使CO2浓度测量误差减小的星载激光雷达波长优化

研究了星载积分路径差分吸收（IPDA）激光雷达系统工作波长与大气CO2 分子柱线浓度测量误差之间的关系,并优化波长以降低测量误差。首先介绍CO2 分子柱线浓度测量原理,理论分析并模拟仿真了系统随机误差、温度不确定性误差、频率不稳定性误差和水蒸汽干扰误差随激光雷达工作波长变化关系,优化工作波长使浓度测量总误差达到最小值。最终选定激光雷达on-line波长为6361.2250cm-1,off-line 波长为6 360.99 cm-1,并仿真计算得到温度不确定性为1 K、频率不稳定度为0.6 MHz 时,共导致的CO2 柱线浓度测量误差为0.58710-6,达到CO2 浓度测量精度110-6 的要求,为星载IPDA 激光雷达系统实现高精度CO2 柱线浓度探测优化系统参数提供了参考。     

APD探测器的性能对激光雷达反演CO2浓度误差影响研究

星载积分路径差分吸收（IPDA）激光雷达是全天时全球范围内探测CO2浓度的一种有效的方法,而作为接收系统关键元件的光电探测器对激光雷达系统性能有着较大的影响。雪崩光电二极管（APD）有着较大的动态范围与高的响应度,因此它在星载激光雷达中广泛应用。介绍了IPDA激光雷达和APD探测器的工作原理,并根据实际工作条件,测试了一款APD探测单元的响应度、动态范围、不同光功率下的信噪比等主要性能参数,分析了这些性能参数对星载激光雷达CO2浓度的反演带来的影响。结果表明,在CO2浓度为400 ppm（1 ppm=10-6）,吸收波段信号的探测器输出电压在280~980 mV范围内时,APD探测器本身的非线性和噪声造成的误差小于0.8 ppm。     

空芯光子晶体光纤吸收池的激光稳频技术

针对星载积分路径差分吸收(IPDA)激光雷达的应用需求,研制了一套利用空芯光子晶体光纤(HC-PCF)作为吸收池,以CO2气体1.57μm处的吸收线作为频率参考,基于频率调制光谱稳频技术的激光稳频系统。结合其工作原理,建立仿真模型,计算了CO2气压、光谱调制频率以及调制深度对稳频误差信号的影响,给出最优化的设计参数。并且与实验测试数据进行了比对,实验数据与计算结果吻合。报道了系统的稳频效果,给出进一步提升稳频性能的方案意见。     

高功率TEA CO2激光器9R波段输出谱线

为分析CO2激光9R波段输出谱线特性,满足激光与物质相互作用的需求,首先利用镀膜选支技术使高功率TEA CO2激光器只输出9R波段的激光。然后,通过单脉冲放电试验,利用CO2激光谱线分析仪分析9R波段CO2激光谱线的波长和谱线数量,并利用能量计分析每支谱线在单脉冲能量中所占的比例。通过改变输出镜的透过率、全反射镜的曲率半径以及工作气体的比例,分析CO2激光9R波段输出谱线在波长、数量以及能量比例方面的变化。试验结果表明,CO2激光在9R波段同时输出了多条相邻较近的谱线,并且这些谱线随激光器输出镜透过率、全反射镜曲率半径和气体比例的变化而变化。     

人眼安全相干多普勒测风激光雷达全光纤单频激光器

为了满足近距离相干测风激光雷达对激光发射源的需求,采用种子源振荡-放大(MOPA)的工作方式,对小型化、全光纤、高重复频率、窄线宽并处于人眼安全工作波段的激光雷达用单频脉冲激光器进行了研究.实现激光输出波长1542.4 nm,重复频率10 kHz,脉冲宽度500 ns,线宽1 MHz,平均输出功率50 mW,峰值功率10 W,单脉冲能量5μJ.该激光器可作为近距离相干激光雷达发射源.     

水汽紫外拉曼激光雷达分光系统研究

介绍了一种可用于工作波长在紫外波段的水汽拉曼激光雷达的分光系统,即利用石英三棱镜组合结构实现对激光雷达多波长回波信号的分光。对于266 nm发射波长,由于激光雷达接收的氧气(O2)、氮气(N2)、水汽(H2O)拉曼波长相隔较近,普通的滤光片难以满足要求,利用该分光系统,对其参数尤其是对棱镜间夹角和光束入射角的优化,可将大气中O2、N2、H2O的拉曼散射信号完全分开,使光电检测系统可在三个独立的通道分别接收O2、N2、H2O拉曼信号,从而反演大气中水汽及臭氧含量垂直分布廓线。应用计算机对分光系统进行了模拟计算,以实现分光系统参数的最佳匹配;在入射角约为36°,棱镜间夹角约为106°时,该分光系统可完全分开O2、N2、H2O拉曼信号。最后,用激光激发拉曼管内高压气体产生受激拉曼散射以模拟回波信号波长的实验方法对计算结果进行了验证和标定,结果表明,该分光系统应用于紫外水汽拉曼激光雷达系统具有可靠性和可行性。     

机载激光雷达测量二氧化碳浓度误差分析

差分吸收激光雷达是高精度测量大范围二氧化碳浓度的有效手段。研究了机载路径积分差分吸收激光雷达测量二氧化碳柱线浓度的主要误差项,分析了这些误差项导致的二氧化碳柱线浓度反演误差。介绍了机载差分吸收激光雷达基本工作原理,并理论分析了大气温度、压强和水汽不确定性误差,激光频率稳定性和飞机姿态速度测量不确定性等系统误差,以及不同地表反射率产生的随机误差。分析结果表明:在二氧化碳浓度380 ppm(1 ppm=10-6)时,机载激光雷达二氧化碳柱线浓度综合测量误差约为0.71 ppm,满足1 ppm的二氧化碳柱线浓度高精度测量需求。     

大气CO2 Raman后向散射的探测与可靠性分析

研究和设计了探测大气CO2浓度的Raman激光雷达,其发射机采用Nd:YAG激光的三倍频354.7 nm作为工作波长,发射的单脉冲能量60 mJ,重复频率20 Hz;接收机采用了光电倍增管(量子效率25%)和光子计数器(计数速率200MHz),探测CO2的Raman散射371.66 nm(频移1285 cm-1)信号,采用组合滤光片来抑制强的354.7 nm Mie-Rayleigh后向散射和氧气Raman后向散射375.4 nm对信号的严重干扰.主要采取排除法,检验其他波段的辐射是否被截止,实验证明回波主要是371.66 nm辐射.O2的干扰大约为CO2信号的1%.     

程差法测量1．315μm附近CO2的吸收

CO2在碘激光波长(1.315 μm)的吸收截面比水汽小得多.我们利用可调谐激光长程吸收光谱测量实验系统,测量了1.315 μm附近CO2的高分辨率吸收光谱,采用测量不同光程的相对透过率方法(程差法)计算出碘激光波长CO2的微弱吸收.结果表明,在1.315 μm波段存在CO2的吸收谱线和连续吸收.在氧碘激光频率(7603.1385 μm-1)CO2的吸收截面(1×10-24 cm2量级) 比按HITRAN 96谱线参数计算的线翼吸收大;与Bragg用光声方法测量的结果相当.本报告将介绍测量实验方法和计算分析结果.(PG8)     

可调谐TEA CO2激光倍频的研究

近年来,随着3～5 μm大气窗口热成像系统的开发和应用,国际上正大力展开这一波段激光光源的研究.迄今在3～5 μm波段尚无直接振荡的小型且操作简便的高功率激光器,人们致力于利用波长转换技术来获得这一波段相干光的开发研究.其中,最引人注目的是利用非线性晶体的TEA CO2 激光倍频的研究.我们利用自行研制的小型可调谐TEA CO2激光器和中科院安徽光机所生长的尺寸为7×8×12 mm3的AgGaSe2晶体,实现了CO2激光的倍频.TEA CO2激光器可输出50多条谱线,输出能量大于50 mJ.AgGaSe2晶体采用I型相位匹配,在CO2激光10.59 μm波长下,其相位匹配角为55.43°.实验中采用改变抽运光入射角的方法获得了20多条CO2激光谱线的倍频光输出,其中在CO2激光的10 P(18)谱线下得到较大倍频光输出1.32 mJ.(OB8)     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Nanoimprint Lithography -A Next Generation High Volume Lithography Technique

IntroductionNanoimprint Lithography is a well-acknowl-edged low cost, high resolution, large area pattern-ing process. It includes the most promising methods,high-pressure hot embossing lithography (HEL) [2],UV-cured imprinting (UV-NIL) [3] and micro contactprinting (m-CP, MCP) [4]. Curing of the imprintedstructures is either done by subsequent UV-lightexposure in the case of UV-NIL or by cooling downbelow the glass transition temperature of the ther-moplastic material in case of HEL…     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

Influence of PVK ： NPB hole transporting layer on the characteristics of organic light-emitting devices

A doping system consisting of NPB and PVK is employed as a composite hole transporting layer （CHTL）. By adjusting the component ratio of the doping system, a series of devices with different concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB are constracted. The result shows that doping concentration of NPB enhances the competence of hole transporting ability, and modifies the recombination region of charge as well as affects the surface morphology of doped film. Optimum device with a maximum brightness of 7852 cd/m^2 and a power efficiency of 1.75 lm/W has been obtained by choosing a concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB at 1：3.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.     

Analysis of error performance on Turbo coded FDPIM

Due to variable symbol length of digital pulse interval modulation（DPIM）, it is difficult to analyze the error performances of Turbo coded DPIM. To solve this problem, a fixed-length digital pulse interval modulation（FDPIM） method is provided. The FDPIM modulation structure is introduced. The packet error rates of uncoded FDPIM are analyzed and compared with that of DPIM. Bit error rates of Turbo coded FDPIM are simulated based on three kinds of analytical models under weak turbulence channel. The results show that packet error rate of uncoded FDPIM is inferior to that of uncoded DPIM. However, FDPIM is easy to be implemented and easy to be combined, with Turbo code for soft-decision because of its fixed length. Besides, the introduction of Turbo code in this modulation can decrease the average power about 10 dBm, which means that it can improve the error performance of the system effectively.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.