超声纵扭辅助铣削TiAl合金表面质量及刀具磨损研究

TiAl合金属于典型难加工材料,采用传统方式加工难以获得良好的表面质量,因此文章提出采用超声纵扭辅助铣削TiAl合金。试验采用单因素对照方法,研究了超声纵扭铣削（ULTM）与普通铣削（CM）加工TiAl合金时工艺参数对表面粗糙度、表面形貌及显微硬度的影响规律。研究结果表明,ULTM铣削可以改善TiAl合金的表面粗糙度,获得普遍较低的粗糙度值（Ra<0.6μm）;ULTM对TiAl合金表面硬化具有强化作用,能使表面硬度平均提升超过10%,并且采用ULTM加工得到的工件和切屑表面质量都较好。此外,铣削150 mm3的TiAl合金时发现ULTM的刀具底刃磨损量明显减小,刀具主要发生氧化磨损和扩散磨损。     

纵-扭复合振动超声深滚表面粗糙度研究

将纵-扭复合振动超声加工与常规深滚加工工艺相耦合,创建纵-扭复合振动超声深滚加工工艺,并对其加工原理进行阐述。理论分析了超声振动对表面粗糙度的影响;采用单因素试验法对6061-T6铝合金轴件进行常规深滚与纵-扭复合振动超声深滚处理,研究深滚工艺参数对工件表面粗糙度的影响。试验结果表明:在相同的工艺参数下,辅助纵-扭复合振动后,超声深滚所获得的表面粗糙度Ra值均小于常规深滚,且在设定参数范围内,静压力对表面粗糙度的影响最为显著,最高降低约50%。     

超声铣削铝合金表面微观形貌实验分析

使用超声振动辅助铣削和普通铣削两种方式对7075铝合金进行加工,分别以转速、振幅、每齿进给量为变量设计单因素实验,使用超景深测试仪、白光衍射仪观测加工表面的形貌,对比不同加工方式和不同参数下工件表面的粗糙度值和微观形貌,对产生该形貌的原因以及该形貌的特征进行分析。实验表明:在相同转速和进给量条件下,使用较小超声振幅加工的工件,其表面粗糙度值低于普通铣削方式;超声振动辅助铣削方式会使工件表面产生均匀、整齐的鳞状网格结构;加工参数不同,造成表面形貌产生明显的差异。     

电弧微铸锻增材制造AlMgSc合金纵扭复合超声振动干铣削加工特性研究

对电弧微铸锻增材制造AlMgSc合金进行纵扭超声复合干铣削加工特性试验研究,探讨超声铣削工艺参数对切削力、表面形貌、加工硬化及刀具磨损等AlMgSc合金干铣削成形特性的影响规律。结果表明: 与锻造和常规电弧增材成形铝合金相比,微铸锻增材制造AlMgSc合金由于具备更加致密的微观组织、更高的强度和硬度而在超声干铣削成形过程中会产生更大的铣削力,更容易发生加工硬化。与常规干铣削相比,采用纵扭复合超声干铣削可以获得更小的表面粗糙度,并有利于减轻刀具磨损。     

非均匀介质超声铣削系统振动特性研究

采用纵扭复合超声振动铣削进行加工时,由于加工中心等空间受限场合对超声振动系统的尺寸限制,利用四分之一波长理论设计集换能器和复合变幅杆为一体的非均匀介质超声振动变幅系统,在变幅杆部分设计螺旋槽结构实现纵扭共振,并研究纵扭模态转换理论。对非均匀介质变幅系统进行有限元分析,仿真结果表明纵振系统固有频率理论值与仿真值接近,偏差仅为0.245%;对螺旋槽结构进行仿真发现槽深对其对超声变幅系统固有频率、扭纵幅值比例影响较大,螺旋角的影响次之,槽宽影响最小,振动系统测试实验表明固有频率和扭纵幅值比的仿真结果与实验结果变化趋势一致。分别对TC4钛合金和C/C碳纤维进行纵扭超声振动铣削和传统铣削实验对比,结果显示相对于传统铣削,在纵扭超声振动铣削加工中两组材料表面粗糙度值Ra分别下降78%和47%。纵扭复合非均匀介质超声振动铣削系统结构简单紧凑、振动幅值和方向可控性较好,采用纵扭超声振动铣削能有效提高工件表面加工质量。     

工程陶瓷纵扭复合超声振动螺旋磨削 制孔表面质量研究

针对工程陶瓷传统磨削制孔存在表面质量较差等问题,对超声振动辅助加工及螺旋加工的工艺优势进行了归纳分析,提出了纵扭复合超声振动螺旋磨削制孔的加工方法。利用超声加工机床和白光干涉仪及马尔表面轮廓仪,对纵扭复合超声加工、纵向超声加工和普通磨削加工对孔表面质量的影响情况进行了研究;并进一步探究了施加纵扭复合超声振动后超声振幅、螺距、主轴转速、螺旋进给速度对加工孔表面质量的影响规律。研究结果表明:相比纵向超声加工和普通加工,纵扭复合超声加工有利于提高制孔表面质量;纵扭超声螺旋磨削加工超声振幅、螺距对孔底和孔壁表面粗糙度的影响趋势相似,主轴转速及螺旋进给速度对两者表面粗糙度的影响趋势总体上相反。     

机器人纵振与纵扭超声铣削稳定性对比研究

针对工业机器人铣削大型航天器舱体支架存在颤振严重导致铣削平面度较低的问题,提出了机器人纵扭超声铣削新方法.分析了纵扭超声铣削刀尖运动轨迹,对比分析了机器人一维纵向超声铣削与机器人纵扭超声铣削的稳定域,并开展了两者的铣削力和铣削表面接刀痕对比试验.计算和试验结果显示:机器人纵扭超声铣削稳定域较机器人一维纵向超声铣削提升了 46.7％,各种工况下的铣削力平均降幅达到了 24.7％.同时,高频扭转振动的摄入使得机器人一维纵向超声铣削表面接刀痕高度差降低了 48.7％.上述结论为大型航天器舱体支架的机器人高精高效加工提供了技术基础.     

纵-扭复合振动超声深滚加工表面形貌研究

将纵-扭复合超声振动引入到传统深滚加工中,创建纵-扭复合振动超声深滚加工工艺,阐述其加工原理;分析其滚压过程;建立其表面形成模型并理论分析表面形貌形成机理;试验对比研究两种滚压方式下工件表面的微观形貌。试验结果表明:在相同的工艺参数下,辅助纵-扭复合振动后,工件的表面微观形貌优于传统深滚加工所获得,试验结果与理论分析结果相吻合。     

基于灰色关联分析方法和熵权法的纵扭超声振动螺旋磨削制孔工艺参数优化

为优化纵扭超声振动辅助螺旋磨削制孔工艺参数和提高加工性能,以氧化锆陶瓷为研究对象,选取螺距、螺旋进给速度、主轴转速和超声振幅为工艺参数,设计了四因素三水平正交试验,并测量其磨削力、孔壁表面粗糙度和孔底表面粗糙度;借助灰色关联分析方法和熵权法得到最优工艺参数为螺距3.5μm,螺旋进给速度875mm/min,主轴转速20000r/min,超声振幅6μm;螺距、超声振幅、主轴转速、螺旋进给速度对灰色关联度的影响程度依次降低。建立了灰色关联度、目标参数与工艺参数的经验预测模型,得到最优工艺参数为螺距3.0μm,螺旋进给速度875mm/min,主轴转速22000r/min,超声振幅6μm;孔壁和孔底的表面粗糙度分别为0.12789μm和0.38137μm,磨削力为9.482N,且关联度略优于正交试验最大关联度。     

纵扭超声铣削残余应力三维有限元仿真与试验

针对钛合金等航空难加工材料,提出采用纵扭复合超声振动辅助铣削的加工方法以实现压应力抗疲劳制造。根据侧铣-顺铣加工特性,基于热力耦合作用建立了钛合金铣削等效三维有限元仿真模型,有效提高了计算效率,实现了刀具作为载体的纵扭超声振动仿真。根据铣削残余应力的形成机理,通过机械应力和热应力的加载-释放,完成了加工残余应力的仿真。利用所建立的有限元模型,从切削力、切削温度以及加工残余应力角度出发,对比分析了传统铣削和纵扭超声铣削的差异性,得出纵扭超声振动能够有效降低切削力和切削温度,增大表面压应力值和压应力层深度。通过试验对纵扭超声铣削等效模型进行了验证,结果表明所建立的三维有限元模型能够以较高的精度对切削力、切削温度和加工残余应力进行预测;进一步通过数值模拟研究了刀具几何参数以及超声表征参数对加工残余应力的影响规律,为实现钛合金的压应力制造奠定了基础。     

A study of surface roughness variation in ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of assisted ultrasonic vibration on the surface roughness of machined surfaces in micro-end-milling. Series of slot-milling experiments were conducted with aluminum alloy as workpiece material. The surface roughness of slot bottom surface and vertical side wall surface of slot was studied, respectively. It is found that surface roughness of the machined slot bottom surface could increase to varying degrees because of ultrasonic vibration in most of the studied cases, and this deterioration becomes more apparent when large feed per tooth and low-spindle speed were adopted. As for the vertical side wall surface of the slot, there is an obvious improvement of surface roughness when ultrasonic vibration is applied. Based on analysis of variance analysis, further study indicates that the surface roughness of vertical side wall surface of the slot is determined by several key parameters including spindle speed, feed per tooth and amplitude in ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling. An optimal combination of these parameters is of great benefit to achieving small surface roughness.     

超声纵—扭振动铣削系统的研制

研究了超声声学系统,斜槽式变幅杆形成纵—扭振动的基本原理,对变幅杆的振动形式进行仿真,对超声纵扭振动装置系统进行了研制和测试。试验结果表明:斜槽式变幅杆能有效地将纵向振动转化为纵—扭振动。研制的超声纵扭振动系统匹配特性好,振动稳定性高,能够满足加工要求。     

Ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding of hard and brittle linear micro-structured surfaces

In this paper, a novel ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding (UVAG) technique was presented for machining hard and brittle linear micro-structured surfaces. The kinematics of the UVAG for micro-structures was first analyzed by considering both the vibration trace and the topological features on the machined surface. Then, the influences of the ultrasonic vibration parameters and the tilt angle on the ground quality of micro-structured surfaces were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration is able to improve the surface quality (The roughness SR_a was reduced to 78 nm from 136 nm), especially in guaranteeing the edge sharpness of micro-structures. By increasing the tilt angle, the surface roughness can be further reduced to 56 nm for a 59% improvement in total. By using the preferred UVAG parameters realized by orthogonal experiments, a micro cylinder array with surface roughness of less than 50 nm and edge radius of less than 1 μm was fabricated. The primary and secondary sequence of the grinding parameters obtained by the orthogonal experiments are as follows: feed rate, tilt angle of workpiece, depth of grinding, vibration frequency and amplitude. The spindle speed in the range of 1000 rpm–3000 rpm does not significantly affect the machined micro-structured surface roughness. Finally, more micro-structures including a micro V-groove array and a micro pyramid array were machined on binderless WC as well as SiC ceramic by means of the UVAG technique. The edge radius on the V-grooves and pyramids are both less than 1 μm, indicating the feasibility of UVAG in machining hard and brittle micro-structured surfaces for an improved surface quality.     

INDUCTION-HEATED TOOL MACHINING OF ELASTOMERS—PART 2: CHIP MORPHOLOGY, CUTTING FORCES, AND MACHINED SURFACES

The induction-heated tool and cryogenically cooled workpiece are investigated for end milling of elastomers to generate desirable shape and surface roughness. Elastomer end milling experiments are conducted to study effects of the cutting speed, tool heating, and workpiece cooling on the chip formation, cutting forces, groove width, and surface roughness. At high cutting speed, smoke is generated and becomes an environmental hazard. At low cutting speeds, induction heated tool, if properly utilized, has demonstrated to be beneficial for the precision machining of elastomer with better surface roughness and dimensional control. Frequency analysis of cutting forces shows that the soft elastomer workpiece has low frequency vibration, which can be correlated to the surface machining marks. The width of end-milled grooves is only 68 to 78% of the tool diameter. The correlation between the machined groove width and cutting force reveals the importance of the workpiece compliance to precision machining of elastomer. This study also explores the use of both contact profilometer and non-contact confocal microscope to measure the roughness of machined elastomer surfaces. The comparison of measurement results shows the advantages and limitations of both measurement methods.     

INDUCTION-HEATED TOOL MACHINING OF ELASTOMERS—PART 2: CHIP MORPHOLOGY,CUTTING FORCES,AND MACHINED SURFACES

ABSTRACT

The induction-heated tool and cryogenically cooled workpiece are investigated for end milling of elastomers to generate desirable shape and surface roughness. Elastomer end milling experiments are conducted to study effects of the cutting speed, tool heating, and workpiece cooling on the chip formation, cutting forces, groove width, and surface roughness. At high cutting speed, smoke is generated and becomes an environmental hazard. At low cutting speeds, induction heated tool, if properly utilized, has demonstrated to be beneficial for the precision machining of elastomer with better surface roughness and dimensional control. Frequency analysis of cutting forces shows that the soft elastomer workpiece has low frequency vibration, which can be correlated to the surface machining marks. The width of end-milled grooves is only 68 to 78% of the tool diameter. The correlation between the machined groove width and cutting force reveals the importance of the workpiece compliance to precision machining of elastomer. This study also explores the use of both contact profilometer and non-contact confocal microscope to measure the roughness of machined elastomer surfaces. The comparison of measurement results shows the advantages and limitations of both measurement methods.     

Surface topography and roughness of high-speed milled AlMn1Cu

The aluminum alloy AlMn1Cu has been broadly applied for functional parts production because of its good properties. But few researches about the machining mechanism and the surface roughness were reported. The high-speed milling experiments are carried out in order to improve the machining quality and reveal the machining mechanism. The typical topography features of machined surface are observed by scan electron microscope(SEM). The results show that the milled surface topography is mainly characterized by the plastic shearing deformation surface and material piling zone. The material flows plastically along the end cutting edge of the flat-end milling tool and meanwhile is extruded by the end cutting edge, resulting in that materials partly adhere to the machined surface and form the material piling zone. As the depth of cut and the feed per tooth increase, the plastic flow of materials is strengthened and the machined surface becomes rougher. However, as the cutting speed increases, the plastic flow of materials is weakened and the milled surface becomes smoother. The cutting parameters (e.g. cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut) influencing the surface roughness are analyzed. It can be concluded that the roughness of the machined surface formed by the end cutting edge is less than that by the cylindrical cutting edge when a cylindrical flat-end mill tool is used for milling. The proposed research provides the typical topography features of machined surface of the anti-rust aluminum alloy AlMn1Cu in high speed milling.     

高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的试验研究

由于大量高硬度增强相SiC颗粒的存在,高体积分数铝基碳化硅（SiCp/Al）复合材料的机械加工十分困难。旋转超声加工被认为是加工这种材料的有效方法。通过超声辅助划痕试验,分析高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的材料去除机理。在超声振动的作用下,材料中铝基体发生塑性变形,其表面得到夯实;SiC增强相被锤击成细小的颗粒而发生脱落,形成较大的空洞。由于材料加工的缺陷大多产生于SiC颗粒的去除过程中,SiC颗粒的去除方式对加工表面的质量起着决定性的作用,选择合适的工艺参数可以有效提高加工表面质量。旋转超声加工工艺特征试验表明,超声振动可有效降低切削力;主轴转速对轴向切削力的影响最大,其次是进给速度,切削深度对轴向切削力的影响较小;另外主轴转速对表面质量的影响效果也最大,并随主轴转速的增大表面粗糙度增大。因此在加工过程中,可以适当加大切削深度,在保证加工质量的基础上,选择较大的进给速度,在保证刀具寿命的前提下,选择合适的主轴转速,以获得较优的加工表面质量和加工效率。     

沟槽与方柱阵列结构的微铣削和加工表面疏水性

采用理论分析与试验结合的方法研究沟槽与方柱阵列结构参数对水滴在其表面接触角的影响。基于适用于光滑表面的Young氏方程和适用于粗糙表面的Wenzel模型及Cassie-Baxter模型,建立沟槽结构和方柱阵列结构的Wenzel模型公式以及Cassie-Baxter模型公式,计算出水滴在其表面的接触角理论预报值。采用直径0.1 mm微铣刀加工出相应的沟槽结构和方柱阵列结构表面,测量水滴在加工表面上的接触角,并与理论预报值进行比较分析。研究结果表明,沟槽与方柱阵列结构可以使水滴在其表面的接触角增大,接触角随着微结构间距增加而增大,随着凸台(方柱)宽度增大而减小。沟槽结构与方柱阵列结构对接触角的影响规律不尽相同:沟槽结构表面上水滴在垂直于沟槽方向和平行于沟槽方向的接触角有差异并且相互影响;水滴在沟槽结构表面有着更稳定的接触角变化,而在方柱阵列结构表面有更大的接触角,并且更接近球状。     

Face-milling spiral bevel gear tooth surfaces by application of 5-axis CNC machine tool

In order to solve some common problems of CNC-machined spiral bevel gears such as small cutting strip width and poor surface quality, while milled by the ball-end, a machining method of face milling using a disk cutter with a concave end is presented. The research theories are based on the foundation of spiral bevel gears’ geometry structure. Firstly, a bigger diameter disk cutter with a concave end is selected. Then, change the setting order of cutter orientation angles. The functions of cutter tilt and yaw angle are separated, and tooth surfaces machined with big cutting strip width and no bottom land gouge can be expected. Since the cutter yaw angle, determined firstly by cutting contact point, positions in the tooth surface machine, the bottom land gouge interference can be avoided effectively. Then, the tilt angles of the gear pair, both side tooth surfaces, are determined by the theory of sculptured surfaces machined by the flat-end cutter, respectively. As a result, the improved cutting strip width and machining efficiency can be realized. Finally, feasibility of this method is verified through machining experiment and measurement of a spiral bevel gear pair.     

Hard turning: Parametric optimization using genetic algorithm for rough/finish machining and study of surface morphology

The present study reports the effect of different process parameters on machining forces, surface roughness, dimensional deviation and material removal rate during hard turning of EN31, SAE8620 and EN9 tool steels. Feed rate followed by hardness, cutting speed and nose radius-depth of cut significantly affected machining forces whereas feed rate had the largest effect on surface roughness. The four responses were subsequently optimized for both rough and finish machining using genetic algorithm to determine the optimum combination of input parameters. Machined surfaces were subsequently analyzed using XRD followed by analysis of grain size and crystallite size of the machined samples and SEM analysis. Higher chromium content was observed at the machined surface as manganese dissolves in cementite and may replace iron atoms in the cementite lattice after machining. High heat is generated when machining at higher cutting speeds causing severe strain. The depth of the white layer decreases with increasing tool nose radius and increases at larger feeds because of greater heat generation. The SEM observations showed a smooth pattern with very low undulations with almost no crack damage.