基于1-3压电复合材料宽带超声换能器研究

电声转换效率与换能器带宽是评价聚焦超声换能器性能的重要指标。传统压电陶瓷制备的聚焦超声换能器,其电声转换效率与换能器带宽偏低。该文采用实验结合仿真模拟的方式,通过研究1-3压电复合材料中压电相的体积比、环氧相改性、调控匹配层阻抗与匹配层厚度对换能器性能的影响,开发了一种基于1-3压电复合材料的聚焦超声换能器,实现了82.3%的电声转换效率与140 kHz的换能器带宽。结果表明,与同等规格的传统压电陶瓷聚焦超声换能器相比,该超声换能器的两项指标分别提升了105%与250%,这为大功率聚焦超声换能器的设计开发提供了参考与指导。     

激光光束检测圆对称超声换能器焦点声压的可行性

根据Raman and Nath理论,光在声场中传播可认为是在多层薄光栅中传播,而薄光栅的参数则由光栅平面内的声场分布决定。本文通过圆对称聚焦换能器在焦平面附近的声场分布,得到光束的偏转角与换能器焦点声压的关系。通过测量光束偏转距离得到换能器焦点声压。虽然本文的声压与偏转角的关系是基于理想超声聚焦换能器的线性理论,但通过激光检测声压与光纤水听器测量的结果,表明该方法可用于检测较高的焦点声压检测。     

超声治疗换能器的声场分析

无创超声治疗使用的体外聚焦超声换能器的聚焦方式有多种,多元组合聚集是其中之一。与其他聚焦方式相比,多元组合聚焦超声换能器具有较大的聚焦深度、较理想的焦域以及较高的声强度等优点,并且聚焦区域和声强度易于控制。提出了一种新的多阵元球壳形超声换能器结构,换能器由113个排列在一个孔径为112mm的球形凹面上的圆形压电陶瓷片构成,焦距为100mm,工作频率为1MHz。并应用几何声学法建立了换能器的声场的计算模型,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明：该换有器具有优异的声场性能,与机械扫描的方法相结合应用于高强度聚焦超声无创治疗设备,将极大地降低设备的复杂性,完全能够满足超声无创治疗的应用。     

湍流大气中聚焦高斯光束焦移的数值模拟分析

湍流大气不仅使在其中传输的聚焦高斯光束的束腰处光斑发生扩展,也使光束的束腰位置发生移动。采用不均匀分布相屏的傅立叶变换法数值模拟了湍流对聚焦高斯光束束腰位置的影响,发现在湍流大气中传输的聚焦光束不再聚焦在真空传输的焦点处,焦点的移动与湍流强度和初始光束半径有关。数值模拟结果表明:聚焦高斯束在均匀湍流强度的水平路径传输上传输时,湍流将导致光束的焦点向发射点移动,而且焦移的幅度随着湍流强度的增大而增大;在同等强度湍流大气中传输的聚焦高斯光束,其焦点前移的幅度将随着光束半径的增大而减小。     

湍流大气中聚焦高斯光束焦移的数值模拟分析

湍流大气不仅使在其中传输的聚焦高斯光束的束腰处光斑发生扩展,也使光束的束腰位置发生移动。采用不均匀分布相屏的傅立叶变换法数值模拟了湍流对聚焦高斯光束束腰位置的影响,发现在湍流大气中传输的聚焦光束不再聚焦在真空传输的焦点处,焦点的移动与湍流强度和初始光束半径有关。数值模拟结果表明：聚焦高斯在均匀湍流强度的水平路径传输上传输时,湍流将导致光束的焦点向发射点移动,而且焦移的幅度随着湍流强度的增大而增大;在同等强度湍流大气中传输的聚焦高斯光束,其焦点前移的幅度将随着光束半径的增大而减小。     

层状多界面的超声相控阵换能器声场研究

针对层状多界面粘接检测存在的难点,采用相控阵超声检测技术进行研究.建立了矩形换能器的辐射声场模型与声束聚焦偏转的时间延迟计算方法,实现了对声束的聚焦偏转控制.采用7 MHz的超声相控阵换能器仿真研究了多层介质中声场的特性,从仿真结果得出相控阵超声技术可用来检测层状多界面结构的多界面脱粘情况.     

曲面超声换能器近声场指向性研究

通过结合物理声学原理推导出曲面结构及其等效动态相控阵列超声换能器所形成的近声场分布,并利用数学软件对超声近场声压进行近似数值仿真。通过分析比较各声场指向性的仿真结果表明,在给定的工作频率和介质条件下,对比于平面结构,二维半圆球壳的曲面压电晶片或等效相控阵元阵列结构的超声换能器在近声场可实现高强度聚焦,同时近声场焦点处的横向/纵向分辨率都达到最佳,旁瓣/栅瓣抑制也达到最大。最后给出了在曲面阵列优化设计方面一些有价值的规律。     

基于激光诱导超声换能器的磁声电成像研究

生物组织的电学特征对肿瘤的早期诊断具有重要意义。通过测量样品的洛伦兹力效应,磁声电成像可以检测到生物组织电导率的变化,从而实现肿瘤组织的早期诊断。现有的磁声电成像采用传统的压电超声换能器产生超声激励,为了避免静磁场对超声激励系统的干扰,这种方法要求压电超声换能器必须远离被测样品,从而导致超声探头和被测样品间存在较大的超声传播距离,不利于在临床中进一步研究。首先设计了基于光声热弹效应的激光诱导超声换能器,这种光学超声换能器采用优化的炭黑和聚二甲基硅氧烷复合结构,减小了复合膜厚度,有望产生高频和高强度超声信号;然后对优化的复合膜激光诱导超声换能器的超声特性进行分析,并利用激光诱导超声换能器进行磁声电成像实验。结果表明:激光诱导超声换能器产生的超声信号具有与压电换能器产生的超声信号可比的压强幅度和超声带宽,-6 dB超声带宽接近7.5 MHz,产生的超声强度达到2.5 MPa;在磁场环境中,激光诱导超声换能器能提供一种无电子结构的超声激励方式,有效减小了磁声电成像中超声激励源的电磁干扰,具有良好的电磁兼容特性。     

一种超声针灸换能器设计

一种超声针灸换能器的设计方法,它将普通凹型聚焦换能器与平凸声透镜组合,使换能器发出的聚焦超声波能量在透镜平面和换能器外球面之间产生多次反射,每次只能有一小部分能量射出,经过不同反射次数后出射的聚焦超声波聚焦在声轴线的不同位置,通过选择反射材料的声速和换能器的半径,就可从在换能器输出面后得到细长的声压分布,声场检测结果与设计结果符合得很好,临床实验表明,这种换能器比其他类型的传统换能器更易使患者产生得气的感觉.     

康普顿散射对可调缺陷层等离子体光子晶体滤波的影响

应用多光子非线性康普顿(Compton)散射模型和时域有限差分方法,研究了多光子非线性Compton散射对可调缺陷层等离子体光子晶体滤波的影响。结果表明,等离子体缺陷层几何厚度不变时,随缺陷等离子体层电子密度的增大,多光子非线性Compton散射使缺陷模透射峰频率向高频方向迅速移动,缺陷模中心频率向高频方向近乎线性地迅速移动。等离子体缺陷层厚度增大时,多光子非线性Compton散射使缺陷模的中心频率向低频方向移动;厚度增加到一定值时,在带隙上边沿处产生一个高于Compton散射前频率的缺陷模频率。     

Focus shift and phase correction in soft tissues during focused ultrasound surgery

During the treatment of soft tissue tumors using focused ultrasound surgery (FUS), the focus can shift away from the desired point due to tissue inhomogeneity. In this paper, a numerical method to calculate the focus shift in multiple-layered tissues and a faster phase-correction method to restore the focus were developed. Data from the simulations showed that the focus shifted about 2 mm along the transducer axis in multiple-layered soft tissues. After phase correction, the focus was restored at the desired point. The ex vivo experiments were conducted to verify the simulations, and the results agreed well with those of the simulations. An empirical formula was obtained to estimate the focus shift in a two-layered water-tissue model and was verified by numerical calculations. Moreover, the focus shift in multiple-layered tissues can be summed by the shifts in the component of each layer of tissues. The factors affecting the focus shift were studied. The focus shift varied linearly with the tissue acoustic speed and tissue thickness, whereas it slightly changed with transducer F number (radius of curvature/diameter). Overall, the findings of this study can help in the development of a better treatment plan for FUS in soft tissues.     

多叉指Rayleigh波器件的建模及特性研究

针对目前改变Rayleigh波器件中波的传播方向和强度较复杂的问题,提出了一种多叉指Rayleigh波器件结构和三维建模方案。该三维建模方案用有限元分析法去逼近实际器件的压电基片和叉指换能器等真实器件结构和尺寸。选取压电基片材料为128°YX-LiNbO_3、叉指换能器为Al电极,分别对叉指换能器数目为4、6、8的多叉指Rayleigh波器件进行三维模型实验,验证了该器件的可行性。实验结果表明,多叉指Rayleigh波器件可以在不同角度激发Rayleigh波,该波只有x、y方向的质点位移分量,且质点的最大位移主要集中在器件表面的中心位置。此外,器件的模态频率和质点最大位移随着叉指换能器数目的增加而增大,由此产生的Rayleigh波强度和器件的混合性能也会增强。     

基于PZFlex的1-3压电复合材料横向振动模仿真

1-3型压电复合材料具有高机电耦合系数和低声阻抗,适用于制作水声和医疗超声换能器,但是1-3型压电复合材料的横向振动模会降低换能器的性能,限制换能器的小型化和高频化。该文设计了一组具有矩形压电陶瓷柱的1-3型压电复合材料,复合材料的厚度为0.32 mm,陶瓷柱宽度为0.08 mm,长度为0.10~0.25 mm,刀缝宽度为0.05 mm。利用有限元软件PZFlex进行了建模计算,仿真结果表明,复合材料的厚度谐振频率和反谐振频率分别为4.5 MHz、6 MHz,随着陶瓷柱长度的增大,横向谐振频率逐渐向低频处移动,当陶瓷柱长度和高度比值大于0.69时,横向谐振和厚度谐振发生模式耦合。该文基于复合材料设计了换能器,利用PiezoCAD软件计算得到换能器的中心频率为4.7 MHz。     

Milestones on the road to higher resolution, quantitative, and functional ultrasonic imaging

Ultrasonography is evolving rapidly with important recent advances in high-density transducer arrays, one-and-one-half-dimensional transducers, broad-band transducers, increased scanner bandwidth, and more sophisticated image-formation routines. Technical advances have clearly improved accuracy of image readings, heightened contrast and resolution, reduced noise, and reduced image slice thickness. It is within this fertile environment that very high-frequency ultrasound, harmonic imaging, and ultrasound contrast agents have emerged. Clinical applications of ultrasonography have also been extended to new fields, such as skeletal status assessment, which have long been considered beyond ultrasound's reach, and over the past 15 years, quantitative ultrasound bone densitometry has become an important part of the armamentarium for osteoporosis diagnosis. The state of these innovations, their contributions to diagnostic and monitoring capabilities, as well as the new applications they bring into reach will be discussed. We will explore several applications currently under development including ultrasound biomicroscopy (eye, skin, small animals), quantitative perfusion assessment, and pathology evaluation. Thus, ongoing research has not only significantly added to diagnostic ultrasound's existing capabilities, but also promises to further broaden the range of its clinical and biological applications.     

凹球面自聚焦声场非线性效应的研究

用球束方程(SBE)研究了声源参数和媒质特性对凹球面自聚焦声场非线性效应的影响。结果表明,谐波的最大幅值出现在声焦点附近,基波与线性声场的分布类似,而高阶谐波的聚焦性能更好。超声频率、声源表面初始声压幅值或非线性参数越大,即平面波冲击间断形成距离越短,声的非线性效应越明显。声衰减会使非线性效应减弱,而凹球面曲率半径增大会使谐波和基波最大值的位置偏离更明显。     

多种长焦区聚焦超声采集频率的人体甲状腺光声成像

临床上常规的超声成像对甲状腺结节进行诊断时存在误诊和漏诊。研究了利用多种采集频率的长焦区聚焦换能器进行光声成像的方法。在模拟样品里埋入不同尺寸的血块模拟病变组织,采用不同中心频率的换能器对模拟样品进行光声成像,然后将血液注入正常人体甲状腺内部形成两处瘀血区,模拟病变甲状腺组织,经二维扫描重构出模拟病变甲状腺组织的三维光声图像。结果表明,不同频率的超声换能器对不同尺寸病灶体的探测灵敏度存在较大差异,5MHz的宽带换能器对几百微米直至毫米量级大小的病灶体均具有良好的灵敏度。获得了甲状腺及其内部两处瘀血区域的较高分辨率和对比度的三维图像。此项技术有望与超声成像技术结合,进一步提高甲状腺疾病诊断的准确率。     

Experience with a Multitransducer Ultrasound System for Localized Hyperthermia of Deep Tissues

A system employing six planar ultrasound transducers has been utilized for preclinical and pilot clinical studies with the aim of producing therapeutic heating preferentially at depth. The array consists of six 7 cm diameter PZT-4 disks mounted on a spherical shell section with a 26 cm radius of curvature. The crystals operate at different frequencies a few kilohertz above their fundamental frequencies of approximately 350 kHz for near-field peak suppression, and each has a few percent modulation to minimize standing wave effects. In water, the system can be focused to produce a high intensity region near the isocenter with a full width half maximum of approximately 1.5 cm in all directions. In attenuating tissue, the high intensity region is closer to the array of transducers by a few centimeters. For heating of realistic tumors at depth, small wedges are used to rotate the transducer axes a few degrees away from the radial direction, yielding a waist rather than a single point where the individual beam central axes come closest to each other. The waist is 3-6 cm in diameter, producing, ideally, ellipsoidal shaped temperature distributions centered deep in perfused tissue. Quantitative power deposition profile mapping, as well as qualitative studies using liquid crystal sheets, have been performed in water phantoms to characterize the system for different transducer orientations.     

A novel method to obtain modulus image of soft tissues using ultrasound water jet indentation: a phantom study

The alteration of tissue stiffness is generally known to be associated with pathological changes. Ultrasound indentation is one of the methods that can be used to assess the mechanical properties of the soft tissues. It uses a flat-ended ultrasound transducer to directly contact the tissue to sense tissue deformation under an applied load. This paper introduced a novel noncontact ultrasound indentation system using water jet compression. The key idea was to utilize a water jet as the indenter as well as the coupling medium for propagation of the ultrasound beam. High frequency focused ultrasound (20 MHz) was used to measure the indentation deformation at a microscopic level. It has been demonstrated that the system could effectively assess the tissue-mimic phantoms with different stiffness. Water jet coupling allows the system to conduct C-scan on soft tissues rapidly and conveniently. By applying different pressures while taking C-scan sequences, the modulus images of the phantoms could be obtained based on the applied pressure and the phantom deformation and thickness. This paper presented the preliminary results on gel phantoms. The spatial resolution, the contrast resolution of the measurements and the reproducibility of the results were also discussed.     

大功率扩散冷却型Slab CO2激光器光束质量的研究

本文对国际上最新的大功率扩散冷却型Slab CO2激光器的光束质量进行了全面的测量与实验研究.从原始激光束的光束质量、通过导光系统后激光束质量、聚焦光斑的质量以及焦点漂移四个方面全面考察了Slab CO2激光器的光束质量以及光束的传输、聚焦特性.结果表明,Slab CO2激光器具有高光束质量,其M2因子非常接近1的理想值;激光束具有良好的传输和聚焦性能,可以长距离传输;使用焦距为300mm的聚焦镜聚焦,聚焦光斑的束腰半径约为134μm,光束横截面能量分布接近理想的高斯分布,焦深约为5mm,在加工范围内(3m),激光束的焦点漂移量大约为1mm.另外,采用Slab CO2激光器对厚度为10mm的低碳钢在不同的离焦位置进行激光深熔焊接实验,讨论了激光光束质量和焦深对焊接结果的影响.