日本里山农业文化遗产景观保护和 利用政策实施与经验解读

十九大以来，乡村振兴与农业农村现代化作为国家方针战略地位逐步提升。乡村振兴重点在于优化农业生产模式与农村人居环境，其中的“新”与“旧”的矛盾日渐凸显，如何在立新的大背景下兼顾传统农业文化遗产景观并落实保护工作，将成为今后的重要课题。选取日本里山作为研究对象，梳理日本典型农业遗产景观历史及保护利用沿革，并针对日本现行最新的重要里山保护策略，运用空间、语义等分析方法，对日本现行的农业文化遗产景观保护与利用政策实施现状及经验展开评估分析讨论，以期为中国农业文化遗产保护与利用工作提供思路与经验参考。     

山西省太原市晋源区乡村风景特质识别

【目的】村庄规划是国土空间规划体系中乡村发展的重要依据,目前村庄规划存在规划理念、方法不完善等问题。以风景特质识别为理论和方法体系,探索有利于村庄分类指导目标的乡村风景特质识别方法。【方法】以山西省太原市晋源区为例,即通过系统分类,对不同乡村区域村庄提供规划设计引导。适应性调整了乡村风景特质识别的3步程序：风景特质图谱绘制、风景特质图谱信息分析、乡村风景保护利用对策制定。绘制晋源区乡村风景特质图谱,并对其进行分析。【结果】形成了晋源区乡村风景特质图谱,并以风景特质区域为分类依据提出了晋源区乡村保护及利用建议。【结论】乡村风景特质识别对乡村的分类指导、开发强度、保护利用模式等具有一定借鉴作用。在后续研究中,相关理论及技术方法等仍需深入探索。     

Challenges for a shared European countryside of uncertain future. Towards a modern community-based landscape perspective

This paper addresses current changes in the highly diverse European landscape, and the way these transitions are being treated in policy and landscape management in the fragmented, heterogeneous and dynamic context of today’s Europe. It appears that intersecting driving forces are increasing the complexity of European landscapes and causing polarising developments in agricultural land use, biodiversity conservation and cultural landscape management. On the one hand, multifunctional rural landscapes, especially in peri-urban regions, provide services and functions that serve the citizens in their demand for identity, support their sense of belonging and offer opportunities for recreation and involvement in practical landscape management. On the other hand, industrial agricultural production on increasingly large farms produces food, feed, fibre and energy to serve expanding international markets with rural liveability and accessibility as a minor issue. The intermediate areas of traditionally dominant small and family farms in Europe seem to be gradually declining in profitability. The paper discusses the potential of a governance approach that can cope with the requirement of optimising land-sharing conditions and community-based landscape development, while adapting to global market conditions.     

日本地域景观的独特性及其可持续管理

日本国土面积虽小,却具备多样的地形条件和气候类型。经过长期磨合,日本各地人与自然的关系不尽相同,因此每个地域的景观也各具特色。从日本全国范围来看,景观的类型十分丰富。21世纪之后,日本法律体系的调整强调了地域景观独特性的重要性,并将景观看作地域规划中的重要资源。为了适应这种景观价值观的变化,日本开始建立新的景观管理规划理论,并为景观管理提供新的思路和方法论,包括新的财务资源、执行组织等。根据这一趋势,风景园林师的职责和所需具备的素质能力也发生了改变。今后,风景园林设计师不仅需要能够创造新的景观(即景观设计),而且需要具备读取当地景观独特性(即风景解读)的能力。     

基于森林景观恢复策略的庄园遗产景观设计探寻——以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例

庄园遗产景观是指包含花园和农业用地的历史乡村庄园集群。在气候变化、工业发展和快速城市化的背景下,庄园遗产景观正面临水生态环境失衡、空间碎片化和文化特征消失等挑战,而这些挑战只能从区域规划尺度去应对。以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例,在考虑地方景观异同的同时,以景观自身特性为基底,结合未来发展趋势,进一步诠释了一种旨在提升庄园遗产景观韧性的多尺度景观设计方法。发现森林砍伐为地域空间变化的主要因素之一,它对水系统与生态多样性造成了负面影响。基于在区域尺度上对庄园遗产景观历史发展的分析,森林景观恢复(FLR)作为主要设计策略,旨在从不同尺度上对“退化的”景观进行生态功能修复并提升人类福祉。这种新的空间设计方法将在不同尺度上促进文化遗产景观发展。     

英国国家公园与法国区域公园的保护与管理

乡村文化景观保护区是人类与自然在长期合作下共同创造出来的具有突出美学、生态和文化价值的乡村地区.英国国家公园将公园内的乡村景观视为国家利益,投入必要的管理资金和管理资源,采取自然保护、适宜的农场管理方式、严格的建设控制等举措,通过强制或经济补偿的方法保护乡村的文化景观.法国区域公园则指出了一条通过社会经济发展促进景观保护的道路.     

Heritage from Below

Current research into the peri-urbanisation associated with the rapid population growth of preferred Australian metropolitan regions has shown that their landscape values are put at risk and the region's quality of life (QoL) and the community's standards of liveability are consequently threatened. Whilst the concept of a landscape framework as an analytical, policy and management tool has general acceptance, there appears to be few if any working examples where this concept has been operationalised. To date, the conventional approaches utilised by regional planning agencies and local government have not been able to deliver the necessary tools to incorporate the essential landscape planning principles let alone planning processes to address the regional landscape values at risk in the peri-urban areas of rapidly growing regions. However, promising initiatives have emerged from allied planning fields such as landscape planning. Despite shortcomings in the theoretical development of this conceptual framework, a regional landscape framework has been incorporated into the recently released SEQ Regional Plan 2005–2026, a statutory planning instrument for the South East Queensland (SEQ) region, Australia's fastest growing metropolitan region. Whilst it is conceivable that in the SEQ case, practice may be ahead of theory, there is now an imperative to develop this framework in a manner that it can be utilised as a regional policy framework and as an integrating instrument to address the values of regional landscapes including the range of existing and emerging rural values of the critical urban–rural interface.     

景观干扰对乡村半自然生境植物多样性的 影响分析

乡村半自然生境植物多样性的影响分析,有助于推 动乡村生态景观高质量发展。村以下尺度乡村植物多样性研究 存在生境类型分析不全面、景观影响因子单一化、定量干扰机 制不深入等问题。在南京江宁西南部乡村地区,采用逐步回归 模型和广义加性模型,探讨了多种景观干扰对6类乡村半自然 生境植物多样性的影响,并提出了基于乡村植物多样性维持的 景观响应策略。结果表明：1)乡村景观格局、景观管理强度 和类型等对不同半自然生境植物多样性产生了显著影响,其综 合解释度约为10%~50%,小规模林斑、连接度高的半自然生 境、小面积池塘(<0.8hm2 )、茶田景观粗放管理方式、乡土 树种混交林等对植物多样性的正向促进作用显著;2)在所有显 著性指标中,斑块面积、斑块隔离度对各类半自然生境植物多 样性的影响最为突出,是驱动乡村植物多样性变化的重要景观 因素。     

由单一走向多样：平原农业区生物多样性 保护的规划途径——以辽宁省黑山县为例

平原农业区的生产和土地利用方式严重影响区域的生物多样性,利用融合多学科的景观空间规划构建有效的评价方法和格局优化模式以实现多样化的生境保护和恢复,提升生物多样性具有重要的作用。以辽宁省黑山县为例,首先梳理了平原农业区对于生物多样性威胁的机制和研究的框架;其次识别平原农业区的特殊生境类型,使用景观格局指数和In VEST模型的生境质量评价构建多尺度生境质量评价机制;同时使用基于图论和电路理论的LinkageMapper软件,识别和分级空间中的重要生态源地、潜在廊道及廊道上的关键夹点区域。结果显示,农业景观中空间异质性和连接性影响生物多样性;研究区有主要生境23类,整体生境质量较差,农田面积较大是造成该问题的主要原因;识别出核心斑块33个,重要廊道34条,通过与卫星图比照,廊道位置与线性生境重合;关键夹点区域位于靠近农村居民点的自然生境上,故营造人类干扰与生态平衡农村居住区是空间规划的重点;同时根据以上研究提出了多尺度的空间规划途径,为平原农业区生境优化和生物多样性保护提供了一定的理论参考。     

The SEQ Regional Landscape Framework: Is Practice Ahead of Theory?

Current research into the peri-urbanisation associated with the rapid population growth of preferred Australian metropolitan regions has shown that their landscape values are put at risk and the region's quality of life (QoL) and the community's standards of liveability are consequently threatened. Whilst the concept of a landscape framework as an analytical, policy and management tool has general acceptance, there appears to be few if any working examples where this concept has been operationalised. To date, the conventional approaches utilised by regional planning agencies and local government have not been able to deliver the necessary tools to incorporate the essential landscape planning principles let alone planning processes to address the regional landscape values at risk in the peri-urban areas of rapidly growing regions. However, promising initiatives have emerged from allied planning fields such as landscape planning. Despite shortcomings in the theoretical development of this conceptual framework, a regional landscape framework has been incorporated into the recently released SEQ Regional Plan 2005-2026, a statutory planning instrument for the South East Queensland (SEQ) region, Australia's fastest growing metropolitan region. Whilst it is conceivable that in the SEQ case, practice may be ahead of theory, there is now an imperative to develop this framework in a manner that it can be utilised as a regional policy framework and as an integrating instrument to address the values of regional landscapes including the range of existing and emerging rural values of the critical urban-rural interface.     

基于“感知-偏好-人格”的传统园林花木 人格化研究：以《全唐诗》松树为例

：景观偏好是个体、群体或民族对特定景观的态度和 偏好。历史悠久、意蕴深远的传统园林花木景观偏好和人格化 现象,推动了中华民族健康和谐的社会人格构建,意义重大。 花木五感景观偏好与人格关联是关键科学问题。引入人格神经 科学,首先从花木影响人格发展的“感知-偏好-人格”神经心 理过程,构建研究框架;其次,以古代大数据《全唐诗》所见 松树为例,基于NVivo软件和扎根理论方法,发现：1)诗人 偏爱松树,共有3 044首描写松树五感景观的唐诗,占比高达 6.22%;2)其中,以视觉景观为主,听觉和触觉次之,占比分 别为82.85%、10.09%和9.23%;3)松树视觉“青”“霜 雪”“孤”“鹤”“风云月”等和听觉“风中松声”共计 1 432个编码,体现了中华民族集体松景观偏好,与坚韧不 屈、贞节不阿、超凡脱俗的“百木长”松格建立关联。“感 知-偏好-人格”研究框架,能较为全面有效地揭示传统花木 五感景观偏好与人格内在关联。     

Social, aesthetic and ecological aspects of hedgerows in rural landscapes as a framework for greenways

Hedgerow network landscapes may be considered as greenways, as they provide agronomic, ecological, aesthetic and cultural benefits. They are among the most threatened agricultural landscapes of western Europe. Intensification of agriculture with the conversion of permanent grassland into ploughed land and the use of new machinery leads to the enlargement of fields and the removal of hedgerows surrounding them. There is a growing concern among conservationists, rural managers and the public to maintain these greenways as a framework for landscape sustainability.In France, hedgerow removal may be planned within reallotment programmes that take into account all the land of a municipality. In this planning process, criteria for keeping or clearing woody elements are based on agronomic properties of soil, environmental quality of elements and of the network, and property boundaries. Aesthetic aspects are rarely assessed. As rural landscapes are shifting from an almost unique function of agricultural production toward a multifunction of nature conservation, environmental protection, amenity and production, the conservation of hedgerow networks becomes of greater importance. The goal is now the protection of these greenways to provide not only ecological but also recreational and cultural benefits. In a case study in Brittany, we tried to link these different aspects. Our work is based on interviews and a landscape ecological survey. We found contrasting opinions between farmers and non-farmers concerning the density of the network. Nevertheless, the two groups agree on the necessity to keep greenways as part of their cultural landscape. Most of the people were not aware of the ecological role of hedgerow networks, and perceive them only by their visual properties. We proposed various scenarios based on ecological and aesthetic principles, and defined general guidelines for the design of new landscapes during reallotment programmes. The integration of different points of view by landscape planners is the only way to link visual values to productive or ecological processes, and must be effective in the case of the management of greenways such as hedgerows.     

Habitat Suitability and Landscape Structure: A Maximum Entropy Approach in a Mediterranean Area

Species distribution models have recently become important tools in ecological research. Prediction of suitable habitats for threatened and endangered species is essential for the conservation and management of their native habitats. A landscape scale approach is relevant for biodiversity conservation since landscape planning and management are generally conducted at wide spatial scales, focusing on areas with complex landscape configuration as a consequence of human activities. The aims of this study were to test a maximum entropy approach (Maxent) to the development of a niche-based model for species of conservation interest and to relate this model to landscape structure metrics. The results obtained here showed a good predictive power of Maxent for the three target species and highlighted the importance of landscape structure analysis for the detection of patterns of habitat suitability. Moreover, this work stressed that combining classical environmental information with landscape structure in analysing habitat suitability for species of conservation interest may be used to guide conservation efforts and landscape management practices.     

日本城市生境营造前沿性案例研究

从城市生境恢复的角度阐释日本3种不同的城市绿化开拓性项目。1)大阪万博纪念公园项目旨在恢复大阪城市核心绿地的自然景观(自我维持的森林)。为实现此目标,除实施相应的植物种植计划和种植方法外,待修复后的植被冠层高度郁闭后,模拟自然干扰的林窗再生的适应性管理是提高其物种多样性的关键。2)梅小路公园的“生命之森”生境花园是第一例实施20余年动态监测的生境修复项目。研究发现生境中物种的迁入定居和灭绝趋势因物种类别而异。3)平安神宫庭园是在城市基底中的濒危物种庇护所(隔离保护地)。庭园中丰富的生物多样性与日本园林造园特征有关,“缩景”(微缩自然)是其中之一;除此之外,还采用了适应性管理来替代自然干扰。最后,提出生境设计需充分考虑自然的3个属性:要素、格局与过程,其中过程属性是最具挑战的议题。     

Human impact on the abundance of useful species in a protected area of the Brazilian Cerrado by people perception and biological data

Studies about relationships between people and landscapes have shown that local communities can affect the abundance of plant species useful to humans, which raises the question of how landscape management processes might modify the abundance of useful plant species in a forested area. We addressed this issue based on people perception and biological evidence. This study was undertaken in the Araripe National Forest, a protected area of sustainable use of natural resources in Brazil. Our results showed that the studied landscape experienced modifications in abundance of species caused by management processes. For instance, phytosociological data for the managed areas showed a greater abundance of the more salient useful species compared with useful species that have lower local importance. The comparison of historical and current aerial images of the landscape indicated that plant density had increased in forested managed areas where agricultural practices were stopped. Despite this, local perceptions indicated that the abundance of most of the useful plant species in the managed areas had decreased over time.     

日本风景认知与景观保护体系的发展脉络

梳理日本风景认知形成与发展的历程,揭示日本景观保护体系经历了名胜、风致地区与美观地区、国立公园与风致保安林、历史风土、历史街区、文化景观、《景观法》、联合国教科文组织提出的城市历史景观等不同的发展时期。不同时期使用的关键语汇、技术手段反映了在民族意识觉醒和世界潮流的影响下,日本对风景的认知在不断进化发展。正是在认知不断发展的基础上,日本的景观保护制度才得以持续更新与进步。然而,因风景认知本身的文化根源所导致的问题与差别依然存在,日本未来推进景观保护工作和完善保护体系仍然面临挑战。     

基于点云技术的乡村景观遗产空间信息记录与可视化方法研究

点云技术为提升乡村景观遗产保护方法带来了重要机遇。从乡村景观的遗产价值保护出发,以识别乡村景观空间模式为目标,探索如何运用点云技术定量化记录和表现乡村景观的空间信息。以贵州安顺鲍家屯古村落为研究案例,全面集成数字近景摄影测量技术、激光雷达技术和点云可视化技术,构建了一套多尺度的空间信息数字化采集、处理和分析方法,能够快速、精确、全面地记录和表现乡村景观的空间特征,为识别其空间模式提供数据基础,也为遗产保护和发展提供新的视角和工具。     

益阳市地域性文化景观的保护与研究

本文以益阳市新农村建设为研究对象,以保护及延续地域性文化景观为研究内容,通过挖掘地域性文化景观的内在价值和特点,从分析建设中出现的实际问题出发,总结归纳了产生问题的原因,着重强调设计与保护地域性景观的和谐完整性和特色性（传统景观风貌、特色民俗文化、自然生态环境）的重要性。探索出对地域性文化景观保护的措施、途径方法,同时结合现代的设计手段及创新技术。在保护好地域性文化景观的基础上,创造设计出新的城乡地方特色文化景观,使得益阳市新农村建设走上可持续发展道路及特色之路起到指导和借鉴的作用。     

Historic cultural landscapes and emerging heritage values: and Australian perspective

The theme of the paper is the emergence in Australia of the recognition that rural cultural landscapes are important historical documents and form a significant part of Australia's cultural heritage. Attention is drawn to the special niche occupied by the pastoral landscapes of southeastern Australia through the historical construction of an Australian landscape identity in art and literature. An overview is given of the need to conserve exemplars of Australian rural cultural landscapes and of initiatives by government agencies and community groups such as the National Trust of Australia in cultural landscape conservation within a framework provided by Australian ICOMOS Guidelines to the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (Burra Charter).     

风景名胜区中乡村类文化景观的保护与管理

我国风景名胜区中拥有大面积乡村地域,但乡村类文化景观未被列入被保护景源.在风景名胜区中保护乡村类文化景观,有助于保护乡村自然文化遗产,合理利用区内自然资源和减少区内社区与管理机构的矛盾.风景名胜区中乡村类文化景观的发展目标和保护原则,并从土地权属与管理责任、社会系统调控、经济发展引导和乡村景观规划方面,探讨保护与管理的行动准则.