糠醛渣基磁性多孔炭的制备及其吸附性能研究

以糠醛渣为原料,通过氯化镍浸渍和氯化锌活化制备了糠醛渣衍生的磁性多孔炭。结果表明,制备的多孔炭不仅具有磁性,还含有丰富的官能团和多孔结构;当浸渍后原料与氯化锌的质量比为1∶2时,比表面积达1051 m²/g,45 ℃下对亚甲基蓝的吸附量可达732.5 mg/g,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

磷酸活化文冠果果壳生物炭及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

目的：探究文冠果相关产业废弃物处置方法。方法：以文冠果果壳为原料,磷酸为活化剂,在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计进行生物炭制备条件优化,并将最优制备条件下所得生物炭用于吸附水体中亚甲基蓝,通过考察吸附影响因素,确定磷酸活化制备的文冠果果壳生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性,并结合动力学分析探讨其吸附机理。结果：磷酸活化制备文冠果果壳生物炭的最优工艺条件为浸渍比（m_果壳粉∶m_磷酸溶液）1∶21,热解温度530 ℃,热解时间75 min。文冠果果壳生物炭吸附水体中亚甲基蓝最优条件为溶液初始pH 12.6,生物炭投加量1.0 g/L,亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度200 mg/L,吸附平衡时间120 min。文冠果果壳生物炭对水体中的亚甲基蓝吸附服从准二级反应动力学关系,吸附过程由液膜扩散控制、孔隙扩散控制和吸附解析平衡3个阶段组成。结论：磷酸活化可显著提升文冠果果壳生物炭比表面积和孔容,进而显著提升其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。     

改性方法对辣木籽壳生物炭吸附亚甲基蓝的影响

目的：探究不同工艺条件所制备的辣木籽壳生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。方法：以辣木籽壳为原料,采用超声辅助碳酸钾—Fe₃O₄共浸渍热解和KOH浸渍—1 000 ℃高温热解两种方法分别制备磁性辣木籽壳生物炭（Fe₃O₄-MOS）和改性辣木籽壳生物炭（KOH-MOS）,并用XRD、SEM和FTIR对样品表面物化性质进行表征。在此基础上,通过平衡吸附法测定两种生物炭对溶液中亚甲基蓝（MB）的吸附特性,并用动力学、热力学和等温吸附模型分析对MB的吸附机理。结果：在试验所探究的条件下,Fe₃O₄-MOS和KOH-MOS对MB的吸附效率接近100%,且由Langmuir模型所得到最大吸附量分别为116.83,99.37 mg/g。结论：两种材料对MB的吸附是一个自发吸热熵增、化学吸附为主的过程。Fe₃O₄-MOS和KOH-MOS分别展现出了良好的磁分离能力和吸附能力。     

BPWS基活性炭的制备及其应用研究

以ZnCl₂为活化剂制备竹浆生产企业废水处理厂剩余污泥（BPWS）基活性炭,探究其制备工艺和物化特性。结果表明,BPWS基活性炭的最佳制备工艺条件为：ZnCl₂浓度40%、固液比1∶2.5、炭化温度550℃、炭化时间30 min;制备得到的BPWS基活性炭孔隙结构发达、比表面积大且吸附性能优良,其碘吸附值、BET表面积、总孔体积、微孔体积、平均孔径分别为821 mg/g、936 m²/g、0.73 mL/g、0.41 mL/g和3.12 nm。将BPWS基活性炭用于处理竹浆二级生化出水发现,在投加量1.0 g/L、废水初始pH值7.5、吸附温度35℃、吸附时间90 min的条件下,二级生化出水的COD_Cr去除率和色度去除率分别达70.3%和89.1%,处理后水质达到国家排放标准GB 3544—2008。     

磷酸活化法脱墨污泥活性炭的改性研究

以Cr（Ⅵ）离子吸附效果为目标,对磷酸活化法制备的脱墨污泥活性炭进行改性。通过改性效果对比,确定了HNO₃改性方法,并对其改性工艺进行了优化。得到最佳改性条件为：10 mol/L的HNO₃作为改性剂、炭酸比1∶15（m∶V）、改性2.0 h。改性后活性炭用于废水吸附以去除Cr（Ⅵ）离子,在改性活性炭用量为5.00 g/L时,Cr（Ⅵ）离子的去除率和吸附量分别达到83.9%和25.17 mg/g,与未改性活性炭相比,吸附量提高了140.3%。改性活性炭的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别达到543.92 mg/g和103.5 mg/g,碘吸附值提高了28.9%,而亚甲基蓝吸附值略有降低。N2吸附 脱附表明,与未改性活性炭相比,HNO₃改性活性炭比表面积从715.576 m2/g增至1020.161 m2/g,增大了42.6%;总孔容由0.353 cm3/g增长到0.608 cm3/g,提高了72.4%;中孔孔容由0.344 cm3/g增长到0.393 cm3/g,增长了14.2%。结果表明,HNO3改性可大幅提升脱墨污泥活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）离子吸附性能。     

磁性疏水性纤维素纳米纤丝气凝胶的制备及性能研究

以TEMPO氧化法制备的纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）为原料制备CNF气凝胶,随后采用Fe₃O₄纳米粒子和十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷（HDTMS）对其进行改性制得磁性疏水性CNF气凝胶,并对其疏水性能、磁性、吸附性及其他各项性能进行表征。结果表明,交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（MBA）可提高CNF之间的结合强度,使气凝胶结构更加稳定、不易被破坏。制备得到的气凝胶密度和孔隙率分别为0.015 g/cm³和99.02%,其水接触角可达133°,表现出优异的超疏水性,吸附倍率最高可达145 g/g（机油）;同时,添加Fe₃O₄纳米粒子使气凝胶具备较好的磁响应性能,有利于气凝胶的后期回收。     

亚甲基蓝褪色光度法测定小麦粉中的痕量溴酸钾

利用KBrO₃在H₂SO₄介质中能氧化褪色亚甲基蓝的特性,建立了亚甲基蓝褪色光度法测定小麦粉中痕量KBrO₃的新方法。试验结果表明,在测定波长为665 nm,2.0 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液为1.7 ml,0.05 g/L亚甲基蓝用量为1.5 ml,1.0%KBr用量为2.0 ml,加热温度为60℃,反应时间为5 min条件下,该方法的线性范围为0.06～0.50 mg/L,检出限为0.01 mg/kg,定量限为0.03 mg/kg。该方法用于小麦粉中痕量KBrO₃的测定,样品回收率在94.3%～105.7%,相对标准偏差RSD＜5%,试验结果能满足小麦粉中痕量溴酸盐测定的要求。      

芝麻杆活性炭的制备及其对废水中分散蓝2BLN的吸附

以芝麻杆为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭,对产品比表面积、孔径和亚甲基蓝吸附进行表征,并探讨该芝麻杆活性炭吸附废水中分散蓝2BLN的吸附剂用量、pH、吸附时间、吸附温度和分散蓝初始质量浓度等影响因素。结果表明:制得的活性炭比表面积为1 239 m~2/g,总孔体积为1.05 mL/g,平均孔径为3.64 nm,亚甲基蓝吸附值为150 mL/g。当处理50 mL质量浓度为300 mg/L的分散蓝2BLN废水,活性炭用量为0.3 g,废水pH=10,吸附时间为90 min,吸附温度为40℃时,分散蓝2BLN去除率达到最大85%。芝麻杆活性炭对分散蓝2BLN的等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温吸附模式。     

废旧织物制备活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学

为研究以废旧织物为原料制备活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能及其吸附机制,以日常生活中废旧棉织物、黄麻织物和棉/亚麻混纺织物为原料,通过氮气将水蒸气送入高温管式炉进行活化制备活性炭材料,工艺条件为：活化温度７50 ℃,活化时间50 min,水蒸气载体流速240 L/h。通过分析活性炭的氮气吸附等温线,并利用BET 法计算活性炭的比表面积,用BJH 方程表征了活性炭的孔结构,同时重点考察了3 种活性炭样品对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学。结果表明,棉、黄麻和棉/亚麻混纺3 种原料活性炭样品的比表面积分别为703.05、719.93、648.25 m²/g,亚甲基蓝饱和吸附量分别为341.49、267.13和242.68mg/g,而且3 种活性炭样品均更符合准二级动力学方程。     

香蕉叶活性炭的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

以香蕉叶废渣为原料,利用KOH活化制备香蕉叶活性炭(BLAC)以吸附废水中的亚甲基蓝。采用SEM、BET、XRD对BLAC进行表征。结果表明,BLAC的BET比表面积达1257.852 m2/g,总孔体积达0.718 m3/g。BLAC用于模拟亚甲基蓝废水的吸附研究表明,303 K时BLAC对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量为578.03 mg/g,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,且等温吸附曲线可用Langmuir模型关联,说明BLAC对亚甲基蓝的吸附为化学吸附且单分子层吸附占主导地位。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.