主要啤酒老化物质的来源与控制

综述了主要啤酒风味老化物质是5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)与反-2-任烯醛的来源、检测方法．以及啤酒生产过程中控制其含量的措施。     

The Influence of Heavy Metal Ions on Beer Flavour Stability

In this study, the importance of iron and copper ions and their radical formation via the respective Fenton and Haber‐Weiss reactions was confirmed. Of the other heavy metals present in the brewing process in relevant concentrations, the impact of manganese ions on beer flavour stability has been elucidated. In contrast to iron and copper, manganese ions are not removed from wort or beer to any great extent during the process. Additionally, manganese shows a similar radical‐promoting effect to that seen with iron and copper. Its reactivity, and typically higher concentration than the other two metals in beer, appear to make manganese an especially potent pro‐oxidant in beer. The results of the investigation clearly indicate that there are other heavy metals influencing the stale flavour characteristics of beer, in addition to the well‐known metals, iron and copper. In contrast to the aforementioned ions, manganese does not enter the product by being leached out of a tank or from piping materials, but rather comes from the cereals employed in brewing. This finding, concerning the importance of manganese as a redox system in beer staling, can serve as a basis for a different approach in the choice of raw materials.     

The Role of Malt and Hop Polyphenols in Beer Quality,Flavour and Haze Stability

Pilot‐scale brewing trials of a 12°P pale lager beer were conducted to look at the effect of a modified dose of hop and malt polyphenols on haze, flavour quality, and stability. Results confirmed that malt polyphenols, and particularly hop polyphenols, in the course of wort boiling, improved reducing activity values and the carbonyl content in fresh and stored beers. Hop polyphenols significantly increased reducing activity and decreased the formation of carbonyls (TBA value) in fresh and stored beer. Reduced content of malt polyphenols, combined with the use of hop CO₂ extract, caused an increase in the TBA value in beer. PVPP stabilized beers tended to be lower in reducing activity. Both malt and hop polyphenols affected the intensity of “harsh taste” in fresh beers and a significant influence from PVPP stabilization of beer was not observed. The staling degree of forced‐aged beers depended on the polyphenol content in the brewhouse. Both hop and malt polyphenols had a positive impact on flavour stability. PVPP treatment of beer had a positive effect on the flavour stability of heat‐aged beers. Polyphenols, especially hop polyphenols, slowed down flavour deterioration during the nine month storage period, but the primary effect was seen during the first four months of storage. Storage trials did not show any unambiguous effects for PVPP stabilization on beer flavour stability. Results confirmed the negative impact of malt and hop polyphenols on haze stability, and PVPP stabilization minimized differences in shelf life prediction values between beers prepared with the modified dose of polyphenols.     

The use of Oxygen 18 in appraising the impact of oxidation process during beer storage

To appraise the incidence of oxygen in bottled beer, the stable nonradioactive oxygen isotope 18O₂ was injected into the headspace just before ageing and subsequently analysed by proton bombardment and isotopic mass spectroscopy of all the most interesting beer fractions. Although oxygen did cause considerable oxidation of sulphites, polyphenols, and isohumulones, it was not incorporated into the carbonyl fraction, indicating that the cardboard flavour in beer is not due to lipid oxidation but to wort preparation. Nonenal potential measurement was found to be a good indicator of beer flavour staling. The impact of beer stabilisation treatments (addition of polyvinyl pyrolidone powder, potassium metabisulphite, ascorbic acid) was also investigated.     

提高麦汁还原力对啤酒风味稳定性的影响

根据抗氧化假说理论 ,研究了在糖化时添加木丹宁螯合去除金属离子 ,以抑制Fenton反应 ,减少过氧化氢的积累 ,抑制活性氧的产生与自由基反应 ;煮沸时添加亚硫酸盐可增加麦汁的还原力 (Chapon法 ) ,从而提高麦汁的内源抗氧化活性 ,延长啤酒的风味保鲜期(RSV)。     

提高麦汁还原力与啤酒风味稳定性

根据抗氧化假说理论，研究通过在糖化时添加过氯化氢酶与亚硫酸盐减少过氧化氢的积累，抑制活性氧的产生与自由基反应，增加麦汁的还原力(Chapon法)，从而提高麦汁的内源抗免化活性，延长啤酒的风味保鲜期(RSV)。     

A STUDY OF BEER STALING USING CHEMILUNINESCENCE ANALYSIS

The chemiluninescence (CL) analysis has been used to study beer staling. Several types of commercial Japanese beers were stored at 37°C and their CL development analysed at 60°C. The CL level in beer developed as the beer was stored to reach a maximum level and then decreased. The sum of the CL intensities for the first 1 hour showed a good relationship with staling degree as assessed in mean panel scores. It is postulated that the deterioration rates of beers might be assessed from the CL producing patterns in the fresh beers before storage. The presence of sulfite in beer depressed the CL production during its storage indicating that there is some contribution of sulfite to flavour stability due to its inhibitory effect on radical reactions in beer.     

麦汁煮沸对啤酒老化前驱物质形成的影响

麦汁煮沸是啤酒生产的一个重要环节,煮沸过程影响着啤酒内味老化前驱物质的形成。避免过高的热负荷、隔氧煮沸、有效去除麦汁固形物等方法,可以减少麦汁中的羰基化合物的含量,从而提高啤酒的风味稳定性。     

通过测定啤酒中5-羟甲基糠醛评价啤酒老化程度

由于5-羟甲基糠醛对啤酒老化所具有的指示作用。通过研究啤酒中5-羟甲基糠醛水平的高低与啤酒存储期间老化程度之间存在的相关性，利用高效液相色谱法，测定啤酒中5-羟甲基糠醛含量，来评价啤酒风味老化的程度。     

Contribution of staling compounds to the aged flavour of lager beer by studying their flavour thresholds

The effect of 26 staling compounds on the aged flavour of a Belgian lager beer was studied. Strikingly, thresholds were regularly found to be substantially lower than those previously reported, and it appeared important to consider threshold values as indicative rather than absolute because of very large variations in sensitivity of individuals. In addition, a masking effect of isoamyl acetate and various interactions were observed between flavour compounds, which can considerably influence their flavour activity, even at sub-threshold concentrations. Cardboard flavour was essentially caused by (E)-2-nonenal. Additionally, methional, 3-methylbutanal, 2-furfuryl ethyl ether, β-damascenone and acetaldehyde were confirmed as key contributors to the aged flavour and to a lesser extent, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-methylpropanal, diacetyl and 5-hydroxymethyfurfural. Finally, the addition of a selection of compounds could fairly well reproduce the flavour of aged lager beer, indicating that these compounds account for the major part of this flavour.     

测定啤酒中5—羟甲基糠醛——评价啤酒老化程度

由于5-羟甲基糠醛对啤酒老化具有指示作用,通过研究啤酒中5-羟甲基糠醛水平的高低与啤酒存储期间老化程度存在的相关性,利用高效液相色谱法,测定啤酒中5-羟甲基糠醛含量,来评价啤酒风味老化的程度。     

制麦过程中麦芽抗氧化性的研究

大麦和麦芽中存在的氧化还原酶类能催化氧化总多酚、不饱和脂类等物质,产生了一些风味老化前驱物和羰醛化合物等,从而降低啤酒的非生物稳定性和风味稳定性。研究了4个品种啤酒大麦在制麦过程中总多酚、老化前驱物及几种氧化还原酶酶活力的变化,分析了制麦过程中总多酚、老化物质含量的变化与氧化还原酶活力之间的关系,发现Prestige的抗氧化性最高,内蒙大麦的抗氧化性最低,且DPPH自由基清除率和总多酚、TBA和LOX相关系数分别0.930和0.784具有高度相关性。     

The Influence of Hopping on Formation of Carbonyl Compounds During Storage of Beer

Improving beer flavour stability is an important brewing goal. Pilot scale brewing trials (50 L) were performed that focused on the determination of the influence of hop pellet dosage and dosage timing on carbonyl compounds in stored beer. The reducing activity of experimental worts, beers and stored beers appeared to depend on the hop pellet dose. Brews with lower amounts of hop antioxidants showed an enhanced formation of carbonyl compounds over the course of beer storage. A correlation between DPPH reducing activity and the content of some carbonyls, including the important markers 2‐furfural and (E)‐2‐nonenal, was found. Fresh and aged beers hopped by different amounts of hop pellet doses were clearly distinguishable according to their carbonyl content using Cluster analysis. Results of the sensorial analysis corresponded to the analytical criteria values. Results of this study bring further evidence of the indispensable impact of hop antioxidants on the suppression of undesirable carbonyl compound formation in the course of beer staling, which can be significant in beers hopped by aroma hops. However, hop antioxidants are only one of many factors affecting beer staling.     

啤酒在货架期的物性变化以及加速老化方法的论证

用一种市售啤酒和三种自制啤酒进行加速老化实验,发现在啤酒储存过程中,色度、比重和表面张力都是呈上升趋势。将正常放置的啤酒同经过加速老化的啤酒的参数比较,发现啤酒参数的变化没有显著差异,认为加速老化可以正确的反映啤酒在货架期的变化。     

Influence of pH and ageing on beer organoleptic properties. A sensory analysis based on AEDA data

Brewers need to know how ageing affects the organoleptic properties of beer. This paper describes sensory assessments of aroma changes in lager beer subjected to accelerated staling (5 days at 40 °C) at different pH values (4.2 and 4.6), according to a new method for training panellists, based on AEDA results. It shows, for 10 key compounds whose concentrations are known to increase during staling, how modifications in pH affect ageing and perception thereof.In agreement with the AEDA results, “dimethyltrisulphide”-, “trans-2-nonenal”- and “methional”-like perceptions increased significantly as a result of ageing in regular pH 4.2 lager beers. A higher pH led to a smaller age-related intensity increase in the “cardboard” note (“trans-2-nonenal”-like). It also enhanced the “coconut” character (“γ-nonalactone”-like) but did not change the age-related intensification of the “cabbage” note (“dimethyltrisulphide”-like). Perception of the remaining six compounds (“furaneol”-, “ethyl butyrate”-, “2-methoxypyrazine”-, “acetylpyrazine”-, “β-damascenone”- and “ethyl cinnamate”-like) did not evolve with ageing or pH.     

The impact of sulphur dioxide and oxygen on the behaviour of 2-furaldehyde in beer: an industrial approach

2‐Furaldehyde is often used as an analytical indicator of beer flavour deterioration. Although 2‐furaldehyde itself has a flavour threshold far above levels generally present in beer, it can be used as a good marker of heat damage of beer. A reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic assay, using ultraviolet‐visible detection, was applied to investigate the behaviour of 2‐furaldehyde throughout the brewing process and during extended storage of beer. The impact of storage temperature, sulphur dioxide and oxygen content on the level of 2‐furaldehyde was studied. It was found that the concentration of 2‐furaldehyde markedly increases during wort boiling and is rapidly reduced by yeast during the first hours of fermentation, emphasising the yeast reducing capacity as a determinant factor for the 2‐furaldehyde content found in the final beer. The results obtained suggest that sulphur dioxide and oxygen content play a key role on the 2‐furaldehyde content in packaged beer. 2‐Furaldehyde increase during ageing is oxygen dependent and sulphur dioxide retards its development by possibly protecting beer against the occurrence of oxidative reactions.     

Brewing with 100% Oat Malt

Oats are a cereal with beneficial nutritional properties and also unrealized brewing potential. Furthermore, oats can be tolerated by the majority of people who suffer from celiac disease. Malting of oats produced a malt, which was found suitable for brewing a 100% oat malt beer. The mashing regime, designed by using mathematical modelling, was successfully transferred to a pilot scale plant. The improved lautering performance of oat malt was due to its higher husk content, which also led to a lower extract content in oat wort when compared to barley wort. The protein profile of oat wort, as measured by using Lab‐on‐a‐Chip analysis, revealed that there was no significant difference in the protein profile between oat and barley wort. The fermentation of oat and barley worts followed the same trend; differences could only be seen in the higher pH and lower alcohol content of the oat beer. The flavour analysis of oat beer revealed some special characteristics such as a strong berry flavour and a lower amount of staling compounds when forced aged. This study revealed that it was possible to brew a 100% oat malt beer and that the produced beer was comparable to a barley malt beer.     

通过测定异α-酸的顺反比例来评价啤酒老化程度

建立了一种HPLC法,可以分离检测啤酒及麦汁中六种异α-酸,同时能实现α-酸中的加律草酮和律草酮、β-酸中的加蛇麻酮和蛇麻酮的分离检测。通过研究啤酒贮藏过程中异仅一酸的降解与啤酒老化程度之间的关系,表明啤酒贮藏过程中异α-酸的顺反比例对啤酒老化具有指示作用。     

Influence of the Hopping Technology on the Storage‐induced Appearance of Staling Aldehydes in Beer

In this paper, the involvement of iso‐α‐acids in the appearance of stale flavour in beer during storage was examined. Flavour instability upon storage, by far the most important quality problem of beer, may be caused by a multitude of reactions, in particular, the degradation of trans‐iso‐α‐acids is pivotal. In order to gain improved understanding of the beer ageing process, the behaviour of the stereoisomers of the bitter acids was studied for the first time in pilot beers at particularly high and low proportions of the trans‐iso‐α‐acids concentration relative to the cis‐iso‐α‐acids concentration. Therefore, pure trans‐ respectively cis‐isomers were required and obtained on a pilot scale by the separation of trans‐iso‐α‐acids as β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes from a commercial isomerised hop extract, permitting the quantitative dosage to beer in mg/L amounts. The relationship between the storage‐induced degradation of these iso‐α‐acids in authentic beer samples and the increase in staling aldehydes, especially 2‐methylpropanal, 2‐methylbutanal and 3‐methylbutanal, is the subject of further investigations. A remarkable increase in the relative concentration of cis‐iso‐α‐acids was observed in the beers bittered with purified trans‐iso‐α‐acids, which may be ascribed to partial conversion, i.e., reverse isomerisation, of trans‐iso‐α‐acids via α‐acids into cis‐iso‐α‐acids. In spite of the trans‐specific degradation observed during ageing, the decomposition of these bitter acids leading to volatile carbonyl compounds is of minor importance. Aldehyde formation as a function of forced ageing was irrespective of the mode of bittering, emphasising that malt quality and the brewing process itself are probably the most important factors regarding the flavour instability of beer.     

提高麦汁还原力对啤酒风味稳定性的影响

本文根据抗氧化假说理论,研究在糖化时添加掊丹宁螯合去除金属离子以抑制Fenton 反应,减少过氧化氢的积累,抑制活性氧的产生与自由基反应;煮沸时添加亚硫酸盐增加麦汁的还原力(Chapon 法),从而提高麦汁的内源抗氧化活性,延长啤酒的风味保鲜期(RSV)。