香精在液晶乳液和织物柔顺剂中的分配特性

采用固相微萃取和气相色谱的分析技术测定顶空中挥发性物质的浓度随时间的变化,研究了层状液晶乳液体系在应用到织物柔顺剂中时其乳液结构及香精的极性对香精在应用基体中的分配特性的影响。结果发现由聚氧乙烯醚失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯、失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯、长链脂肪醇、油和水组成的球形层状液晶乳液LO相或者球形层状液晶乳液LO相与平面层状液晶乳液Lβ的混合相能够在应用过程中有效地延缓挥发性物质的释放平衡。具有不同的油相ClogP的液晶乳液,其缓释性也各不相同,含高极性香精的液晶乳液在水溶液中的缓释效果较好。     

香精为油相液晶乳液的相行为

采用偏光显微镜观察及测定电导率的方法研究了由聚氧乙烯醚失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(APS)、失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(SE)、十八醇、油和水组成体系的相行为。结果表明,体系在乳化剂、助乳化剂和油相含量低时可形成水包油型球形层状液晶乳液LO1相,随着助乳化剂和油的含量增加,体系将形成球形层状LO1(2)与平面层状Lβ的混合相,然后转变成油包水型球形层状液晶乳液LO2。当m(APS)∶m(SE)=4∶1时,体系可形成稳定的水包油型及油包水型球形层状液晶乳液。     

工艺参数对层状液晶乳液结构的影响

讨论了由聚氧乙烯醚失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯、失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯、直链脂肪醇和挥发性物质组成的层状液晶乳液的制备过程中乳化时原料的加入顺序、乳化时间、冷却时搅拌速度及冷却时间对乳液的形态(脂质体结构,洋葱结构),特别是对乳液颗粒的粒径及粒径分布的影响。结果表明:乳化过程的时间对粒径的分布无明显影响;将水加入到含表面活性剂的油相中有利于形成完整结构的液晶乳液;冷却过程中的搅拌速度及搅拌时间对粒径的影响最大,为了得到较大颗粒为主的粒径分布,较佳冷却条件是搅拌速率在1 500 r/min、冷却60 min;慢速冷却有利于形成层间距较大的层状液晶,快速冷却易形成层间距略小的层状液晶。     

烷氧基羟丙基三甲基溴化铵/正丁醇/水体系的相行为

绘制了3-十二烷氧基-2-羟丙基三甲基溴化铵(R12TAB)／正丁醇／水三元体系的相图，确定了不同区域的范围。用电导法测定了微乳液区域内由W／O型微乳液经双连续结构到O／W型微乳液的变化过程。用^2HNMR和差示扫描量热法(DSC)并与液晶纹理对照，研究了该体系的液晶结构特点。结果表明，固定R12TAB和正丁醇的比例，随含水量的增加，体系的液晶相结构发生如下变化，从层状液晶→层状与六角状液晶共存→层状、六角状与立方状液晶共存→层状液晶与微乳液共存。     

助乳化剂对化妆品乳液稳定性和液晶性的影响

以硬脂酸蔗糖酯和失水山梨醇硬脂酸酯的复配物（SSE）为主乳化剂，十六／十八醇及甘油为助乳化剂制备含液晶乳液化妆品。通过观察乳液的温度稳定性和液晶性，用三元相图研究助乳化剂含量对此乳液体系液区的影响。实验条件下，用该乳化剂体系可获得较好的液晶化妆品乳液，总之，较高的助乳化剂量有利于乳液的温度稳定性和液晶性，但助乳化剂量较低时经合理配方也能获得稳定的液晶乳液，其中含3％高碳醇和5％甘油的乳液稳定性及液晶性均较好，5％高碳醇和3％甘油的助乳化剂体系不宜采用。     

一种含D-柠檬烯的油墨清洗剂的研制

利用环保溶剂D-柠檬烯、水、表面活性剂和助剂,制备了一种油墨清洗剂.研究了水相中十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠(C12-MADS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(Span40)的摩尔比,油相中Span40的浓度以及水、油相质量比对清洗剂性能的影响.实验结果表明,0.6mmol/L Span40的D-柠檬烯溶液为油相,n(C12-MADS):n(LAS):n(Span40)=1:1.5:1水溶液(C12-MADS浓度为0.03 mmol·L-1)为水相,二者按质量比为9:1复配,清洗剂性能较佳.     

物化环境对化妆品液晶性的影响

以硬脂酸蔗糖酯和失水山梨醇硬脂酸酯的复配物 (SSE) /C16～ 18醇 /甘油为复合乳化剂制备液晶型化妆品乳液。考察了柠檬酸、pH值、离子强度和剪切速率对该乳液体系的稳定性和液晶性的影响。实验条件下 ,各体系对柠檬酸的敏感性比较强 ,但与pH值的关系不明显。加入柠檬酸对液晶数量和形状均有影响 ,柠檬酸的加入量大于 0 0 1%时乳液变稀 ,液晶减少。NaCl的离子强度效应主要是对乳液粒径及稳定性的影响 ,对液晶性影响不大。NaCl加入量≤ 0 3 %对乳状液及液晶的形成并无不良影响 ;NaCl加入量 >0 3 %乳液粒径明显变粗。乳状液粒子的粒径随剪切速率的减小而增大 ,粒径 <5 μm时液晶性较好。     

利用可聚合表面活性剂自组装构筑小于5纳米尺度的层状结构

研究了一种利用可聚合表面活性剂自组装构筑层状纳米结构聚合物的方法。首先合成了一系列季铵盐类可聚合型表面活性剂,利用X射线散射和偏光显微镜技术研究了它们与水或其他极性溶剂共混的自组装行为。所合成的表面活性剂在水或者甘油等极性溶剂中均能形成稳定的层状液晶相。进一步探究了光引发聚合对层状结构的影响,并通过复配交联剂使尺度小于5nm的层状结构在聚合物中得到保留。结果表明:聚合后尽管层间距有所变宽且层状相的规整度下降,但其层状结构在聚合物中基本得到保留。     

丙烯酰胺反相细乳液聚合

采用反相细乳液法,以白油为连续相,失水山梨醇单油酸酯/聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯为乳化剂,一种聚合物型乳化剂(聚异丁烯琥珀酸酯与山梨醇油酸酯的混合物)作为助稳定剂,通过正交实验确立了基本乳液体系,考察了微乳化工艺中转速变化、乳化剂体系组成、浓度及单体含量对聚合产物稳定性的影响,并研究了不同单体浓度和聚合时间等聚合工艺对微球粒径及分布的影响。结果表明,复合乳化剂含量为3.0%,转速为10 000 r/min下乳化20 min,在单体浓度55%,亲水疏水平衡值(HLB值)为5.5,采用氧化还原引发体系,聚合时间为6 h时,可以得到固含量35%以上、粒径数百纳米的长期稳定的亚微米级聚丙烯酰胺微球乳液。     

乳化剂和助剂对乳化休系稳定性能影响的研究

阐述了乳化剂的作用原理、选择和使用方法及乳化助剂和乳化体系稳定性的影响,以及乳化体系稳定性的表述方法。选择硅油和白油为主的油相体系,以聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯和山梨醇酐单月桂酸酯为乳化剂,研究其在不同用量、不同配比以及添加助剂时对乳液稳定性能的影响,得到了乳化剂用量为3.2%、乳化剂比例为3∶1时乳液稳定性好的结论;且得到在"将助剂溶于水相,对含有乳化剂的油相进行乳化"的乳化方式中,添加助剂为2%时,乳液体系稳定性最好的结论。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.