鲜切果蔬微生物污染及控制研究进展

微生物侵染是影响鲜切果蔬品质的重要因素之一。本文概述了鲜切果蔬中微生物的污染来源、种类及其对鲜切果蔬组织生理的影响,并对国内外微生物的控制方法进行了介绍。     

现制饮料中腐败微生物及其检测与防控技术研究进展

我国现制饮料种类丰富,产业发展快速且前景广阔。然而,近年来现制饮料中由腐败微生物引起的食品安全问题频发,受到了人们的高度重视。因此,本文归纳并总结了现制饮料中存在的主要腐败微生物种类、污染源及其产生的不良影响。介绍了传统检测法和快速检测法在腐败微生物检测中的应用,其中近红外光谱技术和高光谱成像技术等快速检测法具有样本量少、检测结果快、识别准确率较高等优点。阐述了物理杀菌法和食品防腐剂法等在腐败微生物防控中的应用,具有高效抗菌性、成本低、对现制饮料的感官品质和活性成分影响较小等优点。现制饮料行业的可持续发展离不开对腐败微生物的有效防控。本文为现制饮料腐败微生物控制和产业的可持续发展提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

我国谷物饮料研究进展与生产概况

介绍了我国谷物饮料研究的最新进展与生产概况(包括谷物饮料种类、主要原料特性、主要生产工艺等),综述了目前常用的谷物饮料中微生物检测方法,分析了各类谷物饮料的加工工艺特点,提出了加快我国谷物饮料发展的建议和措施。     

苹果醋饮料生产过程微生物污染关键点的分析

该研究对苹果醋饮料生产过程微生物组成及其特性进行分析,确定潜在微生物污染主要来源。采用高通量测序的方法对样品细菌菌群组成进行分析,采用微生物分离纯化的方法对潜在污染微生物特性进行验证。结果表明,苹果原醋絮状沉淀物中含有片球菌属、葡糖醋杆菌属、乳杆菌属、副球菌属、溶杆菌属、水杆菌属6个属的细菌,将其接入苹果醋饮料产品中会导致产品浑浊,并且乳酸浓度增加2. 3倍。根据苹果醋饮料生产工艺流程,对11个关键点进行了取样分析,并对耐热微生物进行了纯化鉴定。结果表明,苹果醋饮料生产过程潜在的污染微生物主要包括7个属,共15个种的细菌,苹果醋饮料生产各环节之间连接管道是预防微生物污染的关键位点。研究结果确定了潜在污染微生物的主要来源,有利于企业针对性地加强管理,保障产品质量安全。     

污染微生物的检测及控制要点

阐述了啤酒生产污染微生物的来源、种类、检测方法；微生物检测过程中的控制要点，部分操作的改进措施。     

洁净室消毒剂消毒效果的研究

制药车间无菌洁净室用消毒剂对地面、墙面、设备等表面进行消毒,旨在控制洁净区微生物水平,防止微生物在药品生产环境中污染产品。为了准确评价消毒剂对微生物的杀菌作用,通过实验室考察和现场考察两方面对消毒剂消毒效果进行研究,确认所用消毒剂消毒后能够对目的菌起到较强的抑制作用,达到预期的消毒效果。     

饮用水微生物安全风险控制

归纳国内外饮用水中微生物污染状况及种类,相关饮用水标准中的微生物指标情况,饮用水中污染的微生物及其对人体的危害,以及控制饮用水中微生物污染的方法等方面的研究进展,提出了饮用水微生物安全所面临的挑战与建议,对于保障饮用水微生物安全具有重要的现实意义.     

啤酒发酵罐清洗的改进

通过卫生监控，进一步了解发酵罐的污染状况，发现啤酒生产中，对发酵罐罐体的清洗未达到微生物清洁度，是导致发酵液污染杂菌的主要原因。通过对CIP清洗系统和部分设备参数的改进、选择合理的消毒剂、进行CIP清洗流程优化等研究，提高了对发酵罐的清洗和消毒效果，将发酵罐罐壁的微生物污染程度控制在10个／m^2以下，大大地降低了发酵液中杂菌污染的程度。     

中国传统食醋微生物污染及控制措施研究进展

食醋微生物污染是导致食醋腐败变质的最主要原因,有效地检测和控制污染微生物是保证食醋安全以及进一步发展的基础。该文对食醋污染微生物的原因、危害以及种类进行了综述,开放式发酵环境及容器管道的不洁是食醋污染微生物的主要原因,致使胀气、产膜、发黏及浑浊等现象发生,最终造成企业经济损失并对消费者健康造成隐患。总结了目前的检测方法和控制措施,现有的传统微生物培养检测方法弊端很多,非培养技术更能满足快速准确的检测要求。除加热和添加防腐剂等常用控制措施外,紫外线消毒、膜过滤等技术也逐渐应用。针对现有研究的不足,展望了食醋污染微生物未来的研究方向,以期为食醋污染微生物的深入研究及有效控制提供参考和理论依据。     

啤酒酿造过程中有害微生物的危害及其检测

本文分析了有害微生物对啤酒质量的影响及其有害微生物的检测方法，着重介绍了快速生物检测方法——PCR技术在啤酒污染微生物检测中的应用。     

果蔬汁饮料生产车间卫生的控制管理

为了保证果蔬汁饮料生产的卫生安全,通过对果蔬汁饮料生产车间水质、空间环境、设备、人员手部、包装材料的微生物污染检测结果进行探讨,提出对应的纠正预防措施,最大限度地降低饮料生产污染的风险,使果蔬汁饮料生产车间的卫生得到全面有效的控制和管理。     

The mycobiota of coffee beans and its influence on the coffee beverage

The quality of coffee beverage is influenced by several factors, including the species or botanical variety of the beans, agricultural practices, harvesting, drying and storage techniques and also the preparation of the beverage. Apart from these, there is the input of microbial contamination during the processing of the beans. Numerous studies have demonstrated that fungi are important contaminants of coffee beans, especially just after harvesting and drying. However, the relationship between fungal contamination and the sensorial characteristics of the beverage has yet to be described. The aim of this research was to analyze the mycobiota of coffee beans collected from different stages of the coffee production chain and to correlate these data with the sensorial characteristics of the final beverage. Fungal infection of 22 coffee bean samples from the southwest of São Paulo state was analyzed. Samples were collected from the tree (mature cherries), from the ground, from the patio (mature, immature and dried floaters or overripe cherries from the tree) and from storage facilities. In general, coffee samples from this region showed high fungal infection and contamination was higher than 70% in about 45% of the samples. A high diversity of fungi was isolated from all the coffee samples analyzed and the most common were Penicillium brevicompactum, Aspergillus section Nigri, Penicillium sp. nov. (closely related to Penicillium crustosum) and Fusarium sp. Both P. brevicompactum and Penicillium sp. nov. were found at all processing stages, including in the cherries, showing that these fungi are naturally found in the coffee beans from this region. Floater coffee and coffee from the ground showed negative sensorial evaluation with attributes such as moldy, dirty and fermented and presented a high contamination by Aspergillus section Nigri and Aspergillus westerdijikiae.     

Reprint of “The mycobiota of coffee beans and its influence on the coffee beverage”

The quality of coffee beverage is influenced by several factors, including the species or botanical variety of the beans, agricultural practices, harvesting, drying and storage techniques and also the preparation of the beverage. Apart from these, there is the input of microbial contamination during the processing of the beans. Numerous studies have demonstrated that fungi are important contaminants of coffee beans, especially just after harvesting and drying. However, the relationship between fungal contamination and the sensorial characteristics of the beverage has yet to be described. The aim of this research was to analyze the mycobiota of coffee beans collected from different stages of the coffee production chain and to correlate these data with the sensorial characteristics of the final beverage. Fungal infection of 22 coffee bean samples from the southwest of São Paulo state was analyzed. Samples were collected from the tree (mature cherries), from the ground, from the patio (mature, immature and dried floaters or overripe cherries from the tree) and from storage facilities. In general, coffee samples from this region showed high fungal infection and contamination was higher than 70% in about 45% of the samples. A high diversity of fungi was isolated from all the coffee samples analyzed and the most common were Penicillium brevicompactum, Aspergillus section Nigri, Penicillium sp. nov. (closely related to Penicillium crustosum) and Fusarium sp. Both P. brevicompactum and Penicillium sp. nov. were found at all processing stages, including in the cherries, showing that these fungi are naturally found in the coffee beans from this region. Floater coffee and coffee from the ground showed negative sensorial evaluation with attributes such as moldy, dirty and fermented and presented a high contamination by Aspergillus section Nigri and Aspergillus westerdijikiae.     

Soil Films in the Beverage Industry: A Review

This article provides an overview of the formation of soil films, their composition, effects and control measures that can be applied in the beverage industry, focusing on the negative aspects of their formation. The positive aspects utilised in bioreactors and fermentation reactions will not be reviewed here. Soils gain access to equipment surfaces and these form soil films that are an assembly of microbial cells, organic and inorganic foulants, irreversibly attached to a surface, and enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. The EPS is vital in the structure and functioning of different soil film communities. Soil films are responsible for the deterioration of water and corrosion in water distribution systems, food contamination, reduced product quality in the beverage industry, infection on medical surfaces, plaque build up on teeth, increase in fuel costs on ships, decrease in heat transfer in heat exchangers and deterioration of metal due to microbial activity during microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).     

新疆地区部分食品微生物污染检测结果分析

目的分析近两年新疆地区部分食品种类微生物检测结果,了解新疆地区食品的微生物污染状况,为食品安全监督管理部门提供科学依据。方法根据GB 4789系列标准方法的要求,对新疆地区抽送检的256批预包装熟肉制品、297批蜂蜜、89批饮料、42批发酵乳、93批糕点面包、96批冷冻饮品、37批速冻米面食品(包括10批生制品)进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7/NM、乳酸菌、霉菌和嗜渗酵母菌的微生物检测。结果 10批预包装熟肉制品、6批蜂蜜、9批冷冻饮品、6批饮料、1批速冻米面食品菌落总数超标;6批冷冻饮品和1批饮料大肠菌群超标;3批蜂蜜嗜渗酵母菌数超标;2批蜂蜜霉菌数超标;1批饮料酵母菌数超标;2批速冻米面食品(生制品)金黄色葡萄球菌超标;3批冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌。除发酵乳对菌落总数没有明确要求和糕点面包菌落总数未超标外,其他产品均出现菌落总数超标问题,其中饮料、冷冻饮品合格率低于95%,应划类于高风险产品;冷冻饮品和饮料还存在大肠菌群超标问题;冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌,速冻米面食品(生制品)检出金黄色葡萄球菌,说明这2类食品致病菌检出风险较高。结论建议食品企业加强卫生管理,查找超标原因,采取有效措施确保食品安全,建议监管部门对微生物污染率较高的产品继续加强监管力度,以保障食品安全。     

A Review of Biogenic Amines and Polyamines in Beer

The presence of biogenic amines and polyamines in foods and alcoholic beverages is important from both toxicological and technological points of view. High amounts of these compounds can lead to health problems and accurate methods of determination, as well as knowledge on where the compounds originate and how they can be controlled at the lowest levels, are important in the food and beverage industry. In brewing, the types of amines are dependent on the raw materials in the beverage, as well as the method of brewing, and any microbial contamination that may have occurred during the brewing process or during storage. Studies looking at biogenic amine and polyamine levels in various beers have been carried out by a number of researchers in Europe, Brazil, Canada and Cuba. This paper reviews the work from studies carried out previously and summarizes the values found by the various research groups. Methods of analysis for the amines including HPLC, HPTLC and enzyme immunoassays are reviewed.     

食品接触材料中全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)检测方法的研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）由于具有生物蓄积性、多种毒性和难降解的特点,近年来受到越来越多的国内外学者的关注。作为一种广泛存在的典型全氟化合物,PFOS通过各种途径不同程度地污染了许多日常食物,如快餐包装纸对食物的污染、一次性纸杯对饮料的污染、不粘锅涂层对饭菜的污染等,其中食品接触材料是最易被忽视的一个污染途径。PFOS具有急性毒性、肝脏毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、细胞毒性及生殖毒性等多种毒性作用,但在被污染的食品接触材料中,PFOS的含量往往比较低,因此对其快速准确地测定有一定的难度。本文主要综述了PFOS的毒性、PFOS在各种介质中的污染水平、PFOS向食品中的迁移状况以及检测食品接触材料中PFOS的各种方法,并对食品接触材料中PFOS的检测及其发展作出总结与展望。     

常德市餐饮食品金黄色葡萄球菌检测结果分析

目的 通过对餐饮食品金黄色葡萄球菌的检测, 了解常德市餐饮食品金黄色葡萄球菌污染情况。方法 对常德市330家餐饮企业的13类473批餐饮食品采样, 检测金黄色葡萄球菌。结果 餐饮食品的金黄色葡萄球菌检测合格率为99.2％, 在凉拌菜、非发酵型豆制品、米粉中检出金黄色葡萄球菌, 13类食品的金黄色葡萄球菌检测合格率有显著性差异(X2=23.88, P＜0.05), 2011年～2013年金黄色葡萄球菌检测合格率无显著性差异(X2=3.03, P＞0.05), 6类餐饮业态的金黄色葡萄球菌污染率无显著性差异(X2=6.36, P＞0.05)。结论 常德市餐饮食品中存在金黄色葡萄球菌污染, 需加强对易受金黄色葡萄球菌污染的米粉、凉拌菜等重点品种的监管。     

纤维素酶的研究进展及在饮料生产中的应用

近年来果蔬型饮料日益火热,成为各研究机构研究开发的热点。然而现有的传统果蔬饮料生产技术却面临着营养物质损失、耗能、环境污染、食品安全等问题。解决这些问题的关键在于能够很好地对果蔬原料中的纤维素进行处理。针对这一问题,近年来国内外学者对纤维素酶处理果蔬原料中纤维素的研究逐渐增加。并且随着生物酶技术的发展,纤维素酶在饮料生产中的作用逐渐凸显。本文综述了纤维素酶的结构、纤维素分子酶解过程中的作用机制、产酶微生物来源以及在饮料加工中应用方面,有利于纤维素酶在饮料生产中的发展,并对纤维素酶在饮料生产加工中存在的问题的基础上对纤维素酶的应用前景和发展方向进行了展望,为纤维素酶在饮料生产中应用提供理论参考。     

2013~2014年新乡市食品微生物污染状况分析

摘要：目的了解新乡市食品的微生物污染状况,分析市售食品微生物污染的影响因素,为新乡市食品安全监管提供参考依据。方法抽取新乡市内红旗区、卫滨区、新乡县等七个区县的389份10类食品为研究对象,采样地点包括超市、快餐店、学校食堂、公共场所、路边摊位、固定摊位等,按照GB4789-2010食品微生物学检验国家标准的要求进行3项卫生指标菌和9项致病菌进行检测。结果检测的389份样品中,共检出11株致病菌,其中铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高,为23.5％（8/34）。卫生指标总体不合格率为27.8％,其中2014年不合格率为47.1％,高于2013年的17.1％,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同的食品类别及包装类型食品存在显著性差异,调味品（60.0%）、饮料（52.5%）和餐饮食品（40.9%）不合格率较高。散装食品的不合格率（36.7%）高于定型包装食品（16.7%）（P<0.05）。结论 2014年抽查食品的不合格率高于2013年,卫生指示菌-菌落总数的不合格率最高,即食品受到菌落污染的样品数较多。散装食品的微生物不合格率高于定型包装。