钢锭模用材质的断裂力学评价

测试分析评价了各种铸铁的疲劳裂纹扩展行为；1)铸铁的裂纹扩展速率按球铁，蠕铁及灰铁的顺序依次增大。2)铸铁的石墨形态不同，疲劳裂纹扩展行为相差很大。灰铁由于石墨片在共晶团内相互连接，疲劳裂纹沿着与外应力垂直的石墨片/基体边界连续扩展；对于球铁，当疲劳裂纹尖端扩展至石墨球中时，裂纹尖端被石墨球周围的基体钝化，需重新诱发裂纹。本文提出球铁疲劳裂纹扩展的物理模型。     

车轮钢程序谱载疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究

借助MTS TESTSTAR材料试验机的TESTWARE应用软件，建立了程序谱疲劳裂纹扩展试验程序。用该方法测试了HDSA车轮过载疲劳和程序谱疲劳裂纹扩展速率。试验结果表明，过载使裂纹扩展停滞，递增、递减程序谱疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显加快，列车运行中连续急刹车方式对车轮使用寿命不利。     

复杂应力状态225Cr 1Mo钢的高温低周疲劳裂纹扩展规律

 用带预裂纹的缺口试件研究225Cr 1Mo 钢高温低周疲劳裂纹扩展规律，通过疲劳试验观察裂纹扩展寿命，应用ANSYS计算裂纹尖端应力应变分量和当量弹、塑性应变范围，利用当量J积分范围表征225Cr 1Mo 钢在复杂应力状态下的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果表明：疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN与当量J积分范围ΔJf的关系不受试件缺口型式和加载应变范围的影响，用当量J积分来评价225Cr 1Mo 钢的高温低周疲劳裂纹扩展规律是有效的。     

WEL-TEN780A高强钢及焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率

依据GB6398-86采用紧凑拉伸试样（CT），对WEL-TEN780A钢及其用L-80SN焊条手工电孤焊焊接接头的焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了研究，结果表明：在相同的疲劳循环载荷作用下，热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率高于母材和焊缝，焊缝金属具有最低裂纹扩展速率。焊缝金属中的针状铁素体细小且被大角度晶界所分割，疲劳裂纹扩展时要消耗更大的能量，从而降低裂纹扩展速率，成为止裂型焊缝。     

中强和高强铝锂合金的疲劳特性

研究了８０９０中强铝锂合金和２０９０高强铝锂合金的疲劳特性，包括疲劳裂纹扩展速率、名义和本征门槛值、裂纹闭合效应、尾迹效应、无裂纹疲劳寿命。８０９０合金在近门槛值区有优良的名义疲劳裂纹扩展抗力和名义门槛值，归因于高的裂纹闭合效应；同时，显露出强的短裂纹效应，系因裂纹闭合效应的尾迹依赖性。无裂纹疲劳寿命以２０９０合金为佳，与其高的屈服强度和细的扁平未再结晶晶粒相对应。两合金的本征疲劳裂纹扩展抗力、本征门槛值以及在Ⅲ区的名义疲劳裂纹扩展抗力差别甚微。在断口上，８０９０合金的塑变特征明显，２０９０合金的分层倾向更强。重点探索了疲劳特性与断裂特征的关系。     

焊接接头疲劳行为研究

为了研究焊接接头的疲劳行为和焊接疲劳裂纹在焊接接头不同区域的扩展规律,设计了焊接接头的轴向疲劳试验和疲劳裂纹扩展试验。通过轴向疲劳试验,得出了在不同条件下的S-N曲线和S-N方程;通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验,得出疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛值,以及从疲劳裂纹产生到失效的疲劳寿命。     

60CrMnMo钢热疲劳裂纹形成及扩展机制的研究

本文借助高频感应加热；金相和电镜（热疲劳试样表面上限温度在７２３－８７３Ｋ，疲劳次数在１０００次内），研究了６０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢热疲劳裂纹的形成和扩展过，结果表明：主裂纹在挤入沟处萌生，并使用前沿产生结构疏松；裂纹扩展分为，裂纹与空孔或空孔正断结的忆速不稳定扩展和裂纹沿亚晶界蠕动切断的慢速稳定扩展的两个阶段；并提出了裂纹扩展的数学模型。     

攀钢U71Mn重轨钢轧后空冷对低频载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文在低频(3.33Hz)载荷下，测定了重轨钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率，采用扳状单边缺口型拉一拉试样，应力比R=0．1。结果表明，攀钢U7lMn重轨钢在疲劳裂纹亚临界扩展阶段，裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子幅度的关系：da/dn=6.19×10^10-11△K^3.18空冷条件下冷却与经过埋冷处理的钢轨相比，在疲劳裂纹亚临商界扩展阶段没有明显的差别。在疲劳裂纹扩展的第三阶段，缓冷轨的da/dn偏高。     

一种新型的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型

基于低周疲劳裂纹扩展机制,假设裂纹尖端循环塑性区内应变分布服从HRR理论解,利用裂纹尖端锐化、钝化启裂低周疲劳裂纹扩展机制,结合Ramberg-Osgood循环应力应变曲线和Manson-Coffin疲劳寿命曲线等断裂力学理论,推导出一种新的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率数学模型.与30Cr1Mo1V和St-4340的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验数据进行对比,结果表明该低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型能够较好地预测材料的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率.     

温度与应力比对6061铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

为了研究温度与应力比对航空铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,利用电液伺服疲劳试验机对6061铝合金材料开展了不同温度(室温、-70、150 ℃)、应力比(0.1、0.5)条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,获得不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线,揭示温度与应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响规律。结果表明,在相同应力比下,室温与高温150 ℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN-ΔK)基本一致,低温-70 ℃下的疲劳门槛值与疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显提高,这表明低温环境下6061铝合金材料具有较高的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能;在相同温度下,随着应力比的增大,疲劳门槛值降低,疲劳裂纹扩展速率升高。讨论了温度与应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响的可能原因。     

Effects of sodium chloride and shot peening on corrosion fatigue of AISI 6150 steel

Reversed-bending fatigue tests of quenched and tempered AISI 6150 steel were conducted in dry air and in aqueous 3 pct NaCl. The 3 pct NaCl environment drastically reduced fatigue life but two different shot peening treatments were found to improve the corrosion fatigue life over that of unpeened samples. Multiple fatigue crack initiation occurred at very distinct locations in both the unpeened and the peened specimens fatigued in 3 pct NaCl. Fatigue crack propagation from each initiation site occurred first on flat facets normal to the stress axis and then by a more ductile mechanism after the initiation facets had linked. The average size of the corrosion fatigue initiation facets in the peened specimens was much smaller than that of the unpeened specimens; however, the number of initiation sites was greater in the peened specimens. It is believed that the beneficial effect of the shot peening results from significantly reduced early fatigue crack propagation rates in the compressive residual stress layer at the surface. Formerly Research Assistant, Materials Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee     

Use of the nanoindentation technique for studying microstructure/crack interactions in the fatigue of 4340 steel

The objectives of this research are to study the influence of microstructure on the fatigue crack growth behavior in 4340 steel and to explore the application of the nanoindentation technique for determining the plastic deformation zone at a fatigue crack tip. Two heat treatment conditions were chosen for the steel: annealed and quenched plus tempered. The annealed steel consists of coarse pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite, while the quenched and tempered steel consists of fine tempered martensite. Fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted on disklike compact (DCT) specimens. Subsequently, the nanoindentation technique was applied to quantitatively determine the plastic deformation zone at fatigue crack tips. The plastic deformation zone size determined by the nanoindentation test seems larger than the cyclic deformation zone calculated using the fracture mechanics equation, which involves many assumptions. The fatigue crack growth test results show that the annealed steel has a higher resistance to crack growth than the quenched and tempered steel. The fatigue crack in the annealed steel tends to grow along pearlite domain boundaries, or the cementite/ferrite interfaces within a pearlite domain. In contrast, the fatigue crack in the quenched and tempered steel tends to traverse the fine martensite laths. Consequently, the actual crack path in the annealed steel is rougher than in the quenched and tempered steel and more secondary cracks are observed in the annealed steel.     

Fatigue crack initiation and propagation in a quenched and tempered niobium bearing HSLA steel

The fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior of a niobium bearing HSLA steel heat treated to give two tempered martensitic microstructures presumably with and without fine niobium carbides has been studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and strain gage measurements of plastic zone deformation. The high cycle, stress controlled fatigue life of the steel in both heat treated conditions was quite similar with the steel presumably containing the fine niobium carbides having slightly better resistance at low stress amplitudes. This slightly better high cycle resistance is associated with better resistance to fatigue crack initiation for this heat treatment. The fatigue crack propagation behavior of the steel was the opposite. The steel presumably containing the fine niobium carbides exhibited a much faster fatigue crack growth rate than that without them. The difference in growth rates is explained in terms of the plastic work expended during the propagation of the fatigue crack.     

基于声发射监测的316LN不锈钢的疲劳损伤评价

疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展容易导致压力容器及管道的严重疲劳失效.因此就设备的安全可靠性而言,非常有必要对疲劳裂纹扩展过程进行监测,并对疲劳损伤程度进行评估.本文针对316LN不锈钢材料进行疲劳实验研究,利用直流电位法测量实验中的裂纹长度,得到了材料的疲劳裂纹扩展曲线.利用声发射技术对疲劳裂纹扩展过程进行监测,通过声发射多参数分析对疲劳损伤状态进行评价,同时建立了声发射参数与线弹性断裂力学参数之间的关系,并进行寿命预测.研究表明:声发射能够对316LN不锈钢的疲劳裂纹损伤进行有效评估,声发射累积参数如累积计数、累积能量和累积幅值曲线上的转折点标志着疲劳裂纹进入快速扩展阶段,这可以为工程人员提供失效预警;声发射波形和频谱分析表明,噪声信号的幅值较小且信号持续时间较长,信号包含的频率成分比较复杂,而裂纹扩展信号是突发型信号,衰减较快,信号频率主要集中在80~170 kHz范围内;声发射计数率、能量率和幅值率与应力强度因子幅度以及疲劳裂纹扩展速率之间呈线性关系,裂纹长度预测结果与实测值接近.本研究工作对于工程结构的疲劳失效预警和剩余寿命预测具有重要意义.      

15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2齿轮钢的扭转疲劳特性及裂纹扩展行为

 通过扭转疲劳试验,研究了15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳断裂的裂纹扩展行为和夹杂物尺寸与扭转疲劳寿命之间的关系。得到了钢的扭转疲劳极限强度和[τ-N]曲线,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳极限强度为350 MPa,扭转疲劳寿命分散度较大。通过断口观察,发现15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳破坏模式以表面破坏和近表面破坏为主,主要由氧化物夹杂引起。通过计算应力强度因子[ΔK]和裂纹扩展门槛值[ΔKth]分析15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳裂纹扩展的断裂力学条件,试验钢在断裂过程中受载荷情况为,II型载荷—I型载荷—II型载荷—I＋II型载荷,分别对应起裂源区、纤维区、疲劳裂纹扩展区和瞬断区;当有大裂纹产生时,则不会产生纤维区,受载荷情况则为：II型载荷—I＋II型载荷。通过公式推导和数据拟合得到夹杂物尺寸和15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢扭转疲劳寿命的关系,发现随着夹杂物尺寸减小,钢的[τ-N]曲线向高寿命区移动。当引起裂纹萌生的夹杂物尺寸小于5 μm时,在350 MPa应力下,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳寿命超过107循环周次。     

新型扭杆弹簧用高强度马氏体钢疲劳性能研究

摘要：利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验研究新型扭杆弹簧用N1钢和45CrNiMoVA钢的疲劳性能,并通过对2种试验钢组织、硬度、强度、夹杂物类型及大小、疲劳裂纹扩展速率以及氢含量的对比,探讨影响扭杆弹簧用钢旋转弯曲疲劳性能的因素及其疲劳失效机制。结果表明,推荐热处理制度的45CrNiMoVA钢和N1钢旋转弯曲疲劳极限强度分别为892和926MPa,超高强度钢的屈服强度也是衡量疲劳极限强度的因素,N1钢屈服强度高出45CrNiMoVA钢约100MPa,是其疲劳性能优于45CrNiMoVA钢的重要原因。在高应力状态下,N1钢的疲劳寿命明显优于45CrNiMoVA钢的重要原因是N1钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于45CrNiMoVA钢;而在低应力状态下,较高的屈服强度、较低的裂纹扩展速率和氢含量是N1钢疲劳极限高于45CrNiMoVA钢的重要原因。     

冶炼工艺对15-5PH不锈钢疲劳性能的影响

 为了研究冶炼工艺对15-5PH不锈钢疲劳性能的影响,通过ASPEX夹杂物分析、拉压疲劳试验和扫描电镜等手段并结合裂纹扩展速率试验,研究了冶炼工艺对15-5PH不锈钢中夹杂物的粒径分布和疲劳性能的影响,并对比了两种试验钢裂纹扩展速率的大小。结果表明,VIM+VAR工艺冶炼的1号试验钢总氧质量分数较低,夹杂物尺寸较小且质量分数较低,1号试验钢的疲劳强度比单真空工艺冶炼的2号试验钢高30 MPa,通过疲劳断口SEM观察,1号试验钢在表面基体起裂,2号试验钢的裂纹源是次表面的Al₂O₃夹杂物;相同条件下,1号试验钢裂纹扩展速率大于2号试验钢。     

Anti-Thermal-Fatigue Property of 8407 Steel With Surface Aluminization and Oxidation Treatment

Thermal fatigue failure is one of the main failure forms of 8407 steel. Aiming at improving the anti-thermal-fatigue property of 8407 steel, the method of aluminization and subsequent oxidation is employed to form a complex oxide on the die surface. Thermal fatigue test was performed with the cycle heating method to compare thermal fatigue behaviors of 8407 steel samples with and without aluminization and oxidation treatment. In the test, thermal fatigue crack morphology formed on the surface was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and then variations of initiating rate and propagating rate of main crack of thermal fatigue with cycles were investigated. Moreover, the thermal fatigue property was judged according to thermal fatigue main crack length and its reciprocal. Finally, the anti-thermal-fatigue mechanism of oxide film was clarified. The results show that the surface aluminization and oxidation treatment can improve both the initiating resistance and propagating resistance of thermal fatigue crack, which will improve the anti-thermal-fatigue property of 8407 steel.     

AF1410钢的旋转弯曲疲劳破坏行为

 通过力学性能测试、微观组织和疲劳断口形貌的扫描电镜（SEM）分析等方法系统研究了一种双真空工艺熔炼的高纯度超高强度钢（AF1410）的高周旋转弯曲疲劳破坏特性及非金属夹杂对其疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：AF1410钢经510℃回火5h后,具有优异的综合力学性能,其旋转弯曲疲劳极限强度达到826MPa;通过疲劳断口的SEM观察,试验用AF1410钢的旋转弯曲疲劳裂纹源均起裂于试样表面的加工缺陷,如刀痕、细微缺口等,这些表面缺陷引起的应力集中是导致其疲劳开裂的主要原因;稀土元素La的加入使得高纯AF1410钢弯曲疲劳断口中出现细小圆形的含La非金属夹杂物,但该类稀土夹杂并未成为旋转弯曲疲劳断裂的裂纹源。     

基于有限元方法的疲劳裂纹闭合行为

裂纹闭合行为将很大程度改变疲劳裂纹扩展行为。针对316L不锈钢,结合常幅加载和单个拉伸过载试验和动态数值模拟方法,对疲劳裂纹扩展行为中的裂纹闭合现象开展了一系列研究工作。详细对比了不同扩展阶段的裂纹闭合行为随裂纹长度、应力比和过载影响因素的变化,以及对裂纹扩展速率的影响。同时,研究了单个拉伸过载和裂纹闭合行为之间的内在联系和机理。结合裂纹闭合理论和有限元计算结果,等效应力强度因子被用来描述316L不锈钢的裂纹扩展过程,并提出316L不锈钢的裂纹扩展速率的预测模型。