旋流煤粉多相流动与燃烧一维数学模型及应用

为了发展和有效地进行旋流煤粉多相流动与燃烧数值模拟,作者在多连续介质模型的框架中建立了综合考虑气-固两相旋流流动,燃烧与传热的旋流煤粉燃烧一维数学模型。应用这一模型对涡旋燃烧炉环形通道内煤粉燃烧和气体燃烧的数值计算表明,该模型可快速有效地用于模拟旋流煤粉多相流动与燃烧过程,给出炉内温度、速度与浓度分布以及燃烧效率等主要参数。     

均热炉低热值燃料富氧燃烧过程模拟研究

文中采用CFD商用软件对低热值燃料采用富氧燃烧技术后的炉内传热特性进行了模拟分析并简要探讨其节能减排特性,在数值模拟中,考虑流体流动、辐射、燃烧等,获得了炉内典型位置的温度及速度的分布规律。传热特性方面,使用低热值燃料时,随着氧气浓度的增加物料表面的平均对流换热系数减小,但炉内气体的辐射率随着氧浓度的增加而增加,总的热流密度和辐射热流密度随氧气浓度的增加而增加。最终得到结论,低热值燃料在使用富氧燃烧条件下完全可以达到很好的使用性能。     

15t圆形不换向蓄热式重油熔铝炉的数值模拟

针对目前应用较为广泛的以重油为燃料的15t圆形熔铝炉为研究对象,利用CFD软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型、化学组分输运和反应模型中的涡耗散模型对熔铝炉炉内传热、流动以及燃烧进行了三维稳态流动的模拟研究。通过数值模拟得到了炉内气体温度场、速度场的分布情况,为重油不换向蓄热式熔铝炉的设计与研究提供了理论基础,并通过实际工程项目的节能效果验证了数值模拟的正确性。     

流化床O2/CO2气氛木屑与煤混燃的数值模拟研究

针对6kW流化床燃烧室,建立炉内燃烧计算综合模型,对O_2/CO_2气氛流化床内煤燃烧和煤与生物质混燃过程进行数值模拟,对比研究燃料由煤变为煤与生物质混合燃料对炉内流场、温度场和燃烧特性的影响,同时对数值模拟结果进行实验验证。结果表明:在O_2/CO_2气氛下两种燃料燃烧时炉内速度、温度和组分浓度的总体分布趋势一致;生物质混燃较煤燃烧时速度、温度水平整体降低;炉内O_2和H_2O的质量分数增大而CO_2的质量分数减小;数值模拟值与实验值吻合较好。     

链条锅炉复合燃烧及其优化的数值模拟研究

以某化工厂一台35 t/h链条锅炉为物理模型,借助Fluent软件对链条锅炉采用复合燃烧技术改造前后炉内燃烧特性以及优化送粉速度进行数值模拟计算。计算结果表明:链条锅炉采用复合燃烧改造后,炉内温度分布更加均匀,炉内高温区达到1500~2000 K,整体烟气平均温度升高了100~200 K;随着送粉速度的提高,炉内高温区呈现从左到右的偏斜趋势,且后拱上方的回流区逐渐变小,当送粉速度为20 m/s时,炉内温度场和速度场最为合理。     

马蹄形火焰玻璃熔窑燃烧空间流动与传热的数值模拟

对马蹄形火焰玻璃窑炉燃烧空间内的流动、燃烧及辐射传热等过程进行了数值模拟研究,得到了炉内燃烧空间的速度场、温度场、组分浓度分布及燃烧空间向玻璃液面传递的热流分布。探讨了燃烧空间入口的进气角度对炉内温度场和向玻璃面传递的热流的影响,模拟结果表明,当入口的进气角度在5°～10°之间时,传热效果较好。     

垃圾焚烧炉二次燃烧的数值模拟

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧发电的排放问题,以重庆市某垃圾焚烧炉为原始模型,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对炉膛内气体的二次燃烧过程进行了数值模拟.利用标准k-ε湍流模型对气相湍流运输进行了模拟,并利用Monte-Carlo 热辐射模型计算了辐射传热特性,获得了当施加不同边界条件时炉膛内气体的温度场、浓度场以及气体在炉膛内的停留时间分布等,并对其抑制二噁英产生的效果进行了评价.结果表明:进口边界混合气体中CO的含量和气体速度对燃烧效果有重要影响.当CO含量为5%、气体速度为1.58m/s时,燃烧效果较好,并能有效抑制二噁英类剧毒物质的产生.通过对垃圾焚烧炉二次燃烧的数值模拟与仿真,可获得和预测炉膛内气体燃烧的状况,并为焚烧炉的设计和改进提供一定的参考.     

基于CFD的焙烧炉技术改进

基于计算燃烧学的原理和CFD软件对燃烧重油的焙烧炉炉内的流动和燃烧过程进行了数值模拟计算,讨论了炉内温度场、流场的分布规律,分析了结构因素对焙烧炉内流动和燃烧分布的影响.从炉子结构的设计角度提出了解决炉内温度场、流场的分布不均匀的方案.研究表明,在设计焙烧炉时合理地布置拉砖的位置有利于改善炉内流动和燃烧的分布.     

Design and Numerical Simulation of Supplementary Burners for Sintering Waste Heat Power Generation

针对钢铁厂烧结工序的连续性和稳定性对余热发电的影响,进行了某钢铁厂400 m2烧结余热发电补燃装置的设计,并对补燃炉内的燃烧和气氛分布情况进行了数值模拟.结果表明：以高炉煤气为主要燃料、焦炉煤气为辅助燃料的余热发电补燃装置安装在余热锅炉进口烟道中,通过补燃可将烟气温度提升60~140 K;补燃炉内的燃烧温度最高可达到1 500℃左右,炉膛出口处的烟气温度为1 120℃,出口处的CO体积分数为0.15%,燃尽率较高.     

高炉煤气锅炉富氧助燃的特性研究

以国内某钢铁企业220t/h高炉煤气锅炉为研究对象,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent,简化了几何结构模型,在助燃空气量恒定情况下模拟了3种不同加氧量的高炉煤气锅炉炉内流动及燃烧过程,得到了锅炉炉内速度和温度分布.模拟结果表明:加入氧气后锅炉炉内气流动力场没有受到影响,随着加入氧气量的增加,整个炉膛内烟气温度增加,火焰温度更为集中,高温区减小.在加入的氧气量仅为2000m3/h时,炉内温度增加不明显,当加入氧气量达4000m3/h后,炉内温度增加明显,烟气辐射特性增强,壁面热负荷值也有明显增加.当加入氧气量达到6000m3/h时,炉膛壁面热负荷最大值达到103158W/m2,燃烧器喷口附近温度升高明显,燃烧器喷口附近温度过高有可能会对燃烧器产生烧损.     

运行参数对锅炉煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量影响的数值研究

为了达到锅炉的优化运行以保证煤粉气流及时着火和充分燃尽，采用IPSA两相流动模型和煤粉燃烧综合模型，在不同的一次风率和煤粉细度的工况下，对1台350MW锅炉煤粉燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，得出了炉内燃烧器区域以及出口处烟气温度场和燃烧产物的组分浓度分布。分析了一次风率和煤粉细度对煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量的影响规律，并确定了优化的运行参数。结果表明：一次风率对煤粉气流的着火影响较大，而对出口处烟气温度、氧量以及飞灰含碳量影响较小。煤粉细度对煤粉气流的着火、燃烧以及燃尽均有较大影响。图8表2参9     

准东煤灰与液态排渣煤粉炉耐火材料的烧结特性

采用TGA-DSC分析确定了准东煤灰和其混合灰样(不同质量比的准东煤灰和耐火材料)燃烧过程中的特征温度,并分别采用XRD和FSEM-EDS对不同特征温度段灰样进行矿物识别和形貌、能谱分析,得到了原灰与混合灰的烧结温度、灰中主要矿物的转化和熔融过程,并对比了不同耐火材料含量的煤灰熔融温度;在此基础上提出了耐火材料构型的极限热载荷概念评价其耐热性能.研究表明:碳化硅耐火材料降低了准东煤灰的变形温度DT(1130℃降低到1080℃),促进煤灰与耐火材料的烧结形成致密的挂渣保护层;同时灰的烧结会使耐火材料承受极限热载荷能力降低近1/3.1200℃之后,耐火材料中SiC在煤灰的作用下发生氧化,造成材料失效,故在锅炉运行过程中要严格控制挂渣与耐火材料交界面处的温度.耐火材料增加煤灰在高温下的黏度,提高了煤灰的流动温度TF,更加利于煤灰在耐火材料表面形成牢固稳定的熔渣保护层.     

Transformation characteristics of Na and K in high alkali residual carbon during circulating fluidized bed combustion

In this study, the transformation characteristics of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) during combustion of Zhundong coal gasification fly ash in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors were investigated by examining gasification fly ash (TCf) from a 0.1-MW CFB test system. Experimental results indicated that TCf was rich in Na and K, with water-soluble and insoluble Na the main Na forms. Insoluble K was the major K form in TCf, accounting for 70.6% of total K. Reactor bed temperature exerted important effects on Na release during combustion such that, as bed temperature increased, the proportions of Na in bottom and circulating ash decreased while the Na in fly ash increased. Hydrochloric acid-soluble and insoluble Na in ash accounted for a large fraction of total Na. However, insoluble K was the principle K form in ash and bed temperature showed little influence on K release and distribution in ash during combustion. With decreased flue gas temperature, the Na content in deposition ash initially increased, then decreased, and eventually stabilized, while the K content in deposition ash was basically unchanged. Agglomeration of ash particles occurred during combustion, being more apparent at higher gas temperatures, and the agglomerates were rich in Na, K, sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and calcium (Ca). Deposition ash Na was mainly contained NaCl and Ca/Na sulfates. The enrichment of these salts as well as of Ca sulfate in ash was the main cause of ash agglomeration and deposition.     

Comparative studies on fly ash coated low heat rejection diesel engine on performance and emission characteristics fueled by rice bran and pongamia methyl ester and their blend with diesel

In this study, for the first time, fly ash was used as a thermal barrier coating material in a diesel engine. The study consists of three phases. In first phase, biodiesel was prepared in a laboratory scale setup by single step base catalyzed transesterification method. In the second phase, engine combustion chamber elements such as cylinder head, cylinder liner, valves and piston crown face were coated with fly ash, which is a thermal power plant waste, to a thickness of 200 μm by using plasma spray coating method. In third phase, experiments were carried out on fly ash coated single cylinder diesel engine fueled by methyl ester of rice bran, pongamia oil and its blend (20% by volume) with diesel. The test run was repeated on uncoated engine under the same running conditions and the results were compared. An increase in engine power and decrease in specific fuel consumption, as well as significant improvements in exhaust gas emissions (except NOx) were observed for all test fuels used in the fly ash coated engine compared with that of the uncoated engine.     

负荷变化对900 MW超临界锅炉炉内燃烧影响的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对1台900 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉在不同负荷下炉内燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,分析了负荷变化对炉内流动和传热的影响规律.结果表明:在高负荷工况下运行时,炉内燃烧充分且稳定,但是炉内火焰更容易冲刷水冷壁,可能发生局部结渣现象;在低负荷工况下运行时,炉内火焰充满度较差,切圆燃烧的稳定性显著下降,炉膛水冷壁灰污表面温度也相应降低,水冷壁表面结渣的倾向弱化,沿高度方向水冷壁吸热不均匀性增大.由于该锅炉的低NOx燃烧器采用了分离燃尽风,使得高温区扩展,火焰中心高度比采用有关标准推荐的方法计算所得结果高4~5 m.     

火焰筒扩张角与旋流匹配对燃烧特性的影响

为研究旋流器流量分配对干式低排放(Dry Low Emission,DLE)燃烧室燃烧特性的影响规律,针对单头部中心分级旋流燃烧室,以天然气作为燃料,在保持旋流数不变的前提下开展两级旋流器不同空气分配比例下的试验测试和数值模拟,获得不同结构参数条件下燃烧室的综合燃烧性能以及污染物排放等变化规律。研究表明：随主燃级/预燃级旋流器流量比增大,燃烧室中心回流区变小、回流区长度变短;预燃级局部当量比的增大造成燃烧室出口CO排放增加,主燃区燃烧加剧,热力型NOx排放也增加;同时,燃烧室中心高温区域向燃烧室出口方向扩张,出口温度分布均匀性变差。     

不同燃烧条件下煤粉锅炉NOx排放特性的试验研究

以1台670 t/h煤粉锅炉为对象进行了热态试验,研究了煤粉锅炉在不同燃烧条件下NOx 的排放特性.采用在线烟气分析仪对烟气成分进行分析,并通过化学分析获得了飞灰中的可燃物含量.改变二次风配风方式、炉膛出口氧量、周界风风门开度以及磨煤机组合方式等影响因素,对锅炉热效率、飞灰可燃物以及NOx排放浓度进行测量和分析,获得了可减少NOx排放并保持较高燃烧效率的合理燃烧方式:采用均等配风,炉膛出口氧量为2.25%左右,周界风风门开度为15%,采用ABC层的磨煤机组合方式.     

顶燃式热风炉燃烧过程的数值模拟研究

针对某公司的旋流顶燃式热风炉及其工艺参数,建立了气体流动、传热的数学模型,采用非预混燃烧方法处理煤气的燃烧,对其现有工况进行了数值模拟,分析了炉体内部的流场、温度场和浓度场.结果表明,燃烧室温度分布不均匀,出口温度较低;由（于）空气过剩系数较小,导致煤气燃烧不充分,有大量CO剩余;火焰长度较长,严重影响格子砖的寿命.通过调整空气过剩系数,（）的增加空气过剩系数,燃烧室出口CO体积分数明显降低,火焰长度明显变短,出口温度明显提高.     

Industrial-scale investigations on effects of tertiary-air declination angle on combustion and steam temperature characteristics in a 350-MW supercritical down-fired boiler

Industrial-scale experiments were conducted to study the effects of tertiary air declination angle (TDA) on the coal combustion and steam temperature characteristics in the first 350-MW supercritical down-fired boiler in China with the multiple-injection and multiple-staging combustion (MIMSC) technology at medium and high loads. The experimental results indicated that as the TDA increased from 0° to 15°, the overall gas temperature in the lower furnace rose and the symmetry of temperature field was enhanced. The ignition distance of the fuel-rich coal/air flow decreased. In near-burner region, the concentration of O₂ decreased while the concentrations of CO and NO increased. The concentration of NO decreased in near-tertiary-air region. The carbon in fly ash decreased significantly from 8.40% to 6.45% at a load of 260 MW. At a TDA of 15°, the ignition distances were the shortest (2.07 m and 1.73 m) at a load of 210 MW and 260 MW, respectively. The main and reheat steam temperatures were the highest (557.2°C and 559.4°C at a load of 210 MW, 558.4°C and 560.3°C at a load of 260 MW). The carbon in fly ash was the lowest (4.83%) at a load of 210 MW. On changing the TDA from 15° to 25°, the flame kernel was found to move downward and the main and reheat steam temperatures dropped obviously. The change of TDA has little effect on NO_x emissions(660–681 mg/m³ at 6% O₂). In comprehensive consideration of the pulverized coal combustion characteristics and the unit economic performance, an optimal TDA of 15° is recommended.     

Combustion of coffee husks

Combustion mechanisms of two types of coffee husks have been studied using single particle combustion techniques as well as combustion in a pilot-scale fluidised bed facility (FBC), 150 mm in diameter and 9 m high. Through measurements of weight-loss and particle temperatures, the processes of drying, devolatilisation and combustion of coffee husks were studied. Axial temperature profiles in the FBC were also measured during stationary combustion conditions to analyse the location of volatile release and combustion as a function of fuel feeding mode. Finally the problems of ash sintering were analysed. The results showed that devolatilisation of coffee husks (65–72% volatile matter, raw mass) starts at a low temperature range of 170–200°C and takes place rapidly. During fuel feeding using a non water-cooled system, pyrolysis of the husks took place in the feeder tube leading to blockage and non-uniform fuel flow. Measurements of axial temperature profiles showed that during under-bed feeding, the bed and freeboard temperatures were more or less the same, whereas for over-bed feeding, freeboard temperatures were much higher, indicating significant combustion of the volatiles in the freeboard. A major problem observed during the combustion of coffee husks was ash sintering and bed agglomeration. This is due to the low melting temperature of the ash, which is attributed to the high contents of K₂O (36–38%) of the coffee husks.