Z形薄壁堰过流能力试验

鉴于Z形堰的水流特性及过流能力尚未见到相关报道,为研究Z形堰的过流能力,采用概化水工模型,进行了6个堰型方案、12组流量的水工模型试验。结果表明,Z形堰的过流能力大于直线堰,且Z形堰的展宽比越大,流量扩大倍数越大;Z形堰的流量计算可采用通用的堰流公式,其综合流量系数与堰上水深、堰高、展长、前堰宽、后堰宽等因素有关,展宽比、前后堰宽比越大,流量系数越大;堰上水深与堰高之比越大,流量系数越小。利用试验数据给出了考虑堰上水深与堰高之比、展宽比、前后堰宽比等因素的Z形堰流量系数估算公式。     

Prediction of Discharge Coefficient for Trapezoidal Labyrinth Side Weir Using a Neuro-Fuzzy Approach

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is considered for flow over trapezoidal labyrinth side weirs located on a straight channel as a substantial part of distribution channels in irrigation systems and treatment units. To estimate the outflow over a trapezoidal labyrinth side weir, the discharge coefficient in the side weir equation needs to be determined in according with the effective dimensionless parameters which is Froude number, the sidewall angle, the ratios of weir length to channel width, weir length to total crest length and weir height to flow depth. 670 laboratory test results are used for determining discharge coefficient of trapezoidal labyrinth side weirs. The performance of the ANFIS model is compared with artificial neural networks (ANN), non-linear regression (NLR) and multi-linear regression (MLR) models. The comparing criteria used for the evaluation of the models’ performances are root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE) and determination coefficient (R²) statistics. Comparison results indicated that the ANFIS technique could be successfully employed in modeling discharge coefficient. It is found that the ANFIS model with RMSE of 0.090 in test period is superior in estimation of discharge coefficient than the nonlinear and linear regression models with RMSE of 0.124 and 0.279, respectively.     

Discharge Coefficient for Trapezoidal Labyrinth Side Weir in Subcritical Flow

The discharge coefficient of a trapezoidal labyrinth side weir is a function of the Froude number F ₁, the dimensionless effective crest length L/ℓ, the dimensionless weir length L/B, the dimensionless weir height p/h ₁, and the sidewall angle α. A labyrinth weir is an overflow weir, folded in plan view to provide a longer total effective length for a given overall weir width. These weirs have advantages compared to the straight overflow weir and the standard ogee crest. Previous studies on the subject have generally focused on rectangular side weirs located on a straight channel. The present study investigates the hydraulic behavior of a trapezoidal labyrinth side weir. The results show that the discharge coefficient of labyrinth side weirs gives a significantly higher coefficient value compare to that of conventional straight side weirs. Discharge coefficient of the trapezoidal labyrinth side weir is 1.5 to 5.0 times higher than the conventional straight side weir. Consequently, an equation for the coefficient of discharge is introduced. The results predicted by the equation were shown to be very satisfactory using root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient (R) statistics.     

琴键堰增设护墙对泄流能力影响的模型试验研究

为探究在堰顶增设护墙以及护墙高度对琴键堰泄流能力的影响,通过模型试验对比分析了8种不同高度护墙琴键堰的泄流能力,并通过数值模拟对5种不同高度护墙琴键堰各溢流前缘的泄流量、水面形态以及流速分布等特征进行了分析。结果表明:相较于基础体型,增设护墙提高了进口和出口宫室的泄流效率和泄流量占比,提高了侧堰泄流量,减少了侧堰溢流碰撞,提高了水流下泄流速,从而提升了琴键堰的泄流能力;增设护墙高度为堰高的13%时,泄流能力提升最大,当相对水头 H/P<0.20、0.20相似文献   

琴键堰不同堰高泄流特性的数值模拟

采用基于VOF自由面捕捉的全三维紊流数值模拟的方法,对琴键堰各个流量断面进行了泄流量的分析。通过比较五种不同堰高的琴键堰的泄流情况,分别从各个断面的流量所占的百分比、单宽流量和泄流效率等方面,得出了堰高对各断面的影响,从而得出了堰高越高泄流能力越强的结论,为今后的工程和研究提供参考。     

等宽明渠交汇口水流一维数学模型

本文采用理论分析及试验手段，对等宽明渠缓流交汇水流进行了研究。对交汇口流动的各种影响因素进行了量纲分析，确定表征流动特性的主要物理量。根据水力学基本理论，建立了交汇口上下游水深比的普遍方程，方程中考虑了动量修正系数、动能修正系数、支流汇入角等影响因素的影响，并对水深比与交汇角、流量比及水流Fr数之间的变化关系进行了讨论。解析表达式的计算结果与实验结果符合较好。     

Experimental and Numerical Study of Discharge Capacity and Sediment Profile Upstream of Piano Key Weirs with Different Plan Geometries

Piano key weirs (PKWs) are an improved form of labyrinth weirs, which are becoming popular as a more hydraulically efficient and cost-effective type of weir over its counterparts for both spillway and river flow conditions. More than thirty PKWs are already in construction worldwide, with constructions in India at Swara Kuddu. More than twenty parameters influence the flow over a PKW, and as such, the flow hydraulics near PKW is complex. It is imperative to study the performance of different shapes of PKW to know which shape offers more hydraulically and cost-effective advantages over other shapes. The present study combines the experimental and numerical study of discharge capacity and sediment carrying capacity of the different plan geometries of PKW. The experimental study of the discharging capacity of PKW has been carried out at eighteen discharge points for three plan geometries of PKW. A numerical study using ANSYS FLUENT has also been carried out at five discharges and compared with the experimental results. Vertical velocity near a weir is an essential factor facilitating the uplift of sediment. Sediment profile in the channel has been studied at three discharges experimentally for two types of PKWs: RPKW and TPKW6, all for free-flow conditions. The numerical study has also been carried out at these experimental discharges for studying the vertical component of velocity (v) upstream of PKW. An attempt has been made to isolate critical areas where the sediments are being lifted by the turbulence mechanism, thus helping them pass over the weir. The study shows PKW with a rectangular plan (RPKW) to be more hydraulically efficient than TPKWs with six-degree and thirteen-degree lateral crest variations (TPKW6 & TPKW13). The study also shows RPKW to be more self-cleaning in nature than its trapezoidal counterpart (TPKW6). Numerical study shows a close resemblance to the experimental results with errors well within permissible limits implying its greater use in ascertaining complex flows around hydraulic structures.

     

Modified theoretical stage-discharge relation for circular sharp-crested weirs

A circular sharp-crested weir is a circular control section used for measuring flow in open channels, reservoirs, and tanks. As flow measuring devices in open channels, these weirs are placed perpendicular to the sides and bottoms of straight-approach channels. Considering the complex patterns of flow passing over circular sharp-crested weirs, an equation having experimental correlation coefficients was used to extract a stage-discharge relation for weirs. Assuming the occurrence of critical flow over the weir crest, a theoretical stage-discharge relation was obtained in this study by solving two extracted non-linear equations. To study the precision of the theoretical stage-discharge relation, 58 experiments were performed on six circular weirs with different diameters and crest heights in a 30 cm-wide flume. The results show that, for each stage above the weirs, the theoretically calculated discharge is less than the measured discharge, and this difference increases with the stage. Finally, the theoretical stage-discharge relation was modified by exerting a correction coefficient which is a function of the ratio of the upstream flow depth to the weir crest height. The results show that the modified stage-discharge relation is in good agreement with the measured results.     

Physical modelling of pool and weir fishways with rock weirs

The flow characteristics of pool and weir fishways with rock weirs were studied through physical modelling. Detailed flow measurements were obtained using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter to understand how weir geometry, discharge, and bed slope affect flow patterns, velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear stresses in the fishway. The weir geometries used in this study are similar to those typically used for river restoration projects. The use of a V‐shaped rock weir was found to reduce the mean streamwise velocity in the pools by about 20% but more than double the maximum velocity magnitude. Two stage–discharge relationships were developed using the standard weir equation and a modified discharge coefficient to account for both flow over the weir and orifice flow through the base of the weir. The use of V‐shaped rock weirs has the potential to offer significant advantages in assisting multispecies fish migration. The results of this study can be applied to the hydrotechnical design of pool and weir fishways with rock weirs and for river restoration projects.     

To swim or to jump? Passage behaviour of a potamodromous cyprinid over an experimental broad‐crested weir

Physical stressors, such as man‐made obstacles, are considered one of the main causes that negatively affect freshwater fish. Even small weirs may impact fish populations, including potamodromous cyprinids, by partially or totally blocking upstream migratory movements. Some studies have addressed the effect of key hydraulic parameters on upstream movements past small weirs, but little is known on how these parameters interact to induce swimming or jumping behaviour in negotiating such obstacles. This study aims to evaluate the passage behaviour (swimming vs. jumping) of Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei), a potamodromous species, over an experimental small broad‐crested weir, considering the effect of different plunge pool depths (D), waterfall heights (H), and weir discharges (Q). Results revealed that passage behaviour was highly dependent on combinations of plunge pool depths and waterfall heights. Barbel navigated most configurations by swimming (overall outcomes: 81.5% swimming vs. 18.5% jumping), except the ones with the higher waterfall heights (25 cm) tested. Therefore, higher waterfalls proved to be preponderant in the switching of passage behaviour from swimming to jumping. Regarding the discharge over the 1‐m‐wide weir (overall outcomes: 85% swimming vs. 15% jumping), contrary to what was expected, there was no evidence that passage behaviour was discharge‐related, for the range of discharges tested (25–100 L/s). These results are useful to identify potential migration obstacles and should be taken into consideration in river restoration projects and when designing fishways for potamodromous cyprinids.     

WES型复合堰型划分及泄流能力研究

WES型复合堰是由WES堰的堰顶增加一平段衍变而成。通过改变堰顶厚度以及上游堰高形成一系列不同体型的WES型复合堰,由过堰水流流态和流量系数的变化规律,探讨了将WES型复合堰划分为WES型复合实用堰与WES型复合宽顶堰,及将WES型复合实用堰划分为高堰与低堰的划分标准,并在高、低堰的划分标准中考虑了堰顶厚度的影响。此外,按堰型分类给出了设计水位下流量系数的拟合公式,为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

侧壁角对梯形琴键堰泄流能力的影响

梯形琴键堰(T.P.K堰)是琴键堰(P.K堰)的进一步发展,具有泄流能力强、受地形限制影响小等优点。为了研究不同侧壁角对T.P.K堰泄流能力的影响,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型VOF法追踪自由表面,对5种不同侧壁角的堰型进行三维数值模拟。结果表明:α＜0°对T.P.K堰的泄流能力产生不利影响;随着侧壁角的增大,泄流能力得到了提升,当α=9°时,泄流量不再提高。利用数值模拟的优点,分别对T.P.K堰不同溢流前缘的泄流能力进行研究,并且揭示了侧壁角对泄流能力的内在影响机理。     

COMPUTATION OF DISCHARGE IN MEANDERING COMPOUND RIVERS

1.INTRODUCTIONManyriversinnature,especiallytheplainrivers,generallyhavewidefloodplains.Whentheinflowgoesbeyondthestageequaltofloodplainelevation,thewaterpassesboth'themainchannelandthefloodplainssimultaneouslytoformanoverbankflow.Themainchannelofoverbankflowiscommonlymeanderingtoadifferentextent.Aftertheflood,'overflowsthebanks,thepathoffloodplainstendsagaintobestraight,ascontrolledbyeithervalleywallsorembankments.Ononehand,duetodifferentmagnitudeofflowvelocityonfloodplainsandinmainchanne…     

袁河新泉乡段梯级溢流堰水动力模拟及侵蚀分析

为了分析梯级溢流堰对袁河新泉乡段河道行洪及河床抗冲的影响,优化河道治理工程中溢流堰布置,建立了将拦河溢流堰作为闭边界条件的二维水动力数值模型,采用非结构化网格的有限体积法,对比分析了十年一遇洪水情况下梯级溢流堰建设前后河道水动力、河道水位、流场沿程变化特征,讨论了溢流堰布置对河道防洪及冲刷的影响。结果表明,在十年一遇洪水情况下溢流堰会抬升河道水位,平均增加0.49 m,满足河道行洪要求;梯级溢流堰使河道整体形成人工“阶梯深潭”体系,河道流速在空间上发生明显的异质性,堰上流速下降幅度较堰下流速大;水流发生急流与缓流之间交替,水流紊动强烈,加剧了水流能量损失,有效降低流速,减轻了河道冲刷,有利于稳定河岸结构。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of flow over a rectangular full-width sharp-crested weir

Weirs are a type of hydraulic structure, used for water level adjustment, flow measurement, and diversion of water in irrigation systems. In this study, experiments were conducted on sharp-crested weirs under free-flow conditions and an optimization method was used to determine the best form of the discharge coefficient equation based on the coefficient of determination(R~2) and root mean square error(RMSE). The ability of the numerical method to simulate the flow over the weir was also investigated using Fluent software. Results showed that, with an increase of the ratio of the head over the weir crest to the weir height(h/P), the discharge coefficient decreased nonlinearly and reached a constant value of 0.7 for h/P 0.6. The best form of the discharge coefficient equation predicted the discharge coefficient well and percent errors were within a ±5%error limit. Numerical results of the discharge coefficient showed strong agreement with the experimental data. Variation of the discharge coefficient with Reynolds numbers showed that the discharge coefficient reached a constant value of 0.7 when h/P 0.6 and Re 20000.     

无坎宽顶堰堰流流量系数的探讨

为方便而又精确地确定无坎宽顶堰的堰流流量系数,通过比较、分析几例已建工程水工模型试验数据,指出在进行水闸泄流能力计算或确定水闸规模时,采用SL265—2001《水闸设计规范》中的计算公式,应合理确定堰流流量系数的适宜取值范围.提出在自由出流条件下,按常规设计的闸墩结构和闸室上下游连接段为矩形断面的无坎宽顶堰,堰流流量系数m在0 36～0 375之间取值更为适宜.     

Predicting velocity in bendway weir eddy fields

Rehabilitation of the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) in central New Mexico has become necessary because of changes in morphology resulting from the installation of dams, and because of habitat restoration considerations for the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). Bendway weirs are erosion control and channel‐stabilization structures placed transverse to the channel flow that have been increasingly used to prevent river migration while simultaneously enhancing aquatic habitat. Plans for rehabilitation along the MRG include the use of bendway weirs; however, past projects using these structures have relied on field experience and engineering judgment rather than specific design guidelines. A physical model of a reach of the MRG was constructed to develop empirical design equations for eddy velocities in bendway weir fields. Data from physical model simulations were used to develop two empirical expressions for predicting eddy velocities behind bendway weirs, along with two expressions for predicting velocities at the toe of installed weirs. These equations relate the velocity found after bendway weir installation to weir design characteristics and pre‐weir channel conditions. A designer can use the described approach to predict velocities in eddies and velocities at the toe of bendway weirs using only weir design variables and pre‐weir channel conditions, and thus avoid some of the uncertainty with weir design that previously existed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic and turbulence structure of triangular labyrinth weir‐pool fishways

Detailed laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze and evaluate a new weir‐pool fishway design. The new design consisted of a series of one‐cycle, triangular labyrinth weirs that formed a weir‐pool fish passage. Hydraulic characteristics of flow over the proposed fishway were examined for three pool lengths and a wide range of discharges. It was found that the new design had superior discharge capacity over classical weir‐pool fishways in plunging flow regime. Spatial and point analyses of measured velocity data were carried out to understand turbulence structure and distribution of turbulent flow. The power dissipation per unit volume was calculated for different tests, and it varied nonlinearly with discharge. Based on the limiting criteria for energy dissipation rates of different fish species, the maximum operating discharge for different slopes was extracted for the proposed design. The model‐to‐prototype scaling analysis was performed based on the recommended scaling factor of three for prototype. It was found that the approach velocity of prototype increased by 12%, whereas the total discharge increased by more than five times. The contour plots of time‐averaged velocity indicated that the proposed fishways offered diversified flow fields without exceeding the maximum velocity above the standards recommended for weir‐pool fishways. To study the size, direction, and periodicity of turbulent eddies, magnitude of the most energetic eddy and dominant frequencies were extracted using power spectrum analysis. Quadrant analysis consistently showed that Reynolds shear stresses in ejection and sweep events became weaker as the pool length increased. The small region of strong ejection and sweep events evidenced a good resting place for fish migration, whereas the generated turbulence was large enough to attract fish species to use the passage.     

不同上下游倒悬比琴键堰泄流特性试验研究

琴键堰是一种新型的迷宫堰,具有超强的泄流能力,受地形限制影响小等特点,被认为是目前解决水库泄流能力不足的有效方案之一。为了弄清楚琴键堰关键体型参数之一——上下游倒悬比(B_o/B_i)对其泄流能力的影响规律,在长16 m、宽0.5 m、深0.75 m的矩形钢化玻璃水槽中建立了三种不同上下游倒悬比的琴键堰模型并分别进行了19种不同流量工况下的过流试验,得到了对应工况时水面线的高清实拍照片和琴键堰的上下游水位等信息。结果表明:不同上下游倒悬比的琴键堰模型上的自由表面均呈现有随流量增大而由水平到弯曲再到大斜率倾斜的变化过程。对于B_o/B_i大于1的琴键堰模型,B_o/B_i越大,琴键堰的超泄比越大且泄流能力也越强。当B_o/B_i为2.5时,其泄流量最大比B_o/B_i=1时提高约16%。另外,通过量纲分析的方法,进一步拟合了含多参数、高精度的琴键堰泄流系数公式。     

组合式迷宫堰水力特性的模型实验研究

本文在前人研究迷宫堰的基础之上,将传统的宽项堰与迷宫堰相结合,打破常规,对已有的堰型进行改造.通过对其水力特性的深入研究,以实现提高堰的泄流能力的同时节约工程造价,更好地实现提高泄流能力和泄流效率的目的.通过实际的实验数据的采集、分析整理,分析讨论对不同的堰高比、不同的布设形式,在展宽比、宽高比均相同的条件下,水头比和...