Increase of static electrification in an aged oil‐immersed transformer

Increase of static electrification activity and discharge generation was experienced during the service operation of an aged power transformer. The transformer oil had high sulfide and sulfoxide contents and was liable to show high ECT value after aging. However, there was no apparent increase in standard ECT (electrostatic charging tendency) measurement of the insulating oil and, therefore, deterioration of pressboard was suspected as the cause of the increase. The ECT tests with aged oil and pressboard sampled from the aged transformer were insufficient to demonstrate the increase in static electrification for the aged transformer. On the other hand, the results suggested a possibility that increase in static electrification can be caused by adsorption of some deterioration compound in the aged oil to the pressboard. In order to make more effective evaluation to the transformer insulation, potential measurement on the pressboard in the oil duct was carried out. The experimental results demonstrated strong increase of the accumulated charge by the aged pressboard, which suggested effectiveness of potential measurement for the assessment of static electrification in transformers. The device of potential measurement for practical use was designed by reducing the necessary amount of oil sampling. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 10–19, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20789     

Static electrification of pressboard/oil interface and transientphenomena

The static electrification phenomenon of insulating materials used in power transformers is investigated through two devices. The first is a cell with a rotating disk covered on both sides with a given pressboard and immersed in a metallic tank containing ~41 of oil; and second device enables us to measure the electrostatic charge tendency of oils. The electrostatic charge tendency (ECT) of insulating oils and the leakage current generated by the charge concentration gradient at the oil/pressboard interface are analyzed as function of temperature, water content and aging of oils, the nature of the pressboard, and the rotating speed of the disk. The influence of the surface roughness of the pressboard and antistatic additives on the aging and ECT also are considered. A correlation between ECT and the physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of the oil is established. It is shown that the temperature gradients and the water migration phenomena at the oil/pressboard interface play an important role in the charge separation. Transient currents are strongly affected by the presence of air in the pressboard and the aging of the oil     

Electrification current in the spinning disk system

Generation of electrostatic charges has been found to be one cause of failures of high power transformers. In this paper we present experimental investigations of transformer oil electrification obtained during research on a spinning disk system. The experiments have been carried out for oil within the temperature range of 20 to 80°C and Reynolds number of 3000 to 9000. The equilibrium duct-flow theory of Abedian and Sonin (1981) has been modified to deduce the wall charge density coefficient for transformer oil. From the analysis it appears that the model proposed to describe electrification in the spinning disk system agrees with the experimental data     

Static electrification and partial discharges induced by oil flowin power transformers

This paper presents the study of the major parameters on static electrification, using full-scale shell type transformers (570 MVA, 405 kV and 100 MVA, 500 kV). The consequences of static electrification on the dielectric strength and the conditions of partial discharge occurrence also are studied with oil flow rate up to 5 times the nominal value. It shows that the leakage currents are strongly influenced by temperature, applied voltage and oil flow rate Q. The latter is the most influential parameter. The winding leakage current I varies as Qⁿ , where 1⩽n⩽3. The maximum value of I is observed at room temperature (20°C) when the transformer is energized     

变压器油的静电性能及变压器油流静电试验方法

本介绍了采用“过滤式”带电度测试装置对国产变压器油的带电度及有关静电带电性能进行试验研究的结果，分析了变压器油流带电过程及静电放电特点。此外，初步试验研究苯并三唑对油中静电的抑制作用及其影响，在此基础上，探讨了检测变压器中油流静电的试验方法。     

电力变压器中的静电起电

对变压器中绝缘油流动带电现象进行了研究，给出了一些大型变压器运行故障实例，分析了变压器静电起电的原因和条件，介绍了静电起电的监视技术。     

变压器油道内冲流电流的一种计算方法

对紊流态下变压器油道内冲流电流的计算进行了研究。描述油内电荷分布的输运方程是一个非线性方程,不存在精确的解析解。应用文中所给定的绝缘油/纸板界面的边界条件并经过合理的简化,推出了该方程的近似解析解和冲流电流的计算公式。公式能描述油流速度、电导率、油温和外加交流电场对变压器油流带电的影响,所引入的修正量可通过实验数据确定。实验证明,计算公式可以用于预测冲流电流的大小,从而避免了繁重的数值计算,为变压器油流带电的计算提供了一种方便的手段。     

用多参数研究变压器油的热老化

以常用的老化参数（介质损耗因数、酸值、电导率、表面张力）和油流带电电荷密度这个新参数研究变压器油的热老化。试验结果表明,这些参数与油的热老化程度有很大的关系。而且油流带电电荷密度与介质损耗因数和电导率有一定的相关性。     

大型换流变压器油流带电问题的分析

油流带电可能破坏换流变压器的油道绝缘性能,成为威胁超高压变压器甚至影响电网安全、稳定运行的重要因素之一,在特殊的绝缘结构和油冷却方式下,换流变压器中可能存在较多的油流带电问题。通过分析油流带电的产生机理、影响因素、抑制措施和换流变压器的结构特点,研究了换流变压器的油流带电问题。研究表明,降低油速和改善绝缘(特别是油道)设计是减少油流带电问题的最重要措施。开展全电压空载试验等可检验、监测换流变压器的油流带电问题是否严重,此外,向绝缘油中添加电导率调节剂或电荷抑制剂也可降低油流带电的倾向。     

Flow electrification of transformer oil effects of mixed fields

Static electrification in transformer oil is investigated experimentally using a laboratory synthetic closed cycle, where the oil is pumped in a coaxial electrode arrangement. The electrode system is electrically energized radially with dc and/or ac, and the electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) of the oil is quantified by measuring the streaming current. The results indicate that for the same voltage ratio (K=Vˆ/(Vˆ+V)), increasing the ac or the dc voltage component leads to higher ECT of oil, although the ECT under only ac field is much lower than that under dc field. The unenergized streaming current is inherently affected by the electrode material and configuration; where electrodes having a lower work function give higher positive ECT of oil at high temperature. The energized streaming current increases with oil temperature, oil velocity and electric field; where negative dc voltage application to the outer electrode gives both higher conduction and streaming currents. While the conduction current decreases with oil velocity, increasing the frequency of mixed ac voltage has no significant effect on streaming current. Moreover, the effect of combined radial electric (ac or dc) and axial magnetic (ac or dc) fields on ECT of oil is investigated, and the results reveal that the ECT is enhanced by the magnetic field while the radial conduction current decreases. Derived formulas for the streaming current for unenergized and ac energized cases are also presented together with expressions of the volume and surface charge densities for the coaxial electrode system     

Charge behavior in flowing oil in oil/ pressboard insulation system by electro-optic field measurement

The electrical insulation structure of most power transformers is a combination of insulating oil and solid materials. One of the crucial problems we face in transformer operation is flow electrification, which occurs at a flowing oil/solid material interface. Thus, for the transformer insulation design, we need to clarify the now electrification phenomena. In this paper, we measured the electric field strength in an oil/pressboard composite insulation system using an electro-optic method of the Kerr effect. We obtained the time variation of electric field distribution in both flowing uncharged and charged oil. It is notable that we could quantitatively clarify the electric field distortion in flowing charged oil by flow electrification. Furthermore, we measured the leakage current from divided electrodes and derived a charge density distribution along the flow direction. Finally, we quantitatively discussed the electric field distribution and the charge behavior from the measurement results.     

变压器油在真空净化过程中裂解的研究

分析了变压器油净化时的油液裂解现象,研究了变压器油真空净化过程中产生气体的影响因素即变压油流动带电放电、气泡相油液的相变能量转换和净油机故障等。根据理论研究的结果,提出了改进真空状态下变压器油流动方式的方案并应用到136台真空净油机上,从而有效降低了真空净化过程中变压器油的裂解程度。     

大型变压器中油流带电特性的研究

在了解和掌握国内外有关油流带电研究现状的基础上,研制出圆筒式油流带电模型,用于模拟大型变压器中的油流带电过程。用该装置对油流带电的转速特性,温度特性,油流带电的表征参数——泄漏电流与油的电气性能参数之间的关系进行了研究。     

A parametric study of streaming electrification in a full-scalecore-form transformer winding using a network-based model

Streaming electrification remains a problem for large power transformers which require forced-oil cooling. Oil flowing against cellulose insulation surfaces results in the separation of charges from the electrical double layer at the interface. This process can generate hazardous static potentials and volume charge densities in the transformer dielectric system. While streaming electrification has been studied in great detail using small-scale laboratory models, extension of these results to full-scale transformers is rather difficult. This issue has been addressed through the development of a network-based analytical approach which is calibrated against empirical data at the elemental duct level. The model has been utilized to perform a parametric study of streaming electrification in the full-scale high-voltage winding of a core-form transformer. Volume charge densities exiting from each duct in the structure and the local surface potentials are predicted as a function of influent charge, oil volume flow rate, temperature and applied voltage     

变压器油流带电数学模型的研究及其应用 第一部分：数学模型的推导

由油流带电引发的变压器事故或故障引起了各国电力部门的广泛关注，许多国家纷纷开展变压器油流带电的研究，大量的油流带电的机理模型也就应运而生。本文在国外学者提出的流动作用机理和电动作用机理两种机理模型的基础上，推导出变压器油流带电的数学模型，与目前存在的几种典型的油流带电计算模型相比，本模型的特点在于它可综合反映起电的流动作用和电动作用，并可基本反映油流流速、油品电导率、外加交流电场强度和系统温度等因素对油流带电的影响。关于本模型的应用实例及与实验的比较见第二部分。     

微氧作用下天然酯变压器油热老化特性研究

天然酯变压器油因不饱和脂肪酸含量较高而易氧化,而变压器因储油罐与空气作用或密封设备产生泄漏等原因,会导致油中溶解微量的氧气.基于此,文章研究了微氧作用下天然酯变压器油的热老化特性,并分析了不同老化时间下油样的电气性能、油色谱特性以及两者之间的皮尔逊相关系数.结果 表明:适时微氧作用能在一定程度上延缓天然酯变压器油电气性能的降低;天然酯变压器油纸绝缘热老化的特征气体为CO2和C2 H6;天然酯变压器油的电气性能与油色谱中CO2-C2H6(油样中溶解的CO2与C2H6的百分比之差)之间存在强相关性.     

变压器油中局部放电下的油流带电分析

对变压器油漉带电现象进行了研究,分析了油流带电问参数的关系以及影响因素,阐述了油流带电现象产生的原因.     

Flow electrification in high power transformers: BTA effect on pressboard degraded by electrical discharges

The flow electrification process occurring at the oil-pressboard interface in high power transformers seems to cause electrical discharge incidents and may cause failures. The goal of this experimental study is to measure and to compare the streaming current obtained from unused pressboard, pressboard artificially degraded by electrical discharges, and pressboard obtained from a damaged power transformer. The influence of additive 1,2,3 Benzotriazole (BTA) in oil is also analyzed. The results show that flow electrification is greatly increased by the degraded pressboards compared with the new one. On the other hand, adding of BTA significantly reduces flow electrification.     

Experimental study and modeling of static electrification in powertransformers

For the last 20 years, static electrification has been suspected to he responsible for failures in power transformers (electric “tree” paths, “worm holes,” etc.). The phenomenon consists in a preferential adsorption of negative ions from the oil (impurities) into the pressboard. This yields, on the one hand, a space charge in the oil which can relax in contact with grounded metallic walls and, on the other hand, a space charge in the pressboard which can accumulate depending on the leakage paths. As part of a research program by Electricite de France in the field of static electrification in transformers, an experiment has been carried out, at the Universite de Poitiers, Poitier, France, to study the most constrained parts in transformers with regard to this phenomenon: the insulated pressboards close to the oil inlet. For this, the experimental loop consists in impinging an immersed oil jet on a pressboard target in which annular insulated electrodes have been inserted to determine the charge in the pressboard. Considering the scale effect, the equipment involves taking oil from an operating transformer and making it possible to study the influence of the flow velocity and the length of the free jet. From a first modeling, compared to the authors' experimental results, it seems that the local wall current coming from the pressboard is proportional to the local wall shearing stress. Considering the magnitude of the process, it finally turned out that this new configuration increases greatly the charge generation process in comparison to a flow parallel to the pressboard     

变压器油流带电现象

为了抑制油流带电造成的危害同时最大程度地减少热效应对绝缘的影响,延长变压器的使用寿命,通过对变压器油流带电现象的分析,得出变压器内的绝缘击穿通常发生在上油箱内,因此变压器设计时,应采取有效措施降低上游带电油流对上油箱内局部放电的影响;同时提出应对冷却油泵进行智能控制,使其在流速和温度最佳点运行。在对现有变压器简单油道内油流计算分析的基础上,提出芯式变压器复杂油道内油流带电的计算可通过以下方式实现,即将油道近似等效为简单直管连接而成的管网,然后利用基尔霍夫电流定律和简单直管内的油流带电计算模型求得油道内任意一点的油流带电情况,这为实际变压器油道内的油流带电计算提供了一种新方法。