum welding parameters corresponding to the maximum of tensile shear load have been obtained by programming using Matlab software, which is 4, 7 kN electrode force, 28 kA welding current and 4 cycle welding time. Under the condition of the optimum welding parameters, the joint having no visible defects can be obtained, nugget diameter and tensile shear load being 6. 8 mm and 3 256 N, respectively.     

热补偿电阻点焊铝合金接头的性能

采用热补偿电阻点焊的方法焊接铝合金A5052板,分析了焊接电流、焊接时间及电极压力等焊接参数对熔核尺寸与接头抗剪强度的影响,并分析了接头抗正拉强度与焊接电流的关系.铝合金的热补偿电阻点焊接头抗剪力及熔核直径随焊接时间延长而增大,随电板压力的增大而减小.当焊接电流为12kA时,接头拉剪力达到最大值,约5.5 kN.试验结...     

钛与低碳钢的电阻点焊

采用电阻点焊方法对纯钛与低碳钢Q235进行焊接试验，利用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了熔核区组织特性，探讨了焊接电流对熔核尺寸和抗剪载荷的影响. 结果表明，受焦耳热的影响熔核直径随焊接电流的增加而增加，抗剪载荷则随焊接电流的增大而呈先升后降的变化趋势，焊接电流为8 kA时所得接头的抗剪载荷最大，约2.85 kN. 在钢侧熔核区观察到了靠近钢侧厚度约为30～50 μm的TiFe2+α-Fe共晶组织层和粗大TiFe柱状晶；钛侧熔核区主要由靠近钛侧约12 μm厚的TiFe+α-Ti共晶组织层和TiFe柱状晶构成，且观察到了宏观分层现象.     

基于正交试验法研究DP590点焊工艺

通过正交试验法研究DP590冷轧板电阻点焊性能。以剪切载荷为评价指标,通过极差分析和方差分析,研究工艺参数影响点焊接头拉剪载荷的显著程度,并获得DP590冷轧板的最优工艺参数,测量接头的熔核直径并分析其失效模式,观察接头显微组织。结果表明,焊接电流对剪切载荷的影响最为显著,其次为焊接时间,电极压力影响较小;最优工艺参数为:焊接电流8.5 k A,焊接时间360 ms,电极压力3.6 k N;当焊接电流大于5.5 k A时,接头失效模式均为熔核剥离失效;熔核区显微组织为板条状马氏体和贝氏体,热影响区组织为细小马氏体。     

热处理工艺对TRIP980钢板点焊性能的影响

采用不同焊接工艺对TRIP980钢板进行点焊试验,研究了焊接电流、焊前预热及焊后热处理工艺对点焊性能的影响. 结果表明,随着焊接电流的增大,焊点的熔核直径和拉剪力均增大,但当电流过大而发生飞溅时,焊点的熔核直径和拉剪力开始减小. 焊前预热工艺可提高点焊飞溅电流,进而可以获得更大的熔核直径及拉剪力. 在对焊点进行焊后热处理的情况下,当焊接电流与焊后热处理电流之间的冷却时间超过900 ms时,可显著改善熔核组织,降低熔核硬度,提高焊点拉剪力.     

Ti/Al异种金属微电阻点焊接头特征及性能研究

对0.2 mm厚的1060纯铝和TC4钛合金薄板进行了微电阻点焊试验,研究了焊接电流I、焊接时间T和电极压力F对接头力学性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对点焊接头的连接特征及断裂行为进行了深入研究,采用微区射线衍射仪(micro-XRD)测定了焊点的物相组成。结果表明：在焊接电流为0.3 ~ 0.7 kA范围内,焊点的拉剪力随着焊接电流的增加先增加后趋于平稳,在焊接时间2~6 cyc范围内,焊接时间对焊点的拉剪力无显著影响,在电极压力为40~280 N范围内,随着电极压力增加焊点拉剪力先增加后降低;当I=0.7 kA、T=3 cyc、F=160 N时点焊接头的拉剪力最高为91 N,断裂发生在热影响区;1060/TC4异种金属微电阻点焊形成了共同的熔核,熔核与TC4之间界面较为平整,但是与1060的结合面呈凹凸不平,在熔核内部生成了AlTi₃、Al₂Ti和Al₃Ti金属间化合物,焊核与铝侧界面处生成了针状化合物Al₃Ti,对焊点的强度起到重要作用。     

Optimization of parameters and study of joint microstructure of resistance spot welding of magnesium alloy

Experimental investigations on the DC spot welding of Mg alloy AZ31B are presented. Experiments are carried out to study the influence of spot welding parameters （ electrode force, welding heat input and welding time） on the tensile shear load and the diameter of nugget, based on an orthogonal test and analysis method. The optimum parameters are as follows： electrode force is 2 000 N, welding heat input is 80% and welding time is 6 cycles. The microstrueture of spot weld is single fine equiaxed crystals in the nugget, of which the structure is β-Mg17Al12 precipitated on α-Mg boundaries induced by nonequilibrium freezing. And the surface condition of the workpiece has great influence on the joint quality.     

外加磁场对铝合金电阻点焊质量的影响

分析了外加磁场对铝合金电阻点焊接头质量的影响,包括熔核尺寸、接头力学性能和微观组织. 结果表明,外加磁场增大了熔核直径、提高了点焊接头的剪切力和吸收能. 在不同工艺参数下,熔核直径增长在5%~25%,剪切拉伸力可提高10%~30%. 在一些焊接参数下,外加磁场可以降低焊接电流、减短焊接时间,从而提高焊接效率、降低能耗. 外加磁场可促进点焊熔核内等轴晶的生成和细化晶粒.当焊接电流很小或很大、焊接时间过短或过长时,都会降低外加磁场的效应. 因此当对点焊施加外磁场时,应在合理的工艺参数下进行,以最大限度地发挥外加磁场的作用.     

高强镁合金点焊接头性能

采用电阻点焊方法对高强镁合金Mg₉₆Zn₂Y₂进行了焊接.通过扫描电子显微镜对接头微观组织进行了观察,分析了接头的组织,研究了焊接电流对接头熔核直径及抗剪载荷的影响.在此基础上探讨了接头组织对接头性能的影响.结果表明,接头熔核直径与抗剪载荷均随焊接电流的增大而增大,接头最大抗剪强度约为142 MPa;接头熔核区第二相呈细网状分布,其α-Mg晶粒发生了粗化,直径约为30 μm.熔核区这些组织特征被认为是接头弱化的主要原因.     

Development of single-side resistance spot welding technology applying in-process welding current and electrode force controls

An indirect resistance spot welding process with single-side electrode access was developed for automotive applications. The variable controls of electrode force and welding current during welding were studied in order to achieve the promotion of weld nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion without sacrificing the productivity and design flexibility of automobiles. The welding experiments were performed on lapped test coupons of 0.7-mm-thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 270 N/mm² and 1.6-mm-thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 980 N/mm² using a resistance spot welding system consisting a servo-motor-controlled welding gun and an inverter DC power supply. Welding experiments verified that the occurrence of expulsion and formation of molten nugget were significantly influenced by the heat generation and melting process at an initial period during welding and manageable by applying the variable patterns of electrode force and welding current. When welding was performed under the large shunting condition simply with the constant force and current pattern of 400 N in electrode force, the appropriate current range was less than 1 kA. On the other hand, it extended to 2.6 kA when performed with the variable force and current pattern of 800 N in force and 4 kA in current at the first stage and 400 N in force at the second stage, confirming the fact that the variable pattern successfully suppressed the expulsion and promoted the nugget formation. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare the difference in welding phenomena between the constant force and current pattern and the variable force and current pattern and clarified that the effect of variable force and current pattern on the promotion of nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion.     

Ni在钢/铝电阻点焊中的作用

以DC01钢板与5082铝合金板为基材,在电极压力3 kN、焊接时间300 ms、保持时间100 ms条件下,研究了电阻点焊中焊接电流(9~12 kA)及Ni镀层对接头剪切力、正拉力、界面相组成的影响。结果表明,随焊接电流的提高,熔核尺寸增大,接头力学性能提高。剪切力比正拉力高一个数量级。在10 kA焊接电流下,镀Ni钢/铝接头的剪切力和正拉力均比钢/铝直接焊接时强度明显提高,这与钢/铝界面形成了Al 3Ni合金相,抑制了脆性Fe 2Al 5金属间化合物的生成有关。     

Novel postweld heat treatment method for improving mechanical properties of resistance spot weld

Abstract

A novel postweld heat treatment method by applying cross-direction welding current (cross-current) was applied on the resistance spot weld. The effect of cross-current on the nugget shape, microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The results show that the cross-current postweld heat treatment enhances the efficiency of postweld heat treatment and improves the mechanical performance of nugget. The cross-current promotes the recrystallisation of nugget microstructure, which induced the transformation of microstructure from column crystal to quasi equiaxed grain. The quasiequiaxed grains of martensite in the weld nugget significantly increase the microhardness of weld nugget and the tensile shear force of weld joint.     

异种钢电阻塞焊工艺优化及接头性能分析

采用一种新型复合焊接工艺——电阻塞焊对1.5 mm等厚TRIP980高强钢/SPCC低碳钢板进行焊接,利用正交试验优化其焊接参数,随后增加焊前预热,分析对比无预热和焊前预热两种条件下较优焊接参数时接头的力学性能及组织、硬度特点.结果表明,各焊接参数对接头的拉剪载荷影响程度由大到小依次为焊接电流、填充物直径、焊接时间及电极力;在电极头端面直径为8 mm的条件下,填充物直径为5.5 mm时的接头力学性能优于其它直径;相同焊接参数时,焊前预热塞焊接头的拉剪载荷比无预热提高7%以上;两种条件下较优焊接参数时,焊前预热塞焊接头的熔核偏移量小于无预热,熔核和熔合区的硬度比无预热时有所下降,熔合区脆硬马氏体组织比无预热少;焊前预热塞焊接头断口为韧性断裂,无预热塞焊接头断口为脆性断裂;其主要机理是,预热减小了熔核区金属过热倾向,使熔核扩展均匀,熔合区脆硬组织减少,有利于接头强度的提高.     

Effect of upsetting force on microstructure of welds in resistance spot welding of 400 MPa ultra-fine

The ultra-fine grain (UFG) steel is welded by using resistance spot welding technique with or without requirement of upsetting force.Metallographic inspection shows that the grain size of weld nugget is larger than that of the base metal and the microstructure is altered significantly.In addition,contracting defects such as air holes can be found in the nugget center.The experiments show that the defects can be effectively avoided by the technique of adding upsetting force during the nugget cooling and crystallizing processes.In tensile shear tests,the welding joint starts to crack from the inner edge of the corona bond.The results of micro-hardness tests show that the newly born martensite structure dramatically improves the hardness of the joint.Under the interactions between residual stresses and regenerated fine grains,the micro-hardness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is lower than that of the nugget,but evidently higher than that of the base metal.     

600MPa级高Al冷轧双相钢的点焊工艺研究

基于600 MPa级高Al冷轧双相钢WHT600DP的点焊工艺和力学性能试验,以及接头的宏观金相分析,研究了焊接电流、焊接时间等工艺参数变化对点焊接头压痕深度、焊核直径、焊透率以及拉剪强度等性能指标的影响规律,进而得到了WHT600DP钢的焊接工艺窗口图.研究结果表明:在焊接时间变化较大的情况下,WHT600DP钢的可...     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar steel plate resistance plug welding joints

A new type of hybrid welding method called resistance plug welding (RPW) was firstly adopted to achieve the connecting of dissimilar steel,mainly as for the poor welding characteristics of high strength steel produced by increasing carbon,manganese,silicon,etc.Microstructures and mechanical properties of RPW joint were analyzed by optical microscope,micro-hardness test and shear tensile measurement.Experimental results indicate that the RPW joint has a rounded rectangle nugget,and the size is larger than elliptical nugget of resistance spot welding (RSW) joint;the hardness value of RPW joint is evenly distributed,accordingly there is no hard brittle phases;the shear tensile strength of RPW joint increases by 20％ in comparison with RSW joint under the same welding conditions.     

Effects of expulsion in spot welding of cold rolled sheet steels

The effects of expulsion on microstructure and tensile shear strength of spot welds have been investigated for a high-strength cold rolled sheet steel. Spot welds with expulsion are characteristic for a “double im-age” near the fusion line, an equiaxed dendritic grain zone along the faying surface, and deep indenta-tions on the outer surfaces. Microstructural examinations and tensile shear tests of spot welding specimens were conducted to determine the correlation between microstructure and strength. It was found that the equiaxed dendritic structure was associated with significant solidification cracking. Frac-tography on tensile specimens reveals that brittle failure is associated with an equiaxed microstructure. Furthermore, the surface indentation will change the stress at the nugget edge, and deep surface inden-tations are expected to promote premature failure.     

Optimal welding parameters for small-scale resistance spot welding with response surface methodology

In this study, Ti–1Al–1Mn thin foils with thickness of 0.05?mm were welded by small-scale resistance spot welding. Welding current, electrode force and welding time have been changed while other welding parameters remained constant. The welded joints were subjected to tensile shear tests for determining the values of shear force and absorption energy. A quadratic model of response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design was employed in establishing regression equations between input variables (current, electrode force and time) and output variables (shear force, absorption energy, variance of shear force and variance of absorption energy). The models were satisfied in optimising the welding parameters. Besides, the microstructure analysis on the typical spot welds was also conducted.     

电阻点焊冷轧DP600双相钢焊接接头性能的正交试验分析

运用正交试验设计法,以接头拉剪载荷为评价指标,对工业试制冷轧DP600双相钢进行点焊工艺优化,采用极差法和方差法对结果进行分析,获得了点焊工艺窗口及最优焊接工艺,并对最优焊接工艺下的点焊接头性能及显微组织进行测试和分析.结果表明,冷轧DP600双相钢的焊接工艺窗口为焊接电流9 000～12 000 A,焊接时间200～500 ms.焊接电流对点焊接头拉剪载荷的影响最显著,随着焊接电流增加,接头拉剪载荷逐渐增大.当焊接电流为12 000 A,焊接时间为200 ms,电极力为2500 N时,获得的最大拉剪载荷为14 kN,最大冲击吸收功为45.26 kJ,点焊熔核组织主要由板条马氏体组成.     

焊接电流对M51/B318异种金属精密电阻焊接头质量的影响

文中采用精密电阻焊进行高速钢M51与高强度弹簧钢B318异种钢材焊接,着重分析了焊接电流对接头特性四个指标(接头剪断力、热影响区大小、挤出熔渣量、有无飞溅情况)的影响. 结果表明,焊接电流与接头剪断力呈抛物线关系,焊接电流自900 A上升到1 300 A时,接头剪断力随之增加并达到峰值,当焊接电流达到1 400 A时,由于焊接能量过大出现熔渣飞溅现象,接头剪断力下降;随着焊接电流增加,热影响区的大小及挤出熔渣量也呈现先增大后减小的趋势. 文中还结合微观组织分析了焊接电流对焊缝质量的影响机理.