压缩应力条件下花岗岩损伤演化特征及其对渗透性影响研究

 基于岩石三轴压缩应力–应变全过程渗透特性试验,结合三维声发射监测信息,研究花岗岩在不同围压条件下力学损伤演化机制及其对岩石渗透特性影响规律。本研究对常规渗透试验方法进行改进,通过在试样两端加工渗透小孔,实现岩石不同破坏形式下渗透性变化规律的测量。试验结果表明,在压缩应力作用下,花岗岩的损伤演化始于微裂隙的产生和扩展,并在岩石破坏时和峰后阶段发展迅速。该损伤演化的阶段性特征与声发射监测数据一致,进一步说明了裂隙扩展是导致花岗岩力学特性劣化的根本原因。随着微裂隙的扩展,岩石渗透性不断增强,但在峰前加载阶段渗透性变化明显滞后于损伤演化过程。该结果表明,在裂隙贯通并产生宏观破坏面之前,裂隙扩展对花岗岩渗透性影响非常有限。在低围压条件下,岩石渗透性随围压增大迅速减小;当围压增大到一定程度后,该趋势逐渐减弱。结合声发射监测数据,对不同应力条件下损伤演化与渗透特性的相互关系进行分析,并提出花岗岩渗透率与损伤和围压的相关经验公式。     

层状岩体渗透特性多尺度演化模型研究

考虑层状岩体内部微裂纹、层面等不同尺度结构特征,采用两步均匀化方法,建立了层状岩体细观损伤模型与渗透特性多尺度演化模型。两步均匀化过程分别考虑了层状岩体内部细观结构与宏观结构对渗透特性的影响。层状岩体渗透特性演化模型可同时考虑微裂纹损伤扩展、滑移剪胀,层理面滑移磨损、剪胀演化特性以及微裂纹与层理面相互作用等特征,较好地反映了内部不同尺度微结构变化对其渗透特性演化的影响以及渗透特性的各向异性特征。基于该模型,通过数值模拟层状岩体中地下洞室开挖扰动过程,研究了层面倾角以及岩体强度各向异性特征对洞周围岩损伤与渗透特性演化规律的影响。研究成果对于深部层状岩体水–力耦合特性研究具有一定参考意义。     

Calibration of coupled hydro-mechanical properties of grain-based model for simulating fracture process and associated pore pressure evolution in excavation damage zone around deep tunnels

The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for calibration of a discrete element grain-based model(GBM)to replicate the hydro-mechanical properties of a brittle rock measured in the laboratory,and to apply the calibrated model to simulating the formation of excavation damage zone(EDZ)around underground excavations.Firstly,a new cohesive crack model is implemented into the universal distinct element code(UDEC)to control the fracturing behaviour of materials under various loading modes.Next,a methodology for calibration of the components of the UDEC-Voronoi model is discussed.The role of connectivity of induced microcracks on increasing the permeability of laboratory-scale samples is investigated.The calibrated samples are used to investigate the influence of pore fluid pressure on weakening the drained strength of the laboratory-scale rock.The validity of the Terzaghi’s effective stress law for the drained peak strength of low-porosity rock is tested by performing a series of biaxial compression test simulations.Finally,the evolution of damage and pore pressure around two unsupported circular tunnels in crystalline granitic rock is studied.     

脆性岩石单轴循环加卸载试验及断裂损伤力学特性研究

 以向家坝砂岩单轴循环加卸载室内力学试验结果为基础,结合岩石内部微裂纹的细观力学分析,对脆性岩石单轴循环加卸载的应力–应变曲线特征、峰值强度及断裂损伤力学特性等进行研究。给出一种根据应力–应变曲线计算损伤变量的方法,损伤变量计算结果和声发射测试数据变化规律较为一致。试验结果表明,砂岩的循环加卸载强度要比单轴压缩强度要小很多,对于脆性岩石单轴循环加卸载的峰值强度来说,受到多种因素的影响。弹性常数计算结果表明,循环加卸载过程中泊松比逐渐增大,而弹性模量在第一次循环加卸载增大之后则缓慢减小。脆性岩石循环加卸载过程中,岩石损伤在逐渐累积,在微裂纹进入不稳定扩展阶段,岩石损伤会迅速增大,岩石宏观力学特性取决于内部微裂纹的细观力学响应。     

三轴压缩下岩石类材料的细观损伤–渗流耦合本构模型

 岩石类材料的微缺陷主要有微裂纹和微孔洞,当压力水渗透到微裂纹中时,可在微裂纹上产生附加张开应力。利用叠加原理,对计及微裂纹内水压力的岩石类材料在三轴压缩应力下的响应特性进行分解。考虑无限大体深埋椭圆形裂纹在远场三维压缩应力下的变形、扩展和偏折,得到代表性单元中任意空间取向的单个闭合椭圆形微裂纹及其偏折微裂纹引起的附加柔度张量。假设三轴压缩下,代表性单元渗透特性变化主要取决于偏折微裂纹扩展所引起的法向开度变化,结合达西定律和立方定理,推导出单个偏折微裂纹的附加渗透张量表达式。采用Taylor方法考虑微裂纹系统对代表性单元变形和渗透性影响,利用概率密度函数得到三轴压缩下岩石类材料的三维细观损伤–渗流耦合本构模型。数值计算表明采用本模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

渗透压–应力耦合作用下砂岩渗透率与变形关联性三轴试验研究

 为了探讨渗透压–应力耦合作用下岩石渗透率与变形的关联性,采用岩石伺服三轴试验系统,在不同围压和渗透压条件下,利用稳态法对砂岩全应力–应变过程进行渗透率试验研究。根据试样渗透率变化与其破坏过程的对应关系,分析全应力–应变过程中试样渗透率随其脆性、延性变化的特点及渗透率–轴向应变和渗透率–体积应变之间的关联性。试验结果表明：(1) 在渗透压–应力耦合作用下,试样初始渗透率、峰值强度随着围压与渗透压的改变而改变。(2) 在渗流场–应力场耦合作用下连续加载的全应力–应变过程中,渗透率先随着轴向应变的增大而逐渐减小,进入弹塑性阶段后,渗透率变化曲线随围压变化呈现增大、持平及减小3个不同趋势。其中,渗透率曲线持平的现象为三轴渗透试验研究中的新现象。(3) 围压较高时,若形成局部压缩带,则试样进入弹塑性阶段后,渗透率的变化趋势是由岩石微裂隙的萌生、扩展与岩石骨架颗粒压碎这2个主要因素共同决定的。(4) 岩石微裂隙的萌生、扩展对渗透率增大起积极作用,岩石骨架颗粒压碎形成的压缩带对渗透率增大起抑制作用。(5) 岩石进入塑性阶段后,随围压增大,渗透率由上升趋势转变为下降趋势的现象先于脆–延转换的临界状态发生。(6) 岩石的体积应变对渗透率有一定影响,在脆–延转换阶段存在体积应变增大而渗透率减小的现象,这需要其他能够更精确地测量体积应变变化的试验进一步验证。     

热–水–力耦合作用下结晶岩渗透特性演化模型

在热力学框架下,采用细观力学方法,建立热–水–力(THM)耦合条件下低渗饱水结晶岩的各向异性损伤模型,考虑非等温条件下微裂纹水压力作用、法向刚度恢复以及滑动剪胀等细观力学机制对岩石宏观力学性能的影响。在此基础上,采用均匀化方法,建立各向异性损伤诱发的岩石有效渗透特性演化模型,指出损伤岩石有效渗透特性下限估计模型的局限性,进而给出可反映损伤演化过程中微裂纹连通性等细观结构特征的岩石有效渗透特性上限估计模型。采用三轴压缩过程中花岗岩的渗透率变化、高温热处理后花岗岩的单轴压缩性能、TSX巷道开挖产生的围岩损伤与渗透率变化等室内外试验成果对模型进行验证。     

岩盐储库损伤与渗透率的关系分析

由于具备结构致密、孔隙度低、塑性变形能力大,非常低的渗透率、良好的蠕变行为干口损伤自愈等特性,岩盐储库被公认为石油、天然气和放射性废物的理想存储场所．基于流固耦合的岩盐储瘁损伤的过程中,内部会出现不同程度的微裂隙．随着时间的增加可能会导致微裂缝之闲的贯通,进而导致岩盐的孔隙度和渗透率在一定程度上的波动。本文通过对考盐损伤过程中渗流的研究,发现损伤和渗透率之间存在一定的关系。     

单轴静–动相继压缩下单裂隙岩样力学响应及能量耗散机制颗粒流模拟

 针对采矿岩柱体等的静–动相继单轴压缩受力特征,采用颗粒流数值模拟试验,探讨初始单轴静态压缩的细观损伤程度对单轴动态压缩下单裂隙岩样力学性质的影响规律,并阐述其能量耗散机制。静载初始损伤程度对后续动态压缩岩样应力–应变曲线形态的影响不大,损伤岩样具有较明显的峰前损伤和峰后裂隙贯通的渐进性突跃特征。相对于全程动态压缩而言,随着初始损伤的增强,岩样强度减小明显。但后续动态压缩对岩体强度的增加起主要贡献。随初始损伤的增强,裂隙尖端法向和切向破裂应力均略有减小。随着裂隙倾角的增大,裂隙尖端法向破裂应力明显减小而切向却明显增加。初始损伤程度并不改变后续动态应变率加载岩体的最终宏观破裂模式,但初始损伤变量越大,微裂纹数量越多且局部化程度越强。能量耗散与岩体细观损伤演化具有较好的相关性。初始损伤越强,吸收相对较小的能量即可达到峰值破坏但峰后耗散能越多。随着裂隙倾角的增大,峰值强度处耗散能和储存弹性应变能更多,峰后破碎程度越高。     

粘土矿物与斜坡失稳

作为微米级材料，粘土矿物的单晶尺寸及特殊晶体结构使其集合体-粘土呈现低渗透性、分散-凝絮性及粘滞性等重要工程特性。除沉积岩斜坡含粘土矿物外，76％以上的斜坡岩石造岩矿物还可形成次生粘土矿物。粘土矿物广泛分布于原生沉积岩、三大岩类风化带及第四系松散堆积物构成的斜坡中。泥屑岩因含粘土矿物而易于失稳，且水稳定性差。次生粘土矿物的形成将引起源矿物、矿物集合体及岩块的强度与变形特性的显著变化，诱发岩石向松散介质转化。宏观结构面是粘土矿物最主要的形成和聚集场所，结构面及其内侧一定范围内不同成因粘土矿物的淀积将导致结构面及岩体强度的衰减。粘土矿物是滑坡滑带的常见矿物组分；粘土滑带可以在滑体与滑床之间起到润滑作用。滑带中粘土矿物的含量越多，其润滑效应越显著。粘土型滑带还具有隔水边界之功效，可将滑体与周围介质隔离，使之成为独立水文地质单元，提高坡体拦截、吸收渗入水的能力及斜坡稳定对降雨过程的敏感度。粘土矿物可以促进斜坡时效变形，甚至成为斜坡破坏的关键因素，对斜坡演化及失稳的贡献是显著的。     

Evolution of poroelastic properties and permeability in damaged sandstone

This paper is devoted to experimental investigation of mechanical behavior, poroelastic properties and permeability in saturated sandstone. The emphasis is to study the evolution of Biot’s coefficients and permeability with the growth of microcracks. Basic mechanical responses are first investigated through triaxial compression tests, showing nonlinear stress–strain relations, volumetric dilatancy, pressure sensitivity, elastic modulus degradation and induced anisotropy. Original tests are then performed for the determination of Biot’s coefficients in the axial and radial directions at different levels of stress. It is shown that the evolution of Biot’s coefficient is clearly anisotropic in nature due to the oriented closure of initial microcracks and growth of induced microcracks. The rock permeability in axial direction is also measured for different values of stress; it decreases in the first stage with the closure of microcracks and then progressively increases due to the opening of induced microcracks. However, the permeability significantly increases only when the coalescence of microcracks occurs.     

水泥–化学复合灌浆在断层补强中的应用效果评价

锦屏I级水电站f2断层及两侧挤压错动带内岩体破碎、力学性能较差、抗渗指标低,对坝基的承载能力影响较大,工程实践过程中采用水泥–化学复合灌浆对其进行加固处理。通过现场声波、孔内变形模量测试及室内物理力学试验,对灌后岩石的孔隙率、抗压强度及抗剪强度等主要指标进行研究。结合扫描电镜(SEM)手段,分析灌后岩石的细部结构特征及化学浆液充填情况,综合试验检测数据对水泥–化学复合灌浆对断层处理的效果进行评价。研究结果表明：灌后f2断层岩体声波波速、抗剪强度提高较为明显,达到设计要求。化学浆液在微裂隙中填充饱满,最小可灌入0.01 mm的裂隙。水泥–化学复合灌浆技术可使断层破碎岩体的完整性及力学性能得以改善,是处理岩体软弱结构面一种有效方法。     

Crack pattern evolution and a fractal damage constitutive model for rock

To understand the deformation and fracture behavior of rock, it is useful to observe the variation of cracks in rock, and characterize the crack pattern as well as deduce a constitutive model. In this study, the development of microcracks on the surface of rock specimens under increasing stress is monitored under direct SEM observation. The initiation, extension and coalescence of cracks are photographed and then analyzed. The Box fractal dimension of cracks and its variation with stress level for a small unit of specimen is determined. Based on the test results, a fractal damage constitutive relation for the deformation and brittle fracture of rock materials is proposed. The damage variables are defined according to the fractal characteristics of microcracks and microcavities in rock media. The evolution equations for both isotropic and anisotropic damage variables are derived. Predictions of a uniaxial compression test on Fangshan marble are found to agree with the experimental results.     

北山深部花岗岩不同应力状态下声发射特征研究

采用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统及声发射(AE)三维定位实时监测系统,开展北山深部花岗岩不同应力条件下岩石破坏的声发射特征研究。试验得到北山花岗岩的直接拉伸强度为9.53 MPa,仅为其单轴平均抗压强度的1/17。试验结果表明,在拉伸应力条件下,由于无原生微裂隙闭合过程,声发射事件出现时间较晚并集中出现于破坏阶段;峰值应力后,声发射信号的继续增加说明花岗岩并未立刻破断,而仍具有一定拉伸承载能力。在压缩应力条件下,初期加载阶段即有声发射信号出现并随加载应力增加而持续增长,反映原生裂纹闭合及新生裂纹扩展演化的过程;随着围压增加,花岗岩在峰值应力阶段延性变形特征显著增强,其内部裂隙(损伤)在该阶段渐进式发展,导致声发射事件的集聚量远高于其他阶段;同时,围压增加使北山花岗岩的非线性特征增强,特别是破坏前的显著延性变形特征与其他工程常见花岗岩特性具有明显不同。研究得到北山花岗岩在不同应力状态下的变形特征和声发射特征,为北山花岗岩在不同应力条件下损伤演化机制研究奠定基础。     

Understanding the need for pre-injection from permeability measurements: What is the connection?

Pre-grouting ahead of tunnels has three main functions: to control water inflow into the tunnel, to limit groundwater drawdown above the tunnel, and to make tunnelling progress more predictable since rock mass quality is effectively improved. It helps to avoid settlement damage caused by consolidation of clay deposits beneath built-up areas, since towns tend to be built where terrain is more flat, due to the clay deposits. There are so many instances of settlement damage that the profession needs to take note of the need for high-pressure pre-grouting, to use micro-cements and micro-silica additives. The use of highpressure injection may cause joint jacking, but this is local in extent when the rapid pressure decay away from an injection hole is understood. This effect is variable and depends on the geometrical parameters of the joints. This pressure-decay advantage must not be violated by maintaining high pressure when grout flow from the injection hole has ceased. The latter can cause damage to the grouting already achieved. Simplified methods of estimating mean hydraulic apertures(e) from Lugeon testing are described, and from more sophisticated three-dimensional(3 D) permeability measurement. The estimation of the larger mean physical joint apertures(E) is based on the joint roughness coefficient(JRC).Comparison is then made with the empirical aperture-particle size criterion E 4 d95, where d95 represents almost the largest cement particle size. Depending on joint set orientations and on the available micro-cements, the decision must be made of which range of pre-injection pressure should be aimed for,using successive reductions of the water-cement ratio w/c. More simple estimation of permeability, also with depth dependence, can be made with the empirical link between a modified rock mass quality Q and permeability, which is termed QH2 O. The value of this parameter can be based on core-logging or intunnel face logging. The 3 D before-and-after-grouting permeability measurements have been used to justify the quantification of rock mass quality Q-parameter improvement, and the consequent increases in expected P-wave velocity and deformation modulus, for application in dam foundation treatment and its monitoring.     

Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms in rock under triaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission

In highly stressed conditions, the excavation damaged zone induced by stress redistribution and disturbance must be evaluated after tunnel excavation. Therefore, the deformation and fracture characteristics of rock must be investigated. In this study, the fracture and damage mechanisms of rock induced by the accumulation of microcracks were investigated by moment tensor analysis, as well as by the moving point regression technique, both of which were applied to acoustic emission (AE) and strain data obtained from triaxial compression tests. Damage thresholds before the peak strength of rock under triaxial compression were determined by the moving point regression technique using acoustic emission data. The results showed that damage thresholds, except the crack closure stress, increased linearly with confining pressure. The results of the moment tensor analysis showed that shear failure was a major microscopic failure mechanism of rock under triaxial compression. In addition, shear failure became more dominant as the confining pressure increased. In this analysis, the expression of the damage magnitudes in each AE source as relative crack volumes leads to accurate prediction of macroscopic failure mechanisms, as well as major failure planes in the rock. In addition, the orientation of the macroscopic failure plane could be estimated by the orientational distribution of microcracks.     

Effects of local rock heterogeneities on the hydromechanics of fractured rocks using a digital-image-based technique

A digital-image-based (DIB) finite element approach is developed based on the numerical code rock failure process analysis (RFPA) to characterize micro-scale rock heterogeneity, and to understand the impact of micro-scale rock heterogeneity on the macro-scale hydromechanical response of rocks. The DIB technique incorporates small-scale spatial variability of initial deformation modulus, strength and permeability directly into a coupled hydromechanical model. Variability in Young's modulus, strength, and permeability is applied by a property map defined from the pixel-scale of a digital image. In the RFPA, mechanical deformation is followed, including the accumulation of damage applied in individual elements, which modifies modulus, strength, and permeability with the intensity of damage. The RFPA simulates progressive failure in fractured rocks, representing both the growth of existing fractures and the formation of new fractures, without having to identify crack tips and their interaction explicitly. In this DIB simulation approach, image voxels are used to give equivalent mechanical and flow properties. These property maps are ported to the model capable of solving directly for the evolving deformation, and fluid flow fields. The model is validated through comparisons of the simulated results with phenomenological observations documented in previous studies. The validated model is then applied to investigate the hydromechanical response of fractured rock characterized by digital image. The model is able to reproduce the spatial evolution of damage in the sample, the coalescence of existing cracks, and the formation of new cracks.     

不同含水率红砂岩静动态劈拉试验及细观分析

研究水-岩耦合作用下岩石力学特性及细观结构,对减少由地下水造成的深部岩体工程病害具有重要意义。采用直径为100 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置与电液伺服压力试验机,进行不同含水率下砂岩试件的动静态劈裂抗拉试验,而后对试件破坏断口进行电镜扫描观察,分析断口形貌特征,依靠SEM图像数字处理技术,进一步得出红砂岩拉伸破坏规律。试验结果表明:红砂岩的劈拉强度随含水率的增加而降低,有明显的遇水软化现象;相比于静态抗拉强度,动态抗拉强度大幅提升,且有显著的应变率强化效应;随着含水率的提高,砂岩试件拉伸破坏时,碎块数量逐渐增多,尺度逐渐减小;饱水岩样的动态劈裂拉伸破坏相比于干燥岩样表现出一定的塑性特征。对断口微裂隙的面积等信息进行定量化处理,分析动态劈拉破坏中的水-应变率效应,得出水在不同应变率下砂岩试样的动态劈拉破坏裂纹扩展中具有均衡作用;微裂隙数量与面积随应变率的提高有增加趋势,破坏断口细观形貌特征存在应变率相关性。     

基于不规则颗粒离散元的土石混合体大三轴数值模拟

在基于CT扫描的不规则颗粒三维离散元精细建模技术的基础上,提出了一种不规则块石三维离散元模型随机生成技术,并建立了符合宏观统计规律的土石混合体三维离散元模型。进行了含石量为0,10%,30%,50%,70%,90%的土石混合体大三轴试验数值模拟研究,对各种含石量下土石混合体的力学特性和变形破坏机理进行了深入地分析探讨。结果表明:随着含石量的增加,试样峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量和破坏应变逐渐增大,剪缩性减小,剪胀性增强;加载初期,微裂纹主要在块石颗粒与土颗粒之间形成,发展速度很快,而后则主要在土颗粒间形成和扩展,含石量越大,块石周围微裂纹比例越高,局部剪切带越不规则,分布也越分散;高含石量(70%,90%)的土石混合体在加载初期即有比较明显的相互摩擦,随后块石相互接触、咬合与相对摩擦、滑移交替出现。