自由曲面五轴加工刀轴矢量的运动学优化方法

针对五轴加工中刀轴矢量变化过大导致加工误差较大和破坏零件表面加工质量的问题,提出采用运动学方法优化刀轴矢量。建立机床的运动学约束条件,并由此确定机床转动角速度可达区域作为刀轴矢量优化的约束条件。针对选定结构的机床,结合平底刀加工不发生过切的充要条件和被加工曲面沿行距方向的法曲率,给出初始后跟角的自动计算方法,并指出机床转动角度的变化相对于后跟角的变化是单调的。在得出切触点无干涉区域与机床转动角速度可达区域的基础上,从两个区域的交集中选取优化的刀轴矢量。如果两个区域的交集为空,则调整该点之前切触点的刀轴,从而使交集不为空。算例分析表明,所提出的运动学优化方法合理可行,能够使刀轴矢量变化均匀,充分发挥机床的性能。     

自由曲面五坐标环形刀铣削加工刀位轨迹优化

将圆环面刀等效为变直径平底刀,推导切削行距与进给方向和刀具姿态之间的函数关系式,分析进给方向、刀具前倾角和侧偏角对切削行距大小的影响,给出一种新的检查和消除环形刀瓶颈干涉的方法.在无干涉的前提下,选取较小的前倾角,沿最小主曲率方向进给,切削区域宽度最大,加工效率最高.     

过渡曲面纵向加工无干涉刀具轨迹的生成算法

针对球头刀切削加工过程中效率低、被加工曲面光顺性差的问题,根据过渡曲面的特点提出一种偏转平头立铣刀在切削接触点的角度,沿过渡曲面纵向加工的方法。算法利用平头立铣刀实际切削半径随着偏转角减小而增大趋势,在实际切削过程中尽量减小偏转角,增大实际切削半径,同时保证不发生刀具干涉,生成无干涉刀位点数据,从而提高切削加工效率和表面光顺性。算法能够有效避免干涉而且所需走刀次数少,具有思想简单、编程实现简单的优点。     

整体叶轮叶片根部特征刀具轨迹规化研究

针对整体叶轮叶片根部特征加工过程中极易产生过切和欠切的问题,提出了适合光滑过渡曲面区域的叶轮叶片根部特征的精加工的刀具轨迹规划优化方法。该方法首先对叶根曲面进行划分,定义加工曲面类型;然后对加工曲面进行刀具轨迹规划,计算出最佳走刀步长和行距;最后在保证刀具不与被加工表面发生过切和欠切的基础上,使得刀具与被加工曲面在刀触点处平面上每个方向的曲率相匹配,并使生成的刀轨光顺简洁,改善曲面加工精度与加工效率。通过对某叶片根部的仿真实例加工验证了该方法的正确性。该方法在多轴数控加工中具有重要的实用价值。     

用极坐标投影法产生自由曲面铣削刀具路径方法的研究

应用微分几何工具,计算自由曲面的法矢、主曲率及其极值。由于自由曲面多采用多轴加工,且应考虑干涉、刀具轨迹规划和切削行距的确定等问题,故提出用极坐标投影法获得刀轴矢量和干涉区域的方法,通过刀触点偏移一定矢量长度的方法,可以得出切削行距及刀具轨迹。通过获取刀轴矢量的平滑变化,提出了求取刀具路径的方法从而避免了刀具碰撞的发生。     

复杂曲面环形刀五轴加工的自适应刀轴矢量优化方法

针对复杂曲面的环形刀五轴加工,建立了二阶泰勒逼近下的加工带宽模型与刀轴倾角之间的函数关系。通过分析函数变化规律,基于刀具切削刃与被加工曲面的形状匹配原则自动计算满足局部可铣性充分条件的后跟角,并以最大化加工带宽为目的优化侧偏角。算例表明,该算法能有效地缩短加工路径,提高加工效率。     

圆环面刀具五坐标数控加工旋转切触刀位算法

针对圆环面刀具加工开阔自由凹曲面,提出一种新的五坐标旋转切触刀位算法。算法来自于传统多点切触加工的逆向思考,首先确定刀具在工件曲面等距面上局部坐标系中的初始位置,然后优化调整刀具的后跟角和侧偏角,使刀具表面和工件曲面在不发生局部过切的前提下在最小主曲率方向两侧实现两点切触。与传统的多点刀位算法根据两个切触点来计算刀位不同,旋转切触刀位算法通过刀具的后跟角和侧偏角来确定最优刀位,而刀具表面和工件曲面之间的两个切触点则不需要求出。实例计算和加工仿真表明,旋转切触刀位算法不仅能够有效地产生无局部过切的多点刀位,从而不需要额外的局部过切检测及修正过程,而且在相同的加工误差下其产生的加工带宽约为UG算法的两倍,加工效率得到明显提高。     

用密切曲率法加工自由曲面

采用中凹盘铣刀取代传统的球头铣刀,在每一行程中让刀具运动形成的包络面与被加工表面之间在垂直于进给方向的法向截面中达到三阶密切,从而大大减少走刀次数,增加切削宽度,提高加工效率,本文给出了边界不受限制的单张曲面的刀位及刀具轨迹的计算方法。     

基于密切曲率法的加工理论及算法研究

采用中凹的盘形铣刀取代传统的球头铣刀,在每一行程中让刀具运动形成的包络面与被加工表面之间存在垂直于进给方向的法截面中达到三阶密切,从而大幅度减少了走刀次数,增加了切削宽度,提高了加工效率。文中给出了边界不受限制的单张曲面的刀位及刀具轨迹的计算方法。     

复杂曲面加工干涉避免及轨迹的规划

对复杂曲面进行分析,通过调节后跟角和摆动角来避免刀具与被加工曲面发生干涉,并提出了复杂曲面五坐标数控加工刀具轨迹的规划算法,以改善曲面加工精度和加工效率。     

Face-milling spiral bevel gear tooth surfaces by application of 5-axis CNC machine tool

In order to solve some common problems of CNC-machined spiral bevel gears such as small cutting strip width and poor surface quality, while milled by the ball-end, a machining method of face milling using a disk cutter with a concave end is presented. The research theories are based on the foundation of spiral bevel gears’ geometry structure. Firstly, a bigger diameter disk cutter with a concave end is selected. Then, change the setting order of cutter orientation angles. The functions of cutter tilt and yaw angle are separated, and tooth surfaces machined with big cutting strip width and no bottom land gouge can be expected. Since the cutter yaw angle, determined firstly by cutting contact point, positions in the tooth surface machine, the bottom land gouge interference can be avoided effectively. Then, the tilt angles of the gear pair, both side tooth surfaces, are determined by the theory of sculptured surfaces machined by the flat-end cutter, respectively. As a result, the improved cutting strip width and machining efficiency can be realized. Finally, feasibility of this method is verified through machining experiment and measurement of a spiral bevel gear pair.     

球头铣刀加工倾角对切削力的影响

对球头铣刀刀具轴线和工件加工表面之间的加工倾角进行了理论研究,建立了加工曲面时刀具倾角的数学模型,并通过试验研究了高速铣削铝合金时刀具倾角对切削力的影响规律。随着刀具轴线相对于进给方向倾斜角度β的增大,切削力变化的趋势是减小;编制多轴数控加工程序时可以通过设置合理的刀具倾角来改善切削条件。     

Effects of inclination angles on geometrical features of machined surface in five-axis milling

With the development of manufacturing technology, five-axis milling has been one of the most important solution strategies in machining field. To deepen the understanding of multi-axis processing and improve the application level of the technology, the current work was carried out. This paper investigated the effects of tilt and lead angle on the scallop height, surface roughness, surface topography, and surface damages in five-axis ball-end milling process. Both geometrical analysis and experiment research are conducted to investigate the scallop height after five-axis milling, and variation of the surface roughness and surface topography with tool inclination angle obtained from the experiments was analyzed. Surface damages under the different inclination angles were also observed and analyzed with optical profiler. Several conclusions are made as follows. The inclination angles of the ball-end mill have no effect on the scallop height when only the spherical part of the cutter participates in the cutting process according to the geometrical analysis. Surface roughness with regard to tilt angles presents symmetrical characteristic around 0°. Surface texture feature, especially the texture direction, is closely related with the tool posture. The surface concave pits, convex marks, microscopic cracks, and spot corrosions are mainly the damage forms of the machined surface. More surface blemishes appeared when small inclination angles are adopted in cutting. As a result, the recommendatory inclination angle values for inclination angle are proposed. A better understanding of the five-axis machining process would be given by the detailed analysis of generation reason of the machined surface features, and the results could provide support for process parameter optimization.     

基于正向杜邦指标线的五坐标侧铣加工

为实现叶轮类零件的多坐标侧铣加工,通过引入正向杜邦指标线,利用鼓锥形刀对自由曲面的五坐标侧铣加工进行研究。针对具有严格凸切削刃的侧铣加工刀具,提出不发生局部干涉的充要条件是切触点处刀具曲面的正向杜邦指标线位于被加工曲面的正向杜邦指标线之内。给出利用鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面时实施干涉检查的判断准则以及消除干涉的修正方法,推导出具有严格凸切削刃的刀具在给定的残留高度下侧铣加工带宽的计算方法。在此基础上,利用等残留高度法实现鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面无干涉刀具轨迹的生成。算例表明,在相同残留高度下,鼓锥形刀侧铣较之球头刀加工效率提高37.44%,说明侧铣加工是提高切削效率和加工质量的一种有效途径。     

五坐标端铣数控加工计算理论分析

本文介绍了五坐标端铣数控加工中的后跟角计算方法及刀位计算方法,分析了加工误差,包括直线逼近误差和刀轴摆动误差,提出了刀轴摆动误差补偿方法——刀具切触点偏置法,给出了走刀步长、走刀步距及刀具半径计算公式。     

Effect of tool tilt angle on machining strip width in five-axis flat-end milling of free-form surfaces

This paper examines the effect of tool tilt angle on machining strip width in the determination of optimal tool orientation and feed direction in five-axis flat-end milling. The machining strip width is evaluated using the swept profile of the flat-end mill, avoiding both local and global gouging of the tool. An optimization problem is formulated to maximize the machining strip width over feasible gouge-free tool orientations for a constant-feed direction. By solving the optimization problem and analyzing the geometry of the machining strip width, it is shown that identifying the optimal tool tilt angle, instead of following the common practice of setting the tool tilt angle as zero, can significantly increase the machining strip width, especially for 3D free-form surface machining. The optimization has also been extended to identify the optimal feed direction that maximizes the machining strip width at a given cutter contact (CC) point. The minimum curvature direction has been considered as the optimal feed direction at a CC point by researchers. Our results indicate that although the minimum curvature direction is mostly not the optimal feed direction in free-form surface machining, the minimum curvature direction does represent a good approximation of the optimal feed direction at a CC point, in particular for a free-form surface with low-curvature relative to the tool size.     

Selection of the Machining Inclination Angle in High-Speed Ball End Milling

High-speed machining is a key issue for current die and mould manufacturing. Though this technology has great potential for high productivity, tool wear accelerated by high cutting speeds and hard materials is a barrier. In this work, we attempted to reduce tool wear by controlling the machining inclination angle between the tool and the workpiece. To do this, the range of cutting angles engaged in the cutting using a ball end cutter is obtained from the boundary lines describing machined sculptured surfaces represented by the cutting envelop condition and the geometric relationships of successive tool paths. Then, the chip cross-sectional area and chip length can be obtained from the calculated cutting edge and the rotational engagement angle. The simulation results showed that a machining inclination angle of 15° was good enough from the point view of machineability, and this value was verified by a cutting experiment using high-speed ball end milling.     

高速铣削铝合金时切削力和表面质量影响因素的试验研究

对高速铣削典型铝合金框架结构工件时的切削力和加工表面质量进行了试验研究。在高速进给铣削时 ,当进给方向发生改变 ,机床的加减速特性将导致在拐角处进给量减小、铣刀切入角增大 ,从而引起切削力增大和加工振动。在恒切削效率条件下高速铣削铝合金的试验结果表明 ,高速铣削时宜采用较小的轴向切深和较大的径向切深 ,以减小铣削力、提高加工表面质量 ;刀具动平衡偏心量是高速铣削时引起轴向振纹的主要原因     

Surface topography analysis in high speed finish milling inclined hardened steel

The surface texture of a milled surface is an inherently important process response in finish milling. It is one of the most commonly used criteria to determine the machinability of a particular workpiece material. However, literature survey on the study of the surface topography analysis relating to the cutter path orientations when high speed finish inclined milling is scant. Previous works were either involved in conventional milling of easy-to-cut workpiece materials or machining at different workpiece inclination angles. Furthermore, none of the previous work has detailed the true surface topography of the machined surface with regards to the cutter condition. Instead, the works provided quantitative values in terms of the Ra value. This article is concerned with evaluating cutter path orientations on an inclined workpiece angle of 75° to simulate finish milling of free form moulds and dies. Surface topography effects are assessed with regards to different cutter path orientations on its surface. The aims of this study are to provide an in-depth understanding on the surface texture produced by various cutter path orientations when high speed finish inclined milling hardened steel at a workpiece inclination angle of 75° using surface topography analysis and determine the best cutter path orientation with respect to the best surface texture achieved. 3D topography maps together with 2D surface profiles are used to assess the experimental results. The conclusion is that milling in a single direction vertical upward orientation gave the best workpiece surface texture.     

基于斜角切削的曲线端铣切削力建模

切削力预测是制定与优化加工工艺的重要环节。针对曲线端铣加工过程,提出一种基于斜角切削的切削力建模方法。将刀具沿轴向微分,以曲线微分几何计算微元刃上的工作基面。在微元刃的工作法平面参考系中,应用最小能量原理,构建微元刃中力矢量、速度矢量、流屑角、法向摩擦角、法向剪切角及剪应力等切削参数之间的约束。以单齿直线铣削试验对切削参数进行标定,其中法向摩擦角、法向剪切角及剪应力等可表示为瞬时未变形切屑厚度的函数。选取高强度钢PCrNi3MoVA试件,分别进行圆弧和Bézier曲线端铣加工试验。试验结果表明,曲线端铣时切削力的变化与瞬时进给方向和曲线曲率相关。切削力预测值的幅值大小和变化趋势与试验值一致,验证了该切削力建模方法的有效性。