基于时间的供应商管理库存整合补货模式下的牛鞭效应研究

为比较基于时间的供应商管理库存整合补货模式和传统补货模式对零售业供应链中牛鞭效应的影响，概述了供应商管理库存在零售业供应链中的应用情况，构建了两种补货模式的系统动力学模型。通过仿真，定量地比较了两种补货模式中供应商和零售商对泊松流随机需求输入的订单响应率的波动。另外，为了比较基于时间的供应商管理库存整合补货模式下补货周期对牛鞭效应的影响，通过改变参数设置模拟了不同补货周期下供应商和零售商的订单响应率波动。结果显示，与传统模式相比，基于时间的供应商管理库存整合补货对牛鞭效应有明显的改善；供应商管理库存整合补货的补货周期对牛鞭效应存在明显的影响，较长周期下的牛鞭效应相对于较短周期要严重。     

供应商管理库存环境下库存与发货策略研究

供应商管理库存是最先进的供应链库存管理模式,也是供应链发展的重要方向.在含有多零售商的供应商管理库存环境下,为了同时满足最小化企业运营成本和最大化顾客服务水平这两个目标,分析了原有发货策略的不足,提出了新的基于时间和数量的混合发货策略,通过理论分析和仿真实验表明,混合发货策略能较好地均衡企业运营成本和顾客服务水平,更好地支撑了企业决策.     

供应商管理库存最优定价策略分析

在库存短缺的情况下,建立了供应商管理库存的供应链模型.通过对此模型的进一步分析,证明了在供应商管理库存短期激励下,供应商管理库存将增加合同购买价格,以补偿供应商接管买方库存后的转移成本.这一结果为供应链环境下,实施供应商管理库存提供了理论依据,也具有明确的工程意义.     

含供应商竞争的寄售供应链运营决策

为了研究引入供应商竞争对基于收益共享的寄售模式下供应链收益的影响,针对含两供应商和单零售商的供应链结构,分别构建收益共享寄售契约下的集中决策、完全分散决策和供应商联合决策模型,分析了这三种情境下供应商竞争对系统最优决策和均衡收益的影响,并比较了它们的供应链绩效.结果表明,集中决策下的供应链收益始终优于完全分散决策和半分散决策.当供应商之间的竞争较小时,供应商采取联合决策只能改善其自身收益,会损害供应商和供应链整体的收益;而当供应商竞争较大时,供应商联合决策可以实现供应链各方收益的Pareto改进.进一步给出三种决策情境下供应链收益对需求价格弹性和交叉价格弹性的敏感性分析.     

供应商管理库存模式下的两次生产和两次补货模式

在不确定环境下,讨论了两级供应链中供应商管理库存模式的基本结构,分析了供应链成员的最优决策.在此基础上,引入两次生产和两次补货模式,分析了供应链成员最优决策的变化.比较分析了集成供应模式与供应链分散情形下最优决策的差异,并引入收益分享契约来优化供应链的性能.讨论了缺货惩罚费用对供应链决策的影响.通过算例对结论进行了说明.     

交货时间不确定环境下两级供应链库存决策与契约设计

交货时间不确定问题广泛存在于不同类型供应链的实际运作中,合适的契约是改进交货时间不确定的供应链性能的有效手段.本文同时考虑需求不确定和供应商交货时间不确定,构建由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链模型,讨论了零售商管理库存(RMI)和供应商管理库存(VMI)两种模式下的库存决策模型,分析了交货时间不确定对供应链性能的影响.零售商管理库存模式中,在批发价契约的基础上引入收益分享因子或补贴费用参数以协调供应链;供应商管理库存模式中,除了用批发价格和收益分享因子联合契约来协调供应链以外,还进一步考虑了纯收益分享契约下供应链成员的决策模型,并通过引入补贴费用参数来协调供应链.研究表明,所提出的协调契约在一定条件下能有效降低交货时间不确定对供应链带来的负面影响.     

基于数量的供应商管理库存整合补货的牛鞭效应与成本研究

为研究在基于数量的供应商管理库存整合补货模式下，经济补货数量对两级供应链系统的牛鞭效应和系统成本的影响，以及牛鞭效应与成本的关系，利用系统动力学的方法构建了该模式的动态仿真模型。通过仿真，定量研究了基于数量的供应商管理库存整合补货模式中，供应商对随机流需求输入的订单响应率波动及系统成本的变化，并通过二次函数的回归分析探讨了牛鞭效应与系统成本之间的数学关系。结果显示，系统成本与牛鞭效应之间是一种二次凹函数的关系，可以找到一个合适的经济补货数量，实现供应链系统成本与牛鞭效应的协调优化控制。     

供应链契约可行集的建立与分析

为使供应链成员之间制订的契约具有较强的实用性，需要把契约参数扩大为一个区间，由此提出了供应链契约可行集的概念，阐述了契约可行集的定义及其性质。针对供应链中的供应商管理库存和零售商管理库存两种批发价格契约形式，把最佳订货量作为契约参数，分别求解出了它们的契约可行集，并对契约可行集的大小进行了比较分析。最后，通过数值计算证明了结论的有效性。     

基于SCM的离散型制造企业库存控制策略的研究

针对制造企业在供应链环境下管理和优化库存问题，提出了综合考虑物料数量、占用金额等要素，对物料进行ABC分类后，采用基于供应链的供应商管理库存(VMI)、定期订货、定量订货及优化安全库存等库存控制策略。降低了库存成本，提高了企业的竞争优势和管理水平：     

供应商产出随机下基于风险共享的供应链协同模型

为降低供应链上游的供应风险,研究了供应商随机产出下两供应商-单制造商系统在溢出库存惩罚下的风险共享协同模型。分析了集中决策下供应链系统最优批量决策,以及溢出库存惩罚下供应商和制造商各自的最优批量决策;证明了在存在溢出库存惩罚下,供应商和供应商、供应商和制造商之间存在纳什均衡,且纳什均衡下供应链利润不大于供应链系统的最优利润值。为达到供应链系统的最优利润,提出了溢出库存惩罚下基于风险共享的供应链协同模型。通过案例分析说明,制造商通过调整满足一定关系的订货量、制造商风险共享系数和供应商风险共享系数,能使得独立决策下供应链达到集中决策下的供应链利润。     

Developing a two-echelon mathematical model for a vendor-managed inventory (VMI) system

Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) system is a mechanism where the supplier creates the purchase orders based on the demand information exchanged by the retailer/customer. In this paper, the performance of the traditional and VMI system is compared. Mathematical modeling is applied and total inventory cost in the supply chain is used as the performance measure. The supply chain is considered in two levels, i.e., buyer and supplier, with the assumption that the supplier faces only one buyer as the contract party. Since none of the previous works quantitatively directed the practitioners to select the traditional or VMI system, the extent point is introduced in which the difference in total cost of both systems is minimal. It is applied to investigate how increasing or reducing the related parameters changes total cost of two systems with respect to each other. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are provided to illustrate the theory and derive the extent points and percentage of difference in total cost of the traditional and VMI system. The results show that VMI works better and delivers lower cost in all conditions including back order, and as one goes farther from the extent point, the application of VMI is more justified.     

无缺陷退货问题的建模与供应链协作

针对供应链中无质量缺陷的退货问题,建立了单个制造商和零售商构成的分散决策模型,模型中考虑了零售商宣传咨询对于顾客需求和退货率的影响.给出了该模型中零售商的最优订货策略和最优宣传咨询努力水平的上界.分析了零售商缺乏宣传咨询投入的原因,为实现无质量缺陷退货的供应链协作优化,提出了一种制造商承担部分宣传咨询投入成本的分担策略.数值仿真结果表明,恰当的分担比例可以同时提高制造商和零售商的收益,提高供应链绩效.     

Modeling and solving a one-supplier multi-vehicle production-inventory-distribution problem with clustered retailers

This paper considers a supply chain management problem which integrates production, inventory, and distribution decisions. The supply chain is composed of one supplier production facility and several retailers located in a given geographic region. The supplier is responsible for the production and the replenishment of the inventory of retailers, in a vendor managed inventory (VMI) context. The distance between retailers is negligible compared to the distance between the supplier and the retailers’ region. Thus, for each vehicle, there is a major fixed cost for traveling to the cluster of retailers and a minor fixed cost for visiting each individual retailer. The problem consists of determining quantities to be produced, quantities to be delivered to retailers, vehicles to be used, and retailers to be serviced by each vehicle. This problem is an extension of the one warehouse multi-retailer problem with the consideration of production planning and storage and vehicle capacity limitations in addition to fixed vehicle utilization costs and retailer servicing costs. The objective is to minimize a total cost composed of production, transportation, and inventory holding costs at the supplier and at the retailers. Two mixed integer linear programming formulations are proposed and six families of valid inequalities are added to strengthen these formulations. Two of these families are new and the others are adapted from the literature. The numerical results show that the valid inequalities considerably improve the quality of the formulations. Moreover, the parameters that influence the most computational times are analyzed.     

Evaluating the value of information sharing in a supply chain using an ARIMA model

This paper considers a two-echelon supply chain, which contains one supplier and one retailer. It studies the quantification of the bullwhip effect and the value of information-sharing between the supplier and the retailer under an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) demand of (0, 1, q). The results show that with an increasing value of q, bullwhip effects will be more obvious, no matter whether there is information sharing or not. When there exists information sharing, the value of the bullwhip effect is greater than it is without information sharing. With an increasing value of q, the gap between the values of the bullwhip effect in the two cases will be larger.     

供应链协同契约研究

为了使供应链达到协同,提出了利润共享与买回契约组合而成的新型混合契约,并用该契约对单供应商一单零售商,以及单供应商一多零售商组成的两级供应链模型进行了协同分析,整个分析过程采用了Stackel-berg博弈理论,其中供应商作为领导者,零售商作为跟随者.分析结果和数值实例说明,混合契约可以使供应商与零售商协同,并使供应链渠道总利润最大化.     

不对称信息下供应链线性激励契约委托代理分析

在由1个供应商和1个零售商组成的供应链中,零售商的促销努力对市场需求有重大影响。但因信息不对称的存在,供应商无法观测到零售商的行为,这样就会产生败德行为,影响供应链的协调。对此,利用委托代理分析框架,研究了供应链中供应商和零售商之间的利益博弈;通过比较在信息对称与信息不对称情况下的线性契约,分析了不同因素对于佣金率、供应商期望收益以及代理成本的影响;最后,考察了新的观测变量对契约设计的影响。     

需求信息不对称下基于期权的供应链协作机制的研究

通过批发价格契约分析了信息不对称导致供应链效率下降的机理，运用信号博弈理论设计相应的期权契约，激励具有信息优势的零售商，通过其期权购买量向供应商传递真实的市场需求信息，并据此优化供应商的产能和价格决策，以及零售商的期权购买策略，最终达到供应链的协作。最后，对各决策模型和协调过程分别进行了详细的仿真分析，验证了期权契约在需求信息不对称条件下的供应链协调过程中的有效性，并探讨了进一步的研究方向。     

"批对批"供应链在信息不对称下的协调机制

由一个供应商和一个分销商组成的二级供应链系统，当该系统面对单品种的确定性外部需求时，首先给出了能够激励自私的供应链成员实现供应链联合最优的合作协调机制；在分销商的存贮费为不对称信息的情况下，分析了上述机制的局限性，并运用激励理论，提出激励供应链成员诚实申报信息的新的协调机制，实现了供应链系统的联合最优化。     

模糊需求环境下供应链成员间的协调机制分析

为保证供应链成员获得利润,在模糊需求环境下,研究由单一供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链系统的协调机制问题。将市场需求视为模糊变量,建立不确定理论下基于可信性分布的分散决策、集中决策,以及收益共享契约和回购契约模型,并以三角模糊变量为例对模型进行优化,给出各种模型下的最优策略。最后,通过数值算例对模型中的参数进行求解,并对分析结论进行验证。研究结果表明,在模糊需求环境下,供应链系统中依然存在双重边际化效应,通过在协调机制中改变契约系数可以使供应链各成员的期望利润相比分散决策时有明显提高,并且当谈判双方达成纳什谈判解时,成员在收益共享契约下的期望利润等于其在回购契约下的期望利润。     

The research of surface waviness control method for 5-axis flank milling

In this paper, the impacts brought by the carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chain systems are analytically examined. First, based on various industrial practices in fashion apparel, we construct the two-echelon manufacturer–retailer analytical fashion supply chain model. Second, by exploring the fashion supply chain with a highly fashionable product, we study how the carbon footprint tax can affect the retailer’s optimal choice of sourcing. We further investigate the significance of carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chain management under two commonly adopted contracts, namely the pure wholesale pricing (WP) contract and the markdown money (MM) contract. Our analytical findings illustrate that: (1) under the WP contract case: A properly set carbon footprint tax, which depends on the product’s manufacturing and shipping costs, and manufacturer’s profit margin, can successfully entice the retailer to source locally. (2) Under the MM contract case where the MM contract is set in a way that the supply chain is coordinated: (a) If the carbon footprint tax is equal to the difference between the product costs from the local and offshore sourcing, then the optimal MM rates and the optimal supply chain product quantities from the local and offshore sourcing modes are the same. (b) Similar to the WP contract case, we prove analytically that a properly determined carbon footprint tax can always entice the retailer to source locally. Further analysis with extended models under the consideration of having a stochastically larger demand with the local sourcing mode is conducted.