瞬态工况下 EGR 率测量方法的研究

稳态工况EGR率的测量通常采用测量CO2浓度的方法，在瞬态工况下CO2分析仪存在响应滞后的问题，提出利用热力学能量守恒原理，通过测量EGR混合前后的气体温度，计算出基于质量比率的EGR率，并对测量精度进行了分析，与目前国内外通用的测量CO2的浓度来计算EGR的方法进行了比较。温度法测量的EGR率基本上可以满足瞬态下EGR率的测量要求。     

多限定参数条件下增压柴油机瞬变过程仿真

建立并校准了带二级串联式增压系统重卡柴油机的GT-Power数模。仿真与试验结果表明:建立的数模对整机及增压系统的特征参数吻合较好,仿真计算结果数据(如功率、油耗率、空气流量、平均有效压力)与实测数据的误差在3%以内。揭示了可调二级串联式增压系统中增压压力的控制特征。针对该柴油机瞬变工况条件下多项运行参数的控制要求,开发出描述各项运行参数之间关联关系的相应的子模型,如以废气再循环(EGR)率为目标的EGR阀开度控制子模型、燃烧放热参数随转速、扭矩及EGR率变化的实时跟踪模型等。展示了一套借助GT-Power对发动机中的复杂过程进行模拟仿真的方法。研究结果表明:开发出的子数模对瞬变过程中运行参数边界条件的控制与目标参数基本一致,可用于对瞬变工况下发动机状态的精准模拟。借助开发的数模对该柴油机的瞬变工况进行了预测,并对可变喷嘴涡轮增压器(VNT)位置的控制策略进行了对比优化。     

压燃式发动机燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料瞬变工况下燃烧及微粒排放特性分析

针对压燃式发动机燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料稳态及瞬态工况下的燃烧及微粒排放粒度分布特征进行了试验研究,分析了汽油掺入比例及EGR对发动机稳态及不同瞬变率的恒转速增转矩瞬变工况超细微粒数量排放的影响规律.结果表明:在大负荷工况下采用高汽油掺入比例的汽油/柴油混合燃料能够在不引起NOx显著增加的前提下进一步降低排气烟度,有助于拓展预混合燃烧过程负荷工况范围;但较高汽油掺入比例易导致油气过度混合,对HC及CO排放有不利影响,尤其会导致小负荷工况下CO排放显著增加.综合考虑不同负荷工况下运行情况,认为汽油掺入比例在40%,~50%,左右较为适宜.燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料时排气颗粒物更趋于细化,其微粒几何平均粒径较柴油明显降低.瞬变工况增负荷过程中,各模态微粒数量浓度均有所升高,随汽油掺入比例增大积聚态微粒数量增加程度变缓,当汽油掺入比例达到50%,时,在高瞬变率工况时积聚态微粒数量无明显增加.高比例EGR条件下,瞬变过程中积聚态微粒数量浓度在增负荷初期便急剧增加,燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料有利于缓解瞬态工况积聚态微粒数量急剧增加的程度.     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声控制研究

开展多缸柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声的控制研究。分别在四缸自然吸气发动机、增压发动机、引入EGR发动机和高压共轨发动机上开展了不同负荷工况下的瞬态与稳态工况的燃烧噪声测试分析,开展了增压、EGR和喷射策略对燃烧噪声控制研究。增压对瞬态工况的燃烧噪声有一定的抑制作用,增压对恒转速增转矩瞬态工况燃烧噪声的控制效果要好于对恒转矩增转速工况。瞬态工况引入适当的EGR有助于燃烧噪声的降低,EGR控制瞬态工况燃烧噪声的关键是能够实时对EGR率进行调节。相对于稳态工况,瞬态工况下应取较大的预喷量和与主预喷间隔,并得到试验的验证。     

各缸废气再循环率不均匀性对柴油机排放影响的试验研究

针对一台由国五升级到国六的重型柴油机原始排放(无后处理系统)超过目标设定值的问题进行研究,提出了一种通过控制各缸废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)率不均匀性来降低柴油机原始排放的方法。建立了柴油机各缸EGR率不均匀性的排放测试试验台架和测试方法,通过分析排放万有特性曲线图确定所研究的进气总管EGR率和柴油机运行工况点,用CO2法在稳态工况下测量各缸EGR率,分析各缸EGR率不均匀对排放性能的影响,确定了达到企业原始排放目标设定值的各缸EGR率不均匀性范围,实现了通过控制各缸EGR率不均匀性来降低柴油机原始排放及降低满足国六排放法规后处理系统匹配难度和成本的目的。     

柴油机恒转矩增转速瞬态工况的烟度及燃烧特性分析

采用自行设计的瞬态工况控制及测量系统对增压中冷柴油机进行了恒转矩增转速瞬态工况下发动机的空燃比、消光烟度及示功图参数的测试，并与稳态数据进行了对比。试验结果表明：在瞬态工况下，发动机的外部参数及燃烧过程参数与稳态过程存在很大的差异，其差异程度随工况瞬变性加剧而增加。随转速增加率的上升空燃比减小，燃烧持续期延长，扩散燃烧比增加，导致排气烟度上升。     

增压柴油机采用多级可变文曲利管式进气系统的实验研究

EGR技术应用在增压柴油机上出现了进排气压逆差导致应用有限的现象。本文采用将原有进气系统改造成由多个文曲利管并联组成的进气系统解决此问题。该系统一方面可由不同文曲利管之间的组合排列达到适应随工况变化的可变进气目的;另一方面,可以借助多个文曲利管的喉部压降能力吸引更多排气达到扩大EGR率的效果。通过流量模拟测试实验获得,采用MVVIPS较传统的串联式和分流式文曲利管系统都取得了更大的流通能力和压降能力;通过内燃机综合测试台架可知,采用MVVIPS系统后,试验用柴油机过量空气系统在不同转速下有着不同的变化;相比较原机的EGR系统,MVVIPS系统的EGR率在每个试验工况下都得到了不同程度的提高;动力性和经济性都在低、中转速下有小幅升高,但在高转速下与原机相差不大;根据稳态十三工况排放数据显示,采用MVVIPS系统后,NOx排放得到了有效控制,CO和微粒排放变化不大,HC排放在怠速及低工况范围内有着较明显的降低。     

排气系统布置对燃气发动机EGR率影响的分析

废气再循环(EGR)能有效降低零部件的热负荷,降低NOx排放,提高燃气经济性。EGR的引气方式、排气管及涡轮入口通道的型式对燃气发动机EGR率及气缸均匀性的影响很大。排气系统的设计应在尽可能低的涡前压力下实现尽可能高的EGR率,且各缸缸内EGR率尽可能均匀。通过GT-Power模型分析了排气系统布置对燃气发动机EGR率的影响,即在增压器特性参数、进气系统等配置相同、不增加涡前压力的情况下,通过优化排气系统布置,提高EGR率及各缸EGR率的均匀性,充分发挥EGR的优势,提升发动机的性能。     

柴油机瞬变工况下某些喷油及性能参数变化的研究

本文建立了柴油机瞬变工况喷油及燃烧过程瞬态参数的测量分析系统,研究了柴油机转速及负荷突变过程中喷油及燃烧过程瞬态参数的连续变化情况.结果表明,在开始加速时喷油提前角增大,喷油持续期及滞燃期延长,使得最大压力升高率急剧增加.在转速及负荷突变过程中,喷油及燃烧过程均呈波动状变化.     

柴油机瞬变过程烟度排放的劣变分析

在一台增压中冷高压共轨柴油机上进行了恒转速增转矩典型瞬变工况下烟度劣变的成因分析,并确定了适用于瞬变工况劣变性能分析的评价参数.研究结果表明:瞬变过程烟度峰值较稳态工况恶化了17.5倍,供油量、转矩和进气量的滞后程度依次增大,而减小发动机加载率、增大加载起始点负荷或减小恒定转速均有助于改善发动机瞬变性能劣化程度;表观上供油和供气速率不匹配、低燃烧速率和燃烧相位滞后造成的燃烧劣变在缸内物理场中可以归因于缸内油气混合气驱动能量的不足;与稳态工况相比,瞬态工况的燃烧反应基团在φ-T图碳烟(soot)生成岛中更大的体积比例和更长的停留时间导致缸内局部浓混合气比例增大;缸内油气混合状态与soot生成量呈现出显著的相关性,是造成soot排放恶化的主要原因.     

高低压EGR系统对低速柴油机性能和排放影响的研究

以某型6缸低速二冲程柴油机为研究对象,建立GT-POWER一维仿真模型,研究高、低压EGR系统对柴油机性能及排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率的上升,高压EGR系统中压气机运行点从中心高效区向低效区和流量减小的方向移动,而低压EGR系统的流量和压比变化较小;高压EGR系统缸内压力始终低于低压EGR系统,在低负荷时,导致燃烧速度和放热率峰值低于低压EGR系统;燃油消耗率随着EGR率的增加呈上升趋势,当EGR率增加到一定程度时燃油消耗率上升更明显,并且高压EGR系统燃油消耗率明显高于低压EGR;两种EGR系统都能降低NO_x排放,但相同EGR率时,高压EGR系统NO_x减排效果更好。     

汽油机怠速工况下HC和CO排放机理的实验研究

本文系统地研究了汽油机怠速工况下排气中ＨＣ和ＣＯ生成的基本规律，重点探讨了燃烧过程与ＨＣ、ＣＯ排放的内在关系。燃烧过程所考虑的因素主要有燃烧完善程度（用累积放热百分比表示），燃烧速率和着火时刻。试验发现燃烧速率对排放的影响较小。在空燃比较高（大于１３）的情况下，采用适当的废气再循环可显著降低排气中ＨＣ的生成量，这为改善现代汽油机怠速工况下的排放水平提供了有效的途径。     

Cycle-by-cycle variations in a spark ignition engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends combined with EGR

Study of cycle-by-cycle variations in a spark ignition engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends combined with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was conducted. The effects of EGR ratio and hydrogen fraction on engine cycle-by-cycle variations are analyzed. The results show that the cylinder peak pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise and the indicated mean effective pressure decrease and cycle-by-cycle variations increase with the increase of EGR ratio. Interdependency between the above parameters and their corresponding crank angles of cylinder peak pressure is decreased with the increase of EGR ratio. For a given EGR ratio, combustion stability is promoted and cycle-by-cycle variations are decreased with the increase of hydrogen fraction in the fuel blends. Non-linear relationship is presented between the indicated mean effective pressure and EGR ratio. Slight influence of EGR ratio on indicated mean effective pressure is observed at low EGR ratios while large influence of EGR ratio on indicated mean effective pressure is demonstrated at high EGR ratios. The high test engine speed has lower cycle-by-cycle variations due to the enhancement of air flow turbulence and swirls in the cylinder. Increasing hydrogen fraction can maintain low cycle-by-cycle variations at high EGR ratios.     

CA498车用柴油机EGR的试验研究

进行了不同工况下EGP率对发动机排放和性能影响的试验研究。在试验中按ECE R49十三工况法研究了有EGR时NOx和微粒的变化规律,并对柴油机性能进行了分析。在综合考虑EGR对各工况的排放及性能影响的基础上,确定十三工况中应进行EGR的工况及相应的最佳EGR率。     

Influence of high rates of supplemental cooled EGR on NOx and PM emissions of an automotive HSDI diesel engine using an LP EGR loop

Previous experimental studies on diesel engine have demonstrated the potential of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as an in‐cylinder NO_x control method. Although an increase in EGR at constant boost pressure (substitution EGR) is accompanied with an increase in particulate matter (PM) emissions in the conventional diesel high‐temperature combustion (HTC), the recirculation of exhaust gases supplementary to air inlet gas (supplemental EGR) by increasing the boost pressure has been suggested as a way to reduce NO_x emissions while limiting the negative impact of EGR on PM emissions. In the present work, a low‐pressure (LP) EGR loop is implemented on a standard 2.0 l automotive high‐speed direct injection (HSDI) turbocharged diesel engine to study the influence of high rates of supplemental cooled EGR on NO_x and PM emissions. Contrary to initial high‐pressure (HP) EGR loop, the gas flow through the turbine is unchanged while varying the EGR rate. Thus, by closing the variable geometry turbine (VGT) vanes, higher boost pressure can be reached, allowing the use of high rates of supplemental EGR. Furthermore, recirculated exhaust gases are cooled under 50°C and water vapour is condensed and taken off from the recirculated gases. An increase in the boost pressure at a given inlet temperature and dilution ratio (DR) results in most cases an increase in NO_x emissions and a decrease in PM emissions. The result of NO_x–PM trade‐off, while varying the EGR rate at fixed inlet temperature and boost pressure depends on the operating point: it deteriorates at low load conditions, but improves at higher loads. Further improvement can be obtained by increasing the injection pressure. A decrease by approximately 50% of NO_x emissions while maintaining PM emission level, and brake specific fuel consumption can be obtained with supplemental cooled EGR owing to an LP EGR loop, compared with the initial engine configuration (HP moderately cooled EGR). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

进气压力对汽油低温压燃的影响

在一台装有电液可变气门的单缸柴油机上,通过改变进气压力,研究了不同喷油正时和内部废气再循环(EGR)率下汽油压燃的燃烧特性和排放特性,并对实现汽油燃料高效清洁稳定低温燃烧(如平均指示压力循环波动系数5%,NOx排放低于0.4g/(kW·h),烟度低于0.1FSN,CO和HC排放尽可能低)的控制区间进行了探索研究。内部EGR通过排气门两次开启实现,发动机转速和循环喷油量分别固定为1 500r/min和28mg。研究结果表明,基于燃油早喷、较低内部EGR率和适量进气压力(0.12MPa)的协同控制可以使辛烷值为93的汽油在平均指示压力约为0.47MPa的工况下实现高效清洁燃烧。     

瞬态EGR对柴油机低温燃烧切换平顺性影响

针对传统燃烧(CDC)与低温燃烧(LTC)双模式柴油机在燃烧模式切换过程中出现的平均指示压力(IMEP)波动、发动机工作平顺性差的问题,基于自主设计开发的单缸柴油机,进行了燃烧模式切换过程瞬态废气再循环(EGR)影响研究.研究表明:燃烧模式切换过程中EGR率变化与燃油喷射变化不同步是造成IMEP波动的主要原因,在1100 r/min、等IMEP为0.6 MPa的LTC负荷上限CDC-LTC的直接切换过程中,EGR响应滞后约22个循环,造成IMEP波动率达到12.82%;采用EGR预控制可以实现EGR与喷油控制的优化匹配,IMEP波动率下降至3.17%,有效改善了切换过程中发动机平顺性.     

废气再循环和发动机运转参数对不同辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧的影响

考察了废气再循环(EGR)、进气温度、冷却水出水温度和转速等发动机运转参数对HCCI发动机燃烧特征和排放特性的影响。实验结果表明：随EGR率提高,各种燃料的两阶段着火时刻推迟,燃烧持续期延长;高十六烷值燃料可以容许较高的EGR率,RON75最高仅可以采用45％的EGR;EGR对高十六烷值燃料的CO和UHC影响不大,对高辛烷值燃料的CO影响明显,并随EGR率增加CO排放升高。在其它运转参数中,进气温度对HCCI燃烧影响最为显著,随进气温度提高、冷却水温度升高,HCCI燃烧的着火时刻提前、燃烧持续期缩短,高辛烷值燃料的UHC和CO显著降低。转速升高,着火延迟,燃烧持续期延长。此外,研究发现,高辛烷值燃料对HCCI发动机的运转参数更为敏感。     

Hydrogen effects on NOx emissions and brake thermal efficiency in a diesel engine under low-temperature and heavy-EGR conditions

Cooled and heavy exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) has been used to control NOx emissions from diesel engines, but its application has been limited by low thermal efficiency or high unburned hydrocarbon emissions. In this study, hydrogen was added into the intake manifold of a diesel engine to investigate its effect on NOx emissions and thermal efficiency under low-temperature and heavy-EGR conditions. The energy content of the introduced hydrogen was varied from an equivalent of 2-10% of the total fuel’s lower heating value. A test engine was operated at a constant diesel fuel injection rate and engine speed to maintain the same engine control unit (ECU) parameters, such as injection time, while observing changes in the carbon dioxide produced due to variations in the hydrogen supply. Additionally, the EGR system was modified to control the EGR ratio. The temperature of the intake gas manifold was controlled by both the EGR cooler and the inter-cooling devices to maintain a temperature of 25 °C. Exhaust NOx emissions were measured for different hydrogen flow rates at a constant EGR ratio. The test results demonstrated that the supplied hydrogen reduced the specific NOx emissions at a given EGR ratio while increasing the brake thermal efficiency. This behavior was observed over constant EGR ratios of 2, 16, and 31%. The rate of NOx reduction due to hydrogen addition increased at higher EGR ratios compared with pure diesel combustion at the same EGR ratio. At an EGR ratio of 31%, when the hydrogen equivalent to 10% of the total fuel’s lower heating value was supplied, the specific NOx was lowered by 25%, and there was a slight increase in the brake thermal efficiency. This behavior was investigated by measuring and analyzing changes in the exhaust gas composition, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.